Technological Lag Research Articles

Знання та технології як суспільні блага

The features of knowledge and technology as factors of modern economic development have been analyzed, as well as their essential characteristics in the public goods theory. It has been proven that knowledge and the results of fundamental scientific research are characterized by the properties of non-competitiveness and indivisibility in consumption, as their consumption by one subject does not reduce their consumption by others. It is substantiated that knowledge of applied nature and the results of applied research lose the properties of public goods due to the recording of intellectual property rights. The expenditure budget on scientific research in some countries has been analyzed. It has been found out that constant reduction of the R&D expenditures share in the GDP and significant reduction of fundamental research funding preserves Ukraine’s scientific and technological lag behind the world’s leading countries and makes rapid technological renewal of the domestic economy impossible. It has been found out that economic entities receive the innovation rent at the first lifecycle phase of the technology, given the existence of a mechanism for patenting research and development results and the monopoly rights of the owners of new technologies for their exclusive use. However, the monopoly on new technologies is not an absolute one due to the threat of information leakage in the process of interaction with potential buyers and copying or imitation of new products or new processes at the stage of getting them into actual practical use. It has also been proven that at the accelerated diffusion phase, such technologies acquire the features of a mixed public good.

Teleagro’s Telecommunications Architecture - Georeferencing and Detection of Bovine Cattle Zeal

Abstract The efficiency of a productive sector is measured at the regional level by the ability to fully supply the domestic market and generate surpluses that allow it to export, currently Colombia has three free trade agreements that would allow it to export meat, with the United States, the European Union and Canada, however, we are talking about economies with a technician bovine production sector, in some cases with the compensated basket, or subsidized production, with superior infrastructure and an exchange rate in their favor, therefore the technological lag in the department the possibility of accessing international markets would be increasingly remote. This article shows the design of the architecture of applied technology, in a sector of high relevance in Colombia.

Innovative Ecosystem of Mining Industry

The mining industry belongs to the leading sectors of the global economy. However, the technologies used in it can not always be called innovative. This is due to both the specifics of the industry and the general technological lag of Russian economy. At present, it is almost impossible for individual enterprises to achieve significant success apart. In order for the process of innovative technological development to proceed more intensively, it is necessary to consider it through the prism of the ecosystem, i.e. a set of participants and the corresponding environment of this process, allowing to achieve a synergistic effect. The concept of an innovative ecosystem is based on the triple helix model, which is in turn based on a partnership between the state, science and business. They can interact effectively on the basis of technopark structures, which are a key element of the modern innovation ecosystem. The study was conducted on the basis of the Kemerovo region – a region in which a significant part of the Russian mining industry is concentrated. One of the tools for implementing the ecosystem approach to managing the development of the mining industry should be the main element of the innovation infrastructure of the Kemerovo region – the Kuzbass Technopark.

ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ И ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ РАЗВИТИЯ ИНТЕНСИВНОГО САДОВОДСТВА В РОССИИ

The article notes that the growing popularity of healthy lifestyles contributes to the increase in consumption of fruits and berries. At the same time, the analysis of the dynamics of the gardening industry for 2000-2018 shows that the problem of providing fresh fruits and berries to the population remains one of the most important. Based on actual data, linear and logarithmic models of time series of key industry indicators for the period 2010 – 2019 have been compiled. Calculations showed that in the Russian Federation as a whole the trend of reduction of sown areas of perennial fruit plantations will continue with growth of yield and gross fees. In this regard, the issues of distribution and introduction of gardens of intensive type are updated. An overview of the views of domestic scientists-gardeners on the concept of “intensive garden” is given. It has been established that the distribution of intensive gardens is possible only if there are favorable natural and climatic conditions and a developed scientific and production base of nursery management. The current state and problems of gardening in one of the leading regions – the Republic of Dagestan - are considered. A significant technological lag of region in the further development of intensive horticulture has been identified. Various directions of intensification process in horticulture as the main and necessary condition of growth of efficient and sustainable production are summarized.

Technological industrialization: modern and new opportunities

The article provides a comparative analysis of the implementation features of the "Industry 4.0." doctrine in the countries which are now leading the way in technological development. The author identifies the unique characteristic features as well as those that are common for these countries, which allows him to highlight the technological component of changes in modern industry and economy, the latter being the focal point of the changes. This experience and the ongoing research within the framework of “Industry 4.0.” are useful for the Russian economy, where the problem of overcoming technological lag and creating a new regime of innovative dynamics, providing economic growth of a new quality, is acute. Using comparative methods according to the introduced criteria, as well as the analysis of preliminary results of numerous studies devoted to the deployment of “industry 4.0.”, together with some elements of econometric modeling and regression analysis, the author draws the conclusion that technological changes in Russian economy occurred while reducing the number of innovative agents and firms, characterized by a relatively low and unstable level of manufacturability in the basic sectors of the economy.

ИННОВАЦИОННОЕ РАЗВИТИЕ И ОЦЕНКА DEA – ДИНАМИЧЕСКОЙ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ВЫСОКОТЕХНОЛОГИЧНЫХ ОТРАСЛЕЙ ЭКОНОМИКИ РОССИИ

The relevance of the research is due to the technological lag and low efficiency of Russian companies, which makes the development of a methodology for simulation innovation strategies particularly important. The authors tested the tools of the dynamic efficiency of the DEA model for evaluating the potential of significant sectors of the Russian economy and for forming simulation innovation strategies in these sectors. The following results were obtained: DEA-efficiency indicators of companies were calculated based on a set of cost and profit financial and economic indicators; heterogeneities of companies’ static and dynamic performance indicators were identified; time trends of dynamic performance indicators were evaluated; the sectors were compared based on a set of static and dynamic performance indicators.

Aprovechamiento del marketing digital como estrategia para generar ventaja competitiva en la pequeña empresa de Sinaloa

The present investigation poses as an objective to describe how integrating Digital Marketing contributes, in small businesses in Sinaloa to generate a competitive advantage. These companies due to the economic sector in which they are constituted, present technological lags and difficulties related to the use of technologies and it´s difficult for them to join this new modality of doing business. An analysis is carried out on 20 small companies in the city of Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico; with data collection techniques through documentary observation, the direct application of semi-structured surveys and interviews to managers or business owners. It is concluded that the use of Digital Marketing is important for to improve performance of a more effective commercial administration that retributes in the sales increase, also it is detected a lack of training on the use of digital resources by managers or business owners and that this limits the use of Digital Marketing in the small Sinaloense company.

Program Development of Digital Economy in Russia

The structure and content of the development strategy of the information society in the Russian Federation shows compliance with the generally accepted approach in the world, including the Seoul Declaration and the results of a survey of OECD countries. However, this strategy has drawbacks, namely: the consequences of the development of digital technology (and the information society as a whole) on the structure and level of employment of the population have not been determined; the issues of the existing technological lag of individual sectors of the economy and social sphere and the ways to eliminate it have not been worked out; the problems of regional differentiation of the level of readiness for implementation and the potential for using the capabilities of the digital economy have not been studied. These important questions are fraught with threats to the successful implementation of the strategy, as they form the basis for the implementation of the negative consequences of globalization of the economy, including increasing the dependence of local economic entities on transnational corporations, widening the gap in the socio-economic development of individual regions and the living standards of individual strata of the population. Insufficient attention is currently being paid to the classification of the effects of digitalization on the functioning of the regional economy and the appropriate response by local authorities and businesses. Based on the foregoing, it is proposed to consider the possibility of introducing elements of the digital economy in the field of agriculture and food production, that is, the transition to the so-called "digital agriculture".

Architectures of high-performance VLSI for custom computing systems

The article deals with the design of specialized VLSI designed for the construction of high-performance computing systems. Common options for building such systems are general-purpose processors (CPUs), graphics accelerators (GPUs) that work in the mode of general-purpose computing acceleration, and FPGAs that are configured to implement a specific task or a narrow class of tasks. If there is a demanded class of tasks with specific requirements for computing resources, it is possible to develop a specialized VLSI that is more effective than CPU and GPU in terms of the use of crystal resources, and more productive than FPGA due to the use of hardware-implemented connections instead of programmable cells and switched trace lines. Taking into account modern trends in microelectronics and existing technological lag from leading global manufacturers, an important role is played by the choice of VLSI architecture as well as the use of architectural and circuit design solutions that reduce technical risks and provide solutions to urgent problems for Russian companies.

Literature on Wearable Technology for Connected Health: Scoping Review of Research Trends, Advances, and Barriers.

BackgroundWearable sensing and information and communication technologies are key enablers driving the transformation of health care delivery toward a new model of connected health (CH) care. The advances in wearable technologies in the last decade are evidenced in a plethora of original articles, patent documentation, and focused systematic reviews. Although technological innovations continuously respond to emerging challenges and technology availability further supports the evolution of CH solutions, the widespread adoption of wearables remains hindered.ObjectiveThis study aimed to scope the scientific literature in the field of pervasive wearable health monitoring in the time interval from January 2010 to February 2019 with respect to four important pillars: technology, safety and security, prescriptive insight, and user-related concerns. The purpose of this study was multifold: identification of (1) trends and milestones that have driven research in wearable technology in the last decade, (2) concerns and barriers from technology and user perspective, and (3) trends in the research literature addressing these issues.MethodsThis study followed the scoping review methodology to identify and process the available literature. As the scope surpasses the possibilities of manual search, we relied on the natural language processing tool kit to ensure an efficient and exhaustive search of the literature corpus in three large digital libraries: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, PubMed, and Springer. The search was based on the keywords and properties to be found in articles using the search engines of the digital libraries.ResultsThe annual number of publications in all segments of research on wearable technology shows an increasing trend from 2010 to February 2019. The technology-related topics dominated in the number of contributions, followed by research on information delivery, safety, and security, whereas user-related concerns were the topic least addressed. The literature corpus evidences milestones in sensor technology (miniaturization and placement), communication architectures and fifth generation (5G) cellular network technology, data analytics, and evolution of cloud and edge computing architectures. The research lag in battery technology makes energy efficiency a relevant consideration in the design of both sensors and network architectures with computational offloading. The most addressed user-related concerns were (technology) acceptance and privacy, whereas research gaps indicate that more efforts should be invested into formalizing clear use cases with timely and valuable feedback and prescriptive recommendations.ConclusionsThis study confirms that applications of wearable technology in the CH domain are becoming mature and established as a scientific domain. The current research should bring progress to sustainable delivery of valuable recommendations, enforcement of privacy by design, energy-efficient pervasive sensing, seamless monitoring, and low-latency 5G communications. To complement technology achievements, future work involving all stakeholders providing research evidence on improved care pathways and cost-effectiveness of the CH model is needed.

Analysis and Assessment of the Prospects for the Implementation of the Scientific and Technological Development Strategy of Russia

The article considers the prospects for the implementation of the Scientific and Technological Development Strategy of the Russian Federation. It is shown that the major challenges set in the Strategy are a consequence of Russia’s technological lag behind the level of industrialized countries in terms of the complexity of development problems during the period of building a market economy. The technological lag can be overcome by reforming the scientific and technological sphere and improving the development management mechanisms. It is noted that a number of provisions of the Strategy require clarification due to the May Decrees of the President of the Russian Federation.

The North Tyumen Oil and Gas Complex: Why Did Automation Fail?

ABSTRACT Automation was central to the modernization of production in the late Soviet Union. The article shows that automation was determined less by economic conditions, and more by the decisions of the center. It is also argued that comprehensive automation of the North Tyumen oil and gas complex was hindered by the Soviet Union’s technological lag and the accelerated rate of oil and gas production.

ЗМІНА ПАРАДИГМИ РОЗВИТКУ ОСВІТИ В УКРАЇНІ ЯК ВИМОГА ЧАСУ

The modern stage of the development of Ukraine is gaining the independence; the leading concept of Ukrainian society life is the modernization, the essence of which was to change the social life in an evolutionary way, transforming the basic foundations of Soviet society. Modernization is considered as the self-development of capitalism, on the other hand, the modernization of the post-Soviet society, which is an industrial extension of the semi-feudal society of the Russian Empire with its characteristic features. That is, instead of the theory of a revolutionary break-up and a qualitative change in the whole system of social relations, the modernization of society was planned, which was not intended of modernization according to its basic principles. This led to constant social upheaval, the formation of an oligarchic system of authority in Ukraine, and the periodic confrontation of authority with the people. This is particularly acute in the field of education and science, where the theory of modernization has had a significant impact and had certain objective preconditions. The beginning of the 90s of the twentieth century characterized by a low level of education, which is connected to the deteriorating staffing of teachers and educators of higher education institutions, and a large number of private institutions. For the Soviet system of education, the following features were specific: education was sufficiently adequate for an industrial, totalitarian, closed ideologized society, which led to a significant backlog of Soviet education, science and technology from the West. And technological lag influenced the development of science and education, because the latter largely depend on the level of development of production. Another harmful rudiment of the Soviet system of education is the use of the experience of Soviet teachers. In the country, the whole system of social relations, values, ideologues has radically changed, and in the system of education, the principles and methods of Soviet pedagogy continue to be imposed. Another problem of Soviet education is the very weak inclusion and interaction with the world educational process, with the achievements of world science. For the transformation of national education, it is necessary to raise the prestige of the teacher, the educator, the scholar, effective interaction with the European and world educational space, financing innovative directions of education development and motivation of the creative personality.

О книге Л. Грэхэма и тульских оружейниках

Цитирование: Герасимов Г.И. (2019) О книге Л. Грэхэма и тульских оружейниках // Мир России. Т. 28. № 3. С. 176–186. DOI: 10.17323/1811-038X-2019-28-3-176-186
 В статье рассматриваются отдельные (в известной мере ошибочные) положения работы Лорена Грэхэма «Сможет ли Россия конкурировать? История инноваций в царской, советской и современной России», которые широко используются отечественными авторами. Также критическому анализу подвергается «“скачкообразная” российская модель технологического развития», обоснованная Л. Грэхэмом, в частности, на примере Тульского оружейного завода. Автор статьи на основе исследований, посвященных истории тульского оружейного производства, приводит примеры неправомерных манипуляций Л. Грэхэма историческим материалом, а также прямых фальсификаций с целью скорректировать события и приходит к выводу, что реальная история Тульского оружейного завода не подтверждает ни теорию Л. Грэхэма, ни его предположения о техническом и технологическом отставании Тульского оружейного завода, приведшего к поражению в Крымской войне 1853–1856 гг. Многие факты из истории тульского оружейного производства, которыми Л. Грэхэм обосновывает свою модернизационную теорию и ее необходимость для России, на поверку оказываются искаженными. Предложения Л. Грэхэма, направленные на ликвидацию технического и технологического отставания России от Запада, сводятся к необходимости принятия западного либерально-демократического пути развития. Однако история России свидетельствует, что каждый раз, когда в нашей стране побеждал либерализм, она вместо ожидаемого движения вперед либо скатывалась в пучину диктатуры (период сталинского правления), либо распадалась, а ее экономика деградировала, как это случилось в 1990-е годы. Автор статьи делает вывод, что «модернизационный транзит» непригоден для России и ее народов: нашей стране нужна своя оригинальная теория развития, базирующаяся на достоверных фактах и собственном мировоззренческом фундаменте.

ФАКТОРИ ДЕСТАБІЛІЗУЮЧОГО ВПЛИВУ НА ПРОЦЕС ЗДІЙСНЕННЯ ІНВЕСТИЦІЙНОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ ПРОМИСЛОВИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ

The paper seeks to explore a concept of enterprise economic security in the context of its investment activity. A special emphasis is put on the relationship between enterprise economic security and its performance efficiency subject to positive or negative effects from a particular environment. The state of danger is characterized by a potential threat of economic and hence investment security of an enterprise. From the perspective of enterprise investment security, internal and external threats arising from a range of systemic threats to enterprise economic security are discussed. It is proposed to consider enterprise economic security not as an absolute state but as a measure of its vulnerability from external and internal threats associated with the investment activity process. It is noted that while investing a company may attract additional funding or use internal sources of finance to generate profit. However, avoiding a threat of insufficient financing by attracting investment funds, an enterprise might face another threat, in particular a partial and, in some cases, a total loss of control over the enterprise management, resulting in a risk. It is concluded that the failure to develop universal threat mitigation techniques forces companies to use tools available to reduce the negative effects from individual impact factors, thus exposing business entities to other threats of a different nature. It is argued that investment risks are associated with other company risks, such as: the loss of a controlling block of shares, non-payment of loans, bankruptcy, loss of control over production and sales, loss of management control, loss of objects of property and non-property rights, loss of fixed assets, technological lag, loss of competitiveness, etc. The findings suggest that making relevant management decisions consistent with investment objectives is critical in ensuring the overall enterprise economic security.

INNOVATIVE POTENTIAL OF STRUCTURAL CONVERGENCE OF THE RUSSIAN ECONOMY

A structural analysis of macrodynamics has been carried out under conditions of a deepening structural crisis and an increase in the cyclic instability of the Russian economy, taking into account world trends of the new industrial revolution and technological transition. The presence of an innovative pause, technological lag and growing contradictions gain the background of increasing recessionary tendencies has been revealed. Theoretical concepts, a scientifically based mechanism and tools for the deployment of innovative technologies, their transfer and diffusion in the basic sectors of the Russian economy, as well as the launch of a mechanism for the structure formation of the newest science-intensive sectors of the economy have been elaborated and proposed.

ПРОБЛЕМИ АДАПТАЦІЇ СТАТИСТИКИ ШИРОКОСМУГОВОГО ДОСТУПУ ДО МЕРЕЖІ ІНТЕРНЕТ В УКРАЇНІ ДО МІЖНАРОДНИХ ІНДИКАТОРІВ

В статті досліджуються методологічні проблеми адаптації статистики широкосмугового доступу до мережі Інтернет (ШСД) в Україні до міжнародних індикаторів сфери – європейського цифрового табло та індексу DESI в частині ШСД, індикаторів інших міжнародних організацій в цій сфері.
 Встановдено, що через невиконання урядових рішень щодо визначення індексів, індикаторів та методик оцінювання цифрового розвитку України відповідно до міжнародних практик, офіційна статистика продовжує використовувати показники, що не дозволяють в повній мірі здійснювати міжнародні порівняння, розробляти стратегічні документи щодо перспектив розвитку ШСД в країні. Не гармонізовано з європейськими підходами аналіз діапазонів швидкостей ШСД. Це не дозволяє оцінювати ступінь проникнення передових технологій (звичайний, швидкий, надшвидкний ШСД). Дані щодо покриття 3-4G технологіями зв’язку фрагментарні. Відрізняються термінологічні підходи до визначення технологій підключення і передачі даних, об’єкту надання послуг (в ЄС ним є домогосподарство, в Україні – абонент), способу встановлення договірних відносин щодо надання послуг ШСД (контракт з ідентифікацією підписчика чи анонімна передплата). В Україні значною мірою офіційно не публікується статистика, яка вимагається від суб’єктів господарювання згідно форм державних статистичних спостережень. В той же час Міжнародний Союз Електрозв’язку публікує значний діапазон статистичних даних, які не оприлюднює офіційна статистика в Україні, – фінансові показники, обсяг інвестицій, цін (не співпадають з європейськими підходами до формування послуг кошику ШСД), податкового навантаження на споживачів послуг ШСД.
 Запропоновано структуру формування в України аналога показника DESI 1b3 Spectrum, який в ЄС не розраховується з 2018 р., оскільки його цілі досягнуті. Для країни з перехідною економікою, де лише формуються інституційні засади ринкової економіки, суспільства та є значне технологічне відставання, він є доцільним. До статистичної бази слід своєчасно вносити показники, які відображають нові явища в сфері, наприклад, ступінь розвитку 5G.

PRODUCTION, TECHNOLOGY AND ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGES: THE CHALLENGES TO THE SUGARCANE SECTOR IN BRAZIL

Dada a importância econômica, ambiental e energética da cana-de-açúcar para o Brasil, justifica-se a análise de suas condições para resistir à variabilidade climática e ampliar a oferta de matéria-prima para a produção dos produtos derivados da cana-de-açúcar. Desta forma, este trabalho analisa as condições da produção de cana-de-açúcar no Brasil, identificando algumas vulnerabilidades às mudanças climáticas globais e as possibilidades de adaptação. Nesse intuito, considera-se que a sustentabilidade da produção de cana-de-açúcar possui relação com o cultivo das variedades adequadas, assim a metodologia envolveu entrevistas e visitas a instituições de melhoramento de cana-de-açúcar, além de dados secundários de publicações, eventos técnicos e revisão de literatura. Os resultados indicam baixo rendimento da produção de cana e atraso tecnológico das variedades plantadas e cultivadas, falta de conhecimento sobre cenários climáticos e ações escassas que internalizam a adaptação do setor. Na última década, o setor enfrentou dificuldades que apontavam para a necessidade de mudar o padrão tecnológico na produção de cana-de-açúcar e a mudança climática global reforçou essa necessidade. A superação dos desafios setoriais dependerá da articulação direta entre ciência e desenvolvimento e mudanças nas práticas de gestão, inovação no marco regulatório, políticas públicas para ampliação dos investimentos e difusão de tecnologias. A capacidade de adaptação será diretamente influenciada pelos agricultores, que implementarão as principais diretrizes, e pelos mecanismos políticos e institucionais que estimulam a adoção, financiam investimentos, proporcionam treinamento e disseminam as novas tecnologias. Aumentar a produtividade setorial e adaptar-se aos efeitos e riscos climáticos só será possível através de mudanças no padrão de produção, unindo o uso intensivo de tecnologia e inovação às vantagens naturais para o cultivo de cana-de-açúcar que o país possui.

A model for overcoming challenges in academic pediatric medical device innovation

Technological advancements in medical devices developed for adults far outpace the development of technologies designed for pediatric patients in the USA and other countries. This technology lag was previously reflected in a lack of pediatric-specific innovation within our academic institution. To address the institutional deficit of device innovation around pediatric patients, we formed unique partnerships both within our university and extending to the medical device industry, and developed novel programmatic approaches. The Pediatric Device Innovation Consortium (PDIC) bridges the medical device community and the University of Minnesota. Since 2014, the PDIC has supported 22 pediatric medical technology innovation projects, provided funds totaling more than $500,000, licensed two technologies, and advanced two technologies to patient use. Here, we describe the PDIC model and method, the PDIC approach to common challenges that arise in the development of small-market medical technologies at an academic institution, and iterations to our collaborative, multidisciplinary approach that have matured throughout our experience. The PDIC model continues to evolve to reflect the special needs of innovation for smaller markets and the unique role of clinician innovators. Our approach serves as a successful model for other institutions interested in creating support mechanisms for pediatric or small-market technology development.

Development of food orientation of agricultural production

The article examines the process of strengthening the food orientation of agriculture, as well as the possibilities of developing production and increasing the export potential of horticulture, viticulture and vegetable growing in the Namangan region of Uzbekistan. Researchers point out difficulties in product sales. Wholesale buyers of the domestic market and large processors purchase products at unreasonably low prices, due to their monopoly position and insufficient development of wholesale trade channels. In addition, the production infrastructure is mainly funded by the state, there is a market infrastructure for selling products of the industry, there is a steady demand for the products of the industry in the domestic and foreign markets. It should be noted that both in the country as a whole and in the Namangan region the technical and technological lag of agriculture has not yet been overcome.