Technological Pedagogical And Content Knowledge Research Articles

Professional Development in Computational Thinking: A Systematic Literature Review

This paper presents a systematic literature review of professional development programs in computational thinking (CT). CT has emerged as an essential set of skills that everyone should develop to participate in a global society. However, there were no pre-service or in-service teacher programs to integrate CT into the K–12 classrooms until very recently. Thus, it is important to identify how educators and researchers address the challenges to prepare the next generation of students and what gaps persist in the current literature. We review existing work in this field from two perspectives: First, we analyze the learning outcomes, assessment methods, pedagogical approaches, and pedagogical tools used in the professional development programs in CT. Second, we examine how these programs assess the teachers’ knowledge and skills as outcomes. We used the technological pedagogical and content knowledge (TPACK) framework to characterize existing literature and identify possible gaps in the preparation of pre-service and in-service teachers in CT. Our results suggest that (1) existing evidence is limited to developed countries; (2) many studies are only focusing on teachers understanding the concepts but do not explore how the participants evaluate or create learning activities; (3) no studies look into classroom observations as part of the program, which limits our understanding to how these programs work; and (4) most programs use block-based programming languages as the tool to develop student CT. While block-based programming languages are used for introductory training programs, students are often expected to transfer their learning to more professional programming languages.

English Teachers' Perceptions of Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPACK) and Its Application in English Language Teaching: Post-COVID-19

This study explores the evolving perceptions of English teachers regarding the integration of Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) and its application in English Language Teaching (ELT) in the post-Covid-19 educational landscape. Insights drawn from educators' experiences in innovatively incorporating TPACK to increase student engagement, facilitate personalized learning experiences, and improve communication. This study highlights the influence of TPACK on pedagogical strategies in response to the dynamic post-pandemic educational landscape.

A systematic review of TPACK research in primary mathematics education

AbstractThis study is a systematic review of Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPACK) studies concerning primary mathematics education published between 2005 and 2022. The aim of the systematic review was to identify the common features of previous TPACK research on primary mathematics education and identify the research gaps based on their contexts. The study used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) procedure to investigate TPACK-related studies published during the last 17 years in the primary mathematics education domain and to evaluate the characteristics of TPACK instruments used in primary mathematics education. We identified five foci of these studies of TPACK in primary mathematics education research: designing lessons, evaluating mathematics teachers’ knowledge of integrating digital technologies, designing the assessment, evaluating training programs, and informing professional development program designs. Findings from this systematic review of the literature can assist educators in better designing professional development programs to help primary mathematics teachers improve their ability to integrate digital technology into classroom teaching. Also, the findings can assist researchers in locating TPACK instruments that are appropriate and relevant for their research. Finally, we argue that there is a research gap concerning how to measure primary mathematics teachers’ TPACK, how to design a TPACK instrument that includes contextual factors, and how to develop TPACK-oriented teacher training programs for primary mathematics teachers.

Evaluating teaching readiness using the TPACK model: factor, reliability and validity analyses for Indonesian economics teacher candidates

Introduction. The preparedness of future economics teachers matters as it affects the quality of education, student results, workforce training, critical thinking abilities, global mindset, college prep, and adjustment to shifting economies. The future generation needs educated people to act as members of society and the world economy; hence, it requires a cadre of trained economists and teachers and is significantly shaped by intrinsic factors such as technological, pedagogical, and content knowledge (TPACK). This study refines and validates a measurement instrument to reliably and validity assess the essential competencies of these teachers, tailored to meet the evolving standards of economics education. Materials and Methods. The study used an online questionnaire with a purposive sample of 100 pre-service economics educators from Indonesia for Explanatory Factor Analysis (EFA) and 389 samples for Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), all of whom had completed their teaching practicums. Then, statistical analysis was conducted using EFA in SPSS and CFA in AMOS. The EFA was employed to determine how well the instrument’s items capture the components of the TPACK framework and their relevance to the prospective teachers’ readiness for professional practice post-graduation. The CFA is Performed to guarantee that each variable analyzed has the validity of the configuration and the reliability of the construct as needed and is used to establish the extent to which the measured variable may represent the construct or variable that has previously been considered. Results. This study first developed seven factors, namely Technological Knowledge (TK), Pedagogical Knowledge (PK), Content Knowledge (CK), Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK), Technological Pedagogical Knowledge (TPK), Technological Content Knowledge (TCK), and Technological, Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPACK), consisting of 39 items. However, four items were removed because their factor loading was below 0.50. As a result, 35 items were retained as the factor loading was significantly greater than .50. The Cronbach's alpha value for each item of the TPACK construct was > .60 and met all the criteria of goodness of fit index, which means that it meets the requirements and can measure the TPACK construct in measuring job readiness of prospective teachers in Indonesia. As this study fulfills the requirements of validity and reliability of the constructs that lead to TPACK, the results of this study will help prospective teachers prepare themselves to become professional economics teachers. Conclusion. The teaching readiness of prospective teachers can be assessed using valid and reliable tools such as EFA in pilot testing and CFA in large-scale analysis assessments of the TPACK construct with 35 question items.

Awareness of Using Tablets as Potential Assistive Pedagogical Tool among Primary School Teachers in Nachingwea District

This study investigated the awareness of using tablets as Potential assistive pedagogical tools among primary school teachers. The Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPACK) model was adopted to show the process of professional development for teachers as a consequence of technology implementation in classrooms. Triangulation design with concurrent orientation was used that enables data collection, interpretation and analysis using quantitative and qualitative approaches at a single phenomenon and same time. Data collection tools included closed-ended questionnaires and an interview guide. Descriptive statistics and thematic analysis were used to analyse data. The findings revealed that all the respondents were familiar with the use of tablets, but they differed in terms of knowledge and skills of how to change the devices in facilitating the teaching processes where there are those with high awareness, medium awareness and low awareness. The study recommends that the government should provide in-service training in ICT to build teachers’ ability to use tablets as assistive pedagogical tools. The findings of the study bear significant practical implications for a broad range of stakeholders, including learners, teachers, educators, policymakers, mobile companies, industry professionals, researchers, NGOs, and society at large. The results aid educational stakeholders, and policymakers in making informed decisions about increasing the provision of modern ICT tools to teachers

Systematic Review of Blended Learning on Critical Thinking Between 2018 to 2023

The systematic review on the impact of blended learning on critical thinking, which included articles from 2018 to 2023, turned up 34 pertinent publications in 4 databases. A trend that can be detected in the review is as follows: First, blended learning is becoming more popular, according to the publisher. Second, rather than testing students' critical thinking dispositions, the majority of research focus on their critical thinking skills. Third, tests developed by researchers themselves are more frequently utilized to gauge students' critical thinking abilities. Fourth, from the perspective of TPACK (technological, pedagogical, and content knowledge), the use of technology in blended learning environments has been neglected and content knowledge has been limited to a few specific areas. In the ending part, several recommendations and suggestions for instructors and future research have been made.

Enhancing ICT Literacy and Achievement: A TPACK-Based Blended Learning Model for Thai Business Administration Students

The COVID-19 pandemic has heightened the need for 21st century skills, particularly computer and ICT literacy (CICT) in Thailand. This study aimed to develop a TPACK (Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge)-based blended learning model (BLM) to enhance CICT skills and academic performance among 179 Business Administration (BA) undergraduates in the 2022 academic year Computer and Information Applications course. Research instruments were designed and evaluated by experts. Over 18 weeks, qualitative and quantitative data were collected, with the qualitative data undergoing content analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze quantitative data, comparing pretests, post-tests, and 2-week retests using a repeated measure ANOVA. One-sample t-tests were used to assess the model’s impact on CICT skills. The results showed a significant score improvement between tests, with the highest mean being seen in the 2-week retest. The BA-TPACK model significantly enhanced CICT skills, exceeding 80%. The students expressed high satisfaction, with the BA-TPACK model effectively enhancing CICT skills and academic achievement, recommending its integration into future computer and information courses. This study’s contribution lies in addressing the pressing need for CICT skills in the ‘new normal’. By developing and implementing a BLM grounded in the TPACK framework, this study not only enhances students’ CICT proficiency but also fills a crucial gap in the literature regarding effective pedagogical approaches to foster 21st century skills.

Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPACK) Integration in Teaching Music : A Perception of High School Music Teacher

This study aims to describe the perceptions of TPACK integration among high school music teachers in Bandung, West Java province, Indonesia. This study used mixed-methods with a sequential explanatory design. The research subjects consist of 19 respondents. In the first phase, quantitative data were obtained through questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. In the second phase, in an effort to explore the results of the questionnaire, qualitatively conducted interviews as well as observations. The findings of this study showed that integration of each TPACK domain in music teaching was perceived as high confidence. Each domain, from one to another, positively correlated with varied interpretations. Demographic characteristics, both gender and tenure, did not show contrasting differences in confidence. This perception is the impact of the teacher education process that has been experienced, involvement in a number of trainings that have been followed, support from stakeholders in the procurement and enrichment of educational and technological resources, and the dynamics of the times that force them to be adaptive and innovative towards technological developments.

Indonesian Teachers' Acceptance on Online Teaching Technology During the COVID-19 Pandemic

<p style="text-align:justify">This study investigates the impact of external variables, technological pedagogical and content knowledge (TPACK) self-efficacy, and facilitating conditions on teacher adoption of online teaching technology during the COVID-19 pandemic. It employs explanatory research to characterize the effect of external variables on the variables of the technology acceptance model. 240 high school teachers filled out Google Forms survey questionnaires for six research variables and analyzed by the SmartPLS program. The result indicates that attitude and perceived usefulness significantly and positively influence behavioral intention. Perceived usefulness and ease of use have a strong positive effect on attitude. Furthermore, perceived ease of use has a considerable effect on perceived usefulness. Perceived usefulness and ease of use are not significantly influenced by external variables. Facilitating conditions significantly positively affect behavioral intention, whereas TPACK self-efficacy negatively affects behavioral intention.</p>

Technology pedagogy content knowledge framework to prepare Indonesian career counselors

<span lang="EN-US">Technological pedagogical and content knowledge (TPACK) is one of the smart solutions for implementing learning in accordance with the demands of education by integrating technology. The purpose of the study was to analyze the competency level of counselors in Indonesia in terms of age in terms of age, gender, and level of education. The research design used a cross-sectional survey in a non-experimental quantitative study. Respondents in this study amounted to 420 counselors in Indonesia obtained by using a proportional random sampling technique. Data were collected by questionnaire technological pedagogy content knowledge test for counselors (TPACK-TFC). The results of the study found that the TPACK was owned by counselors with an average score of 46.78 in the low category. Judging from the aspect of technology knowledge (TK), a score of 59.88 was obtained in the medium category, content knowledge (CK), pedagogical knowledge (PK), pedagogical content knowledge (PCK), technological content knowledge (TCK), technological pedagogical knowledge (TPK) was at a relatively low level. The results showed that Indonesian counselors have not fully integrated learning models using aspects namely technology, pedagogy, and content, and need to get attention from the government, higher education institutions, and the community for the development of quality guidance and counseling services and counselor careers in the future.</span>

Designing digital storytelling books for TPACK development of Indonesian pre-service ELT teachers

In today's educational system, the need for teachers to acquire technological, pedagogical, and content knowledge (TPACK) has already become a mainstream transformation. Therefore, it is necessary to find a suitable strategy and approach to develop pre-service ELT teachers’ TPACK, in which one of them is actively engaging them in the design of technology-enhanced learning. This study sought to investigate Indonesian pre-service ELT teachers’ TPACK level development after designing digital storytelling book. Narrative inquiry was adopted in this research. The data were obtained from the pre- service ELT teachers’ reflective notes and semi-structured interviews. The findings of the study show that all participants are in the TPACK level of “accepting”. In the level of accepting, pre-service teachers form a favorable attitude toward teaching and learning English with digital storytelling. The implication derived from this study is that it is necessary to carefully design a project in teacher education program that can improve the pre-service teachers' TPACK level.

Developing technological, pedagogical, and content knowledge (TPACK) booklet in biology subject to provide the TPACK materials for prospective biology teachers at UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta

This research aims to develop a valid and practical Technological, Pedagogical, and Content Knowledge (TPACK) booklet for biology subjects to provide the TPACK materials of Biology Education students, Faculty of Tarbiyah and Education, UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta. This research is development research that carried out in three stages, namely the analysis, design, and evaluation stages. The analysis stage consists of literature study and identification needs. The design stage includes formulating objectives, preparing material, and designing the TPACK booklet for biological material. The evaluation stage itself is divided into self-evaluation, expert review, one-to-one and small group stages. This research was carried out only at the small group stage. The product research results were categorized as ‘very valid’ by the media validator with a score of 3.83 and the material validator with a score of 4. The development of the TPACK Booklet for biology subjects received a one-to-one and small group trial assessment with scores of 3.66 and 3.65 respectively in the ‘very practical’ category. It can be concluded that the TPACK Booklet for biology subjects is categorized as ‘very valid’ and ‘very practical’.

Does teacher computer technology use perceived from TPCK frameworks stimulate student achievement in English language learning?

Studies on the relationship between teacher use of ICT and student achievement have been numerous, but those involving other intervening variables, such as technological, pedagogical, and content knowledge (TPCK), are still limited. This study examined the relationships between the use of computer technology (CT) by Indonesian EFL teachers and student achievement, taking into account the TPCK frameworks. Explanatory correlation serves as the research design, as this study was intended to explain the associations among variables under study. Data on teachers’ CT use and students’ English achievement were collected from a sample of 153 EFL teachers by means of Albirini’s (2006) and Wozney et al.’s (2006) adopted questionnaire and the teachers’ document of students’ English achievement scores. The multiple regression analysis indicated that simultaneously, CT use, content knowledge (CK), pedagogical knowledge (PK), and pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) correlate slightly with student achievement, R² = .085, F(4, 148) = 3.418, p .05. This finding suggests that the four predictor variables were not good at predicting student achievement. Other external factors not included in the model may relate to student achievement. The study’s findings imply that in teaching and learning English, teachers should play the role of CT facilitators and let students take great advantage of CT on their own.

Research on the Training Model of Higher Vocational Teachers’ Information-Based Teaching Ability Enhancement in the Background of Education Digital Transformation

Under the background of digital transformation and intelligent advancement of education, there is an urgent need to improve the information-based teaching ability of teachers effectively. This paper first defined and interpreted the TPACK (technological, pedagogical, and content knowledge) theory and the informatization teaching ability of higher vocational teachers. Using the TPACK theory as guidance, a model for enhancing teachers’ information-based teaching ability within a “post-certificate class competition” was established. Post-training possesses the certificate to consolidate the foundation, classroom practice, and evaluation of effectiveness, which gradually cultivates the informatization teaching ability of vocational teachers.

English as a Foreign Language Teachers' Technology Professional Development Needs

This study examined the Technological, Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPACK) professional development needs of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) Teachers. EFL teachers participated in semi-structured interviews from seven primary schools in a middle-sized urban school district in the east part of China. The results indicated that though primary EFL teachers in China have basic technological knowledge to support teaching, they are lacking appropriate knowledge and training, particularly in areas of TPACK related to EFL teaching. Results from the present study indicate that there is a need for PD that helps EFL teachers integrate technology in teaching reading, speaking, and writing.

University teachers’ perceptions of ICT-based teaching to construct knowledge for effective classroom interaction in the context of TPACK model

The purpose of the research was to investigate university teachers' perceptions of information and communication technology (ICT) to enhance teaching and construct new knowledge. The objective was to determine how teachers at the University of the Gambia perceived the effectiveness of the TPACK (Technology, Pedagogy, and Content Knowledge) model in teaching through ICT and how different attributes of teachers affect their level of TPACK knowledge. This study used a questionnaire, adapted from the TPACK model, which was administered to 88 faculty selected purposively from the University of the Gambia to collect data on their level of awareness of ICT-based teaching. Descriptive analysis was first run to check the scores of all components of TPACK, then a correlational analysis was carried out to measure the relationship between the TPACK constructs. The data collected from these analyses were used to construct a structural equation model that showed the relationship between TPACK constructs as perceived by the faculty of the University of the Gambia. The results of this study showed that the individual construct (i.e., technology, pedagogy, and content) and the paired constructs (i.e. Technology and Pedagogy, Technology and Content, Pedagogy and Content knowledge) of TPACK are positively correlated with teachers’ perceived TPACK, as well as the findings are consistent with the earlier claim that ICT-based instruction may not progress as quickly in education even when it is available and teachers are not knowledgeable about it. The results contribute to earlier research that aims to develop strategies for implementing ICT-based instruction in HEIs and offer advice to educators on how to create policies including TPACK components in their teaching and learning.

Students’ Perception Toward Teachers’ Implementation of Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPACK) in EFL Classroom at Madrasah Aliyah

Technology and education are two things that influence each other. Technology in education is not only about the tools, applications, and software but also about how the teachers integrate the technology to present the learning model and learning content in learning activity. Therefore, this research aimed to find out the students’ perceptions toward teachers’ implementation of technological pedagogical and content knowledge (TPACK) in EFL classroom. This research is descriptive research and was located at one of madrasah Aliyah in Pekanbaru. There were 106 tenth-grade students as the respondents. A questionnaire is used to collect the research data on students’ perceptions. The finding revealed that students’ perception toward teachers’ implementation of TPACK in EFL classroom is positive perception, with a total mean score is 3.02, which means EFL students have a positive perception about teachers’ implementation of TPACK in EFL classrooms. Based on this result, it can be said that the teachers have the ability and the awareness related to the importance of implementing TPACK to support the teaching and learning process, especially to increase students’ comprehension and motivation in learning English.

Analysis of the Implementation of Science Learning based on Teachers' Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPACK) Capabilities

Teachers play a crucial role in facilitating students' understanding and making science material more accessible. To achieve this, educators must possess the capability to use technology, select appropriate learning models, and possess sufficient knowledge of the material - collectively termed as Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK). Therefore, this research aimed to analyze the implementation of science learning based on the teacher's TPACK ability level. The qualitative descriptive research method was employed, involving three science teachers selected through convenience sampling and identified as Teacher A, Teacher B, and Teacher C. TPACK ability data was obtained using a TPACK measurement questionnaire developed by Shmidt et al., (2009) with a total of 54 statement items with three general dimensions. They are Technological Knowledge (TK), Pedagogical Knowledge (PK), and Content Knowledge (CK). The analysis involved observing each teacher during science lessons evaluating the alignment of planning and implementation through an observation sheet. The results of the analysis show that teachers with high TPACK abilities also have more complex science learning in terms of material, method, and technology selection. The results of this research can be used as a reference for teachers in designing and applying learning, especially in terms of integrating technology into science learning.

Design Thinking: An Alternative For Educational ICT Integration Training?

Challenges to incorporating ICT in the classroom have been debated in various literature over the last few years. It is, therefore, important to seek different strategies to mitigate these challenges. Design thinking (DT) is considered an approach that can help improve teachers’ Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPACK). This study therefore examined teachers’ experience when developing lessons using ICT using design thinking. This qualitative study was conducted in a primary school in South Africa. Data was collected from two social science (Geography) teachers using face-to-face interviews. Highlights from the study point to the following benefits namely, teachers can learn in collaboration, they can be supported by their peers, and they take part in high-order thinking practices to solve problems related to ICT integration. Therefore, it is recommended that a design thinking approach needs to be applied when teacher training workshops for ICT integration are offered. This study contributes to the existing literature on developing strategies to incorporate ICT in the curriculum of primary schools in South Africa. Keywords: Design Thinking, ICT, Teacher Development, TPACK

Development of TPACK-Based Physics Magazine as Teaching Material for High Schools: A Study on Rotational Dynamics and Rigid Body Equilibrium

This study aims to develop a physics teaching magazine based on Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPACK) for senior high school students, focusing on rotational dynamics and equilibrium of rigid bodies. Employing a Research and Development (R&D) approach with the 4-D model, the process encompassed definition, design, and development stages. The magazine's content and media aspects were validated by experts, achieving feasibility scores of 94% and 87.9%, respectively. The magazine was evaluated by students of SMAN 1 Lembah Seulawah Aceh Besar, with results indicating strong acceptance and effectiveness as a learning medium. While the study confirms the potential of TPACK-based interactive learning materials in science education, its limited scope and sample size suggest caution in generalizing the findings. Future research should expand the scope, involve larger samples, and integrate diverse technological tools. This research contributes to the discourse on digital competencies in science education, emphasizing the need for innovative materials and continuous professional development.