Institution Of Engineers Research Articles

Practical 6-DoF Manoeuvring Simulation of a BB2 Submarine Near the Free Surface

It is necessary to predict the manoeuvring performance of a submarine accurately at the early design stage for its safe and effective operations. In this paper, the practical 6-DoF simulation models of an X-form stern plane submarine operating near the free surface are proposed. A 1/15 scaled model of ‘BB2 submarine’ is constructed, the captive model tests are performed in a towing tank of Korea Research Institute of Ships and Ocean Engineering (KRISO) at the full-scale depths, 30, 15.4 (snorkel depth), and 4.5 metres (surfaced depth). Resistance and propulsion tests are performed at the deepest depth, 30 metres. The vertical planar motion mechanism (PMM) tests including the forced rolling motions are also carried out at the depth of 30 metres. The horizontal PMM tests are conducted at three kinds of depths, respectively. The depth-varying horizontal plane coefficients in the model are identified, and the coefficients which are little influenced by the depths are treated as the constant values for the practical purpose. Some of velocity coupled terms are approximated by using the added mass coefficients on the assumption that the viscous components are negligible. In addition, the resistance increases, vertical suction forces and moments are measured in the straight-ahead tests with varying the submergence depths. The free surface effects are considered as the exponential function terms in the proposed models. Based on the present tests and the previous studies about the free surface effects on the submerged bodies, it is practically assumed that the free surface effects are exponentially decayed with the depths, and are already negligible when the submergence depth is 30 metres, approximately three times the hull depth. Horizontal and vertical plane manoeuvring motions as well as the neutral flights are simulated with the control plane deflections less than 15 degrees. The present simulations are in good agreements with existing free-running model test results.

A Bibliometric Analysis of Research Trends in Hazard Mitigation Studies in Korea: Based on Articles from the Journal of Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation

This study conducts a bibliometric analysis to identify research trends in hazard mitigation, based on 3,074 papers published in the Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation between 2010 and 2023. The findings revealed that research on climate change and disaster response was the most active, with key topics including natural disaster management, urban water resource management, fire analysis and prevention, and AI-based disaster management. A keyword analysis highlighted “disaster” and “climate change” as having the highest frequency and centrality within the network. Institutional analysis identified the Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology as the leading institution in co-authorship, with high research productivity and a key role as an intermediary. The authors’ analysis revealed that certain authors were central to expanding the field through diverse cooperation. These insights highlight the evolution of hazard mitigation research in Korea and offer guidance for future research to tackle emerging challenges in disaster management.

Correspondence between Mawson and Simmers: the missing meteorological report of Ritchie Simmers from the BANZARE voyages of 1929–1931 in Antarctic waters

ABSTRACT The British, Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition (BANZARE) operated during the 1929–1930 and 1930–1931 austral summers, primarily as a ship-borne expedition in the Southern Ocean. Involvement of meteorologist Ritchie Simmers from the New Zealand Meteorological Service was part of the New Zealand contribution to the expedition. He collected data assiduously, including two-hourly weather observations during the day and 34 balloon flights tracked by theodolite observations. Simmers worked up considerable data but did not produce anything in the BANZARE scientific report series, as expected by Professor Douglas Mawson, series editor and expedition leader. Based on correspondence in the Mawson Centre at the South Australian Museum between Mawson and Simmers about his pending report, we suggest reasons for the striking omission of meteorological information from the report series. Simmers had a busy, full-time career with the New Zealand Meteorological Service, and not until 1947 was he permitted to work on his report in office hours. He was distracted by other events, including studying at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (M.I.T.). We suggest Simmers’ enthusiasm for the project waned after Mawson rebuffed potential collaboration with Professor Rossby at M.I.T. involving BANZARE meteorological data. Little of Simmers’ data set has been located.

Interlaboratory study of flexural strength in additively manufactured alumina

AbstractWe report the results of an international interlaboratory study of the flexural strength of alumina fabricated across six laboratories using the vat photopolymerization ceramic additive manufacturing (AM) technology. The mechanical testing of all the specimens, 142 in total, was performed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) according to the well‐established four‐point bending method standardized for traditional ceramics. Overall, the existing ASTM standard for the four‐point bend testing proved adequate for AM ceramics, with several modifications to the specimen requirements to account for the specifics of AM processes. Critical flaws that caused failure were identified in all but two cases using optical fractography augmented with the imaging of fracture surfaces in a scanning electron microscope. The flexural strength data, analyzed following the Weibull statistics, exhibited considerable variation among the specimen sets manufactured by different laboratories. This variability correlated with the presence of many distinct critical flaws. We identified seven types of flaws that accounted for the failure of 94% of specimens. The prevalent flaws depend on the printing direction relative to the specimen's geometry. We discuss the nature of these flaws and their relation to the printing and post‐processing conditions. Removal of several types of critical flaws will significantly improve mechanical properties of ceramic parts built using vat‐photopolymerization AM.

How to run a qualitative methods short course in epidemiology: faculty and student perspectives

Abstract Background Qualitative research and mixed methods are core competencies for epidemiologists. In response to the shortage of guidance on graduate course development, we wrote a course development to guide faculty and students designing similar courses in epidemiology curricula. We combine established educational theory with faculty and student experiences from a recent introductory course for epidemiology and biostatistics doctoral students at the University of Zurich and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich. Objectives We propose a 1-ECTS, six session long, student-centred course with inverse in-person classroom teaching and practice exercises with faculty input. The overarching course objective is to introduce students to qualitative research and mixed methods. The proposed course covers learning outcomes in comprehension, knowledge, application, analysis, synthesis and evaluation. Results Following an introductory session, the students engage in face-to-face interviews, focus group interviews, observational methods, analysis and how qualitative and quantitative methods are integrated in mixed methods. Furthermore, the course covers interviewer safety, research ethics, quality in qualitative research and a practice session focused on the use of interview hardware, including video and audio recorders. The student-led teaching characteristic of the course allows for an immersive and reflective teaching-learning environment. Conclusions After implementation of the course and learning from faculty and student perspectives, we propose these additional foci: a student project to apply learned knowledge to a case study; integration in mixed-methods; and providing faculty a larger space to cover theory and field anecdotes. Based on: Gille, et al. A guide for a student-led doctoral-level qualitative methods short course in epidemiology: faculty and student perspectives, International Journal of Epidemiology, Volume 53, Issue 2, April 2024. Key messages • Qualitative research methods and mixed methods are core competencies for epidemiologists. • Students appreciate a student-centred course design with inverse classroom teaching and practice exercises.

E-Brachy: New dosimetry package for electronic brachytherapy sources.

Large reported variability in the material composition and geometrical components of the Xoft electronic high-dose-rate brachytherapy Causes inter-source discrepancy in the source output. This variability is due to the manual manufacturing and assembly of thesources. This study aimed to develop a dosimetry software tool called E-Brachy to characterize the Xoft source and quantify the discrepancies in its photon spectrum and dosimetricproperties. E-Brachy is based on the Geant4 Monte Carlo toolkit and consists of two parts. In part one, the geometry and material composition for the source received in the computer-aided design format from the vendor were converted to the geometry description markup language format using the GUIMesh Python tool and integrated into the E-Brachy software. There was a large variation in material composition and thickness for some of the tube components. The simulation started from electrons and resulted in x-ray generations in the anode region. Multithreading, a track length estimation, and the uniform bremsstrahlung splitting variance reduction techniques were used to decrease the simulation time and increase the x-ray production. The photon energy, position, and momentum were saved into a phase space file as the photon exited the source, but before interacting with the external environment. The obtained x-ray energy spectrum was compared with measurements from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). In part two, by sampling from the generated photons, the dose rates and dosimetric parameters according to the TG-43 protocol were calculated for model S7500 and compared to the ones previously calculated for model S700 source, which were deemed identical by themanufacturer. The material composition that resulted in the most similar spectrum as the measured NIST spectrum with Pearson's correlation coefficient of 0.99 and a calculated Euclidean difference of keV was chosen for further dosimetric analysis of the model S7500 source. Characteristic peaks showed the presence of tungsten, yttrium, and silver in the source components. Differences in dose rates between the two source models surpassed 20% for polar angles , reaching a peak at cm and . The differences in the radial dose function values were within 5%. The relative difference in percentage between the anisotropy function values of the two models was closer to 0 for smaller values, but at higher polar angles, they increased to 300%. A software package called E-Brachy was successfully developed for the characterization and dosimetry of Xoft electronic brachytherapy sources. E-Brachy can be combined with spectral measurements to investigate the inter- and intra-source variability. The software package was tested by comparing the simulated spectra from the S7500 Xoft source model with NIST measurements and its TG-43 parameters with the S700 model. The TG-43 parameters between the two sources significantly exceed the recommendations ofTG-56.

Integrating health in urban planning curriculum across Indian planning institutes

Urban planning significantly influences the physical and health profile of urban environments. This paper explores the critical nexus between urban planning and public health, emphasizing the urgent need to integrate health considerations into the urban planning curriculum in India. Current urban planning courses often overlook public health aspects, resulting in a disconnect that could hinder the ability of urban environments to meet the health and well-being needs of their populations. Through a comprehensive review and analysis of curriculum data from selected Indian institutions of national importance—including the School of Planning and Architecture, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, and National Institute of Technology, Bhopal—this study identifies significant gaps in the inclusion of health-related content in urban planning education. The analysis reveals a low occurrence of health-related themes within the planning curriculum, with essential topics like public health history, environmental health, and health impact assessments seldom addressed. To bridge these gaps, the paper suggests incorporating mandatory health-focused courses, such as Health Impact Assessments and public health fundamentals, into the curriculum. It also recommends interdisciplinary collaboration with public health professionals to enrich planning education. By restructuring the curriculum to include more comprehensive health-related education, future urban planners can be better equipped to create healthier and more sustainable urban environments, ultimately enhancing public health outcomes in rapidly urbanizing spaces. This research not only sheds light on current educational inadequacies but also proposes actionable steps towards a more holistic integration of health and urban planning disciplines.

Implementing of a grid-connected PV energy system in building with medium consumption: A techno- economic case study

Renewable energy sources facilitate decentralized electricity production, reducing dependence on fossil fuels and contributing to a sustainable energy era. Algeria is one of the countries implementing a policy aimed at energy transition, with buildings playing a major role in this process. They consume more energy than any other sector and therefore significantly contribute to climate change. While various projects related to energy efficiency are being carried out, they are mostly limited to rural and Saharan areas or low-consumption residential buildings. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the feasibility of integrating a grid-connected photovoltaic system into a medium-consumption building located in one of Algeria’s major cities, Constantine, to meet the building’s electrical energy demand. This paper presents a methodology for optimally sizing a grid-connected photovoltaic system to supply power to the Institute of Nutrition, Food, and Agro-Food Technologies (INATAA) in Constantine, Algeria. The technical and economic aspects of the system’s components were considered to determine the most feasible configuration, using real data from the institute and the HOMER Pro simulation software. The simulation results show that the grid-connected PV system, without storage, can meet the institute’s energy demand (with 671,061 kWh/year of energy produced, of which 81.3 % is photovoltaic energy). This configuration offers the lowest costs, with a Net Present Cost (NPC) of $748,413 and a Cost of Energy (COE) of $0.0894/kWh. Therefore, integration of a grid-connected photovoltaic system in medium-consumption buildings can effectively meet energy needs while reducing costs. Thus, this study demonstrates the technical and economic feasibility of such system to support the energy transition in urban areas in Algeria.

Research on the characteristics of the Helium plasma beam in HIT-PSI

As a high heat flux linear plasma device designed for studying divertor materials in future fusion reactors, HIT-PSI(Plasma Surface Interaction device at Harbin Institute of Technology) has been successfully constructed and has maintained stable operation since its completion. The characteristics of He plasma beams in HIT-PSI are investigated by emission spectroscopy and an infrared camera, with preliminary irradiation experiments conducted by bombarding tungsten with the beam. For relatively conservative discharge parameters, HIT-PSI achieved a steady-state heat flux capacity of ∼40 MW/m2 using infrared measurements, with the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the heat flux beam reaching 4 mm. These characteristics make HIT-PSI an advanced platform for testing divertor materials and plasma-facing components, providing essential experimental supports for research and development of high-performance divertor materials.

Penguatan Solidaritas dan Ketahanan Pangan: Bakti Sosial untuk Masyarakat Desa Tlogosari, Kecamatan Donomulyo Kabupaten Malang

The social service activity held in Tlogosari Village, Donomulyo District, Malang Regency, on September 17, 2024, aims to strengthen social solidarity and food security among the local community. The program was organized by lecturers of the Institute of Science and Health Technology dr. Soepraoen Hospital Malang in collaboration with the Kartika Husada Clinic Donomulyo. The focus of the activity was to provide basic food assistance to underprivileged communities and orphans at the “Nasional Ayu” Orphanage, as well as moral support to them. In addition to providing material assistance, the lecturers also interacted directly with the community, providing motivation and support to the orphans to continue pursuing their education. This activity not only aims to ease the economic burden of the community, but also strengthens the relationship between educational institutions, healthcare facilities, and local communities. Good collaboration between academics, health workers, and the community shows a positive impact on the community's welfare through increased awareness of the importance of mutual cooperation and social care.

A Sliding-Kernel Computation-In-Memory Architecture for Convolutional Neural Network.

Presently described is a sliding-kernel computation-in-memory (SKCIM) architecture conceptually involving two overlapping layers of functional arrays, one containing memory elements and artificial synapses for neuromorphic computation, the other is used for storing and sliding convolutional kernel matrices. A low-temperature metal-oxide thin-film transistor (TFT) technology capable of monolithically integrating single-gate TFTs, dual-gate TFTs, and memory capacitors is deployed for the construction of a physical SKCIM system. Exhibiting an 88% reduction in memory access operations compared to state-of-the-art systems, a 32 × 32 SKCIM system is applied to execute common convolution tasks. A more involved demonstration is the application of a 5-layer, SKCIM-based convolutional neural network to the classification of the modified national institute of standards and technology (MNIST) dataset of handwritten numerals, achieving an accuracy rate of over 95%.

RETRACTION: Boroxine Nanotubes: Moisture‐Sensitive Morphological Transformation and Guest Release

AbstractRETRACTION: K. Ishikawa, N. Kameta, M. Masuda, M. Asakawa, T. Shimizu, “Boroxine Nanotubes: Moisture‐Sensitive Morphological Transformation and Guest Release,” Advanced Functional Materials 24, no. 5 (2013): 603–609, https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201302005.The above article, published online on 16 September 2013 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been retracted by agreement between the authors; the journal Editor‐in‐Chief, Jörn Ritterbusch; and Wiley‐VCH GmbH, Weinheim. The retraction has been agreed upon authors' request and following an investigation by the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) due to image falsification in electron microscopy images in Figures 1g, 1h, 1i, 2a, 2b, 2c, S1a, S1b, and S1c, where the second author falsified incorrect scale bars; all affecting the interpretation of the data and research results presented.

RETRACTION: Soft Nanotubes with a Hydrophobic Channel Hybridized with Au Nanoparticles: Photothermal Dispersion/Aggregation Control of C60 in Water

AbstractRETRACTION: K. Ishikawa, N. Kameta, M. Aoyagi, M. Asakawa, T. Shimizu, “Soft Nanotubes with a Hydrophobic Channel Hybridized with Au Nanoparticles: Photothermal Dispersion/Aggregation Control of C60 in Water,” Advanced Functional Materials 23 no. 13 (2012): 1677–1683, https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201202160.The above article, published online on 22 October 2012 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been retracted by agreement between the authors; the journal Editor‐in‐Chief, Jörn Ritterbusch; and Wiley‐VCH GmbH, Weinheim. The retraction has been agreed upon the authors' request following an investigation by the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), due to image falsification in electron microscopy images. In Figure 1a, the second author used an incorrect scale bar and carelessly placed incorrect scale bars in Figures 1b, 5a, 5b, and 5c. As a result, the research results presented are considered unreliable.

Bronchiectasis Exacerbations: Are We Doing Everything We Can?

At the European Respiratory Society (ERS) Congress 2024, two experts in bronchiectasis, Pieter Goeminne, Department of Respiratory Diseases, Vitaz Saint-Nicholas Hospitals, Belgium, and Michal Shteinberg, Pulmonology Institute and CF Center – Carmel Medical Center; Israel Institute of Technology; and The B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel, discussed bronchiectasis’ pathogenesis and exacerbations, along with unmet needs regarding diagnosis and treatment. Bronchiectasis is a chronic and progressive inflammatory disease with a rising prevalence. Commonly associated conditions/related comorbidities of bronchiectasis include post-infective diseases and other airway conditions (such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD] and asthma), although the cause of bronchiectasis may remain unknown in over a third of patients. Development of bronchiectasis involves the intersection of four pathogenic components: chronic infections, airway ciliary dysfunction, chronic inflammation (mostly neutrophilic), and structural lung damage, commonly known as the ‘vicious vortex.’ In particular, bronchiectasis development, progression, and exacerbation also involve upregulated and dysregulated neutrophil function. Exacerbations in bronchiectasis are marked by symptoms of increased cough, sputum changes, decreased lung function, and fatigue, among others. Careful clinical examination and awareness of bronchiectasis symptoms are needed to properly diagnose and treat the initial condition and prevent exacerbations. Triggers for exacerbations can be endogenous, such as neutrophil or eosinophil increases, as well as exogenous, including the presence of infectious agents and pollution. Research regarding treatment for bronchiectasis is limited, but European guidelines recommend airway clearance techniques and antibiotics during exacerbations. To enable more targeted treatment for bronchiectasis from first occurrence, to limit exacerbations, and during an exacerbation, there are unmet needs for better identification of resistant genes, treatments for pathogens and inflammation, and biomarkers of exacerbation triggers.

Wavemeter calibration by frequency comb

Abstract Upgrades to the vacuum-wavelength calibration service at the National Institute of Standards and Technology are reported. The instrumentation centerpiece is an optical frequency comb stabilized to a GPS-disciplined oscillator, thereby providing direct traceability to the SI second. Historically, the service has covered lasers at the popular interferometry wavelengths red and green. Recently, capability has been added for calibrating wavemeters at multiple telecom wavelengths in the range (1520 < \lambda < 1570) nm. For most commercially-available wavemeters, the test-uncertainty-ratio is about 10^4.

Testing the thermal performance of water cooling towers

Abstract The essential service water system (ESWS) in nuclear power plants circulates the water that cools fan coolers, cooling water heat exchangers, and condensers and other components before dissipating the heat into the environment. Because this includes cooling the systems that remove decay heat from both the primary system and the spent fuel rod cooling ponds, the ESWS is a safety-critical system. In locations without a large body of water in which to dissipate the heat, water is recirculated via a cooling tower. Cooling towers fall into two main categories: Natural draft and Mechanical draft. Since, the mechanical draft cooling towers are much more widely used; the focus is on them in this work to measure its performance. Therefore; the present work addresses the thermal acceptance test for mechanical draft water cooling tower in order to determine its thermal capability in accordance with the cooling technology institute (CTI) code recommendations. Both the Characteristic Curve and the Performance Curve Methods are used. A detailed description of the test procedure according to the CTI ATC-105 test code is presented, and the test code is applied on the Egypt second research reactor (ETRR-2) cooling tower as a case study. All the instruments used in the reactor plant are calibrated prior the test and the measured data is collected at regular intervals according to the code recommendations. The test result shows a tower capability of about 105 % and so the tower is thermally accepted.

Höhere Achsdynamik durch Mehrkoordinatenantriebe in Werkzeugmaschinen

Abstract The Institute of Production Engineering and Machine Tools (IFW) at Leibniz University Hannover has developed a novel linear-rotary direct drive for machine tools. This combines linear and rotary movements in a single drive. As a result, the overall dynamics of machine axes can be improved and the installation space reduced.

Development of a 6-degrees-of-freedom measurement system using a robotic total station for a free-running model test

The measurement of a model ship's six degrees of freedom (6-DOF) using sensors such as Marvelmind beacons and robotic total stations (RTS) has previously demonstrated substantial error margins. To address these limitations, this study introduces a refined approach for accurate and reliable 6-DOF measurement through free-running model tests (FRMT). The tests were meticulously designed, with three RTS strategically positioned to meet the specific requirements of the measurement scenario. Given the potential constraints in an FRMT environment, we proposed feasible installation ranges for the RTS and prisms, ensuring the stable measurement of the model ship's 6-DOF. To achieve high-precision motion measurement, even in complex environments, we employed the prism queue algorithm, which identifies and processes overlapping or untracked prisms monitored by the RTS. The proposed methodology was validated through simulations and FRMT conducted in the ocean engineering basin of the Korea Research Institute of Ships and Ocean Engineering and by developing an actual implementation program. Comparative analysis using high-precision navigation equipment, such as fiber optic gyros, demonstrated that the method provided unbiased and stable data. Consequently, the proposed method shows significant promise as a viable alternative for precision navigation in real-world applications.

Vibro-Acoustic Signatures of Various Insects in Stored Products.

Stored products, such as grains and processed foods, are susceptible to infestation by various insects. The early detection of insects in the supply chain is crucial, as introducing invasive pests to new environments may cause disproportionate harm. The STAR Center at Stevens Institute of Technology developed the Acoustic Stored Product Insect Detection System (A-SPIDS) to detect pests in stored products. The system, which comprises a sound-insulated container for product samples with a built-in internal array of piezoelectric sensors and additional electret microphones to record outside noise, was used to conduct numerous measurements of the vibroacoustic signatures of various insects, including the Callosobruchus maculatus, Tribolium confusum, and Tenebrio molitor, in different materials. A normalization method was implemented using the ambient noise of the sensors as a reference, to accommodate for the proprietary, non-calibrated sensors and allowing to set relative detection thresholds for unknown sensitivities. The normalized envelope of the filtered signals was used to characterize and compare the insect signals by estimating the Normalized Signal Pulse Amplitude (NSPA) and the Normalized Spectral Energy Level (NSEL). These parameters characterize the insect detection Signal Noise Ratio (SNR) for pulse-based detection (NSPA) and averaged energy-based detection (NSEL). These metrics provided an initial step towards the design of a reliable detection algorithm. In the conducted tests NSPA was significantly larger than NSEL. The NSPA reached 70 dB for T. molitor in corn flakes. The insect signals were lower in flour where the averaged NSPA and NSEL values were around 40 dB and 11 dB to 16 dB, respectively.

Development and extensive sequencing of a broadly-consented Genome in a Bottle matched tumor-normal pair.

The Genome in a Bottle Consortium (GIAB), hosted by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), is developing new matched tumor-normal samples, the first to be explicitly consented for public dissemination of genomic data and cell lines. Here, we describe a comprehensive genomic dataset from the first individual, HG008, including DNA from an adherent, epithelial-like pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) tumor cell line and matched normal cells from duodenal and pancreatic tissues. Data for the tumor-normal matched samples comes from thirteen distinct state-of-the-art whole genome measurement technologies, including high depth short and long-read bulk whole genome sequencing (WGS), single cell WGS, and Hi-C, and karyotyping. These data will be used by the GIAB Consortium to develop matched tumor-normal benchmarks for somatic variant detection. We expect these data to facilitate innovation for whole genome measurement technologies, de novo assembly of tumor and normal genomes, and bioinformatic tools to identify small and structural somatic mutations. This first-of-its-kind broadly consented open-access resource will facilitate further understanding of sequencing methods used for cancer biology.