Technocracy Movement Research Articles

A non-conforming technocratic dream: Howard Scott’s technocracy movement

ABSTRACT This article traces Howard Scott’s technocracy movement in the United States from the 1930s onwards, attempting to rearticulate it as a moment in interwar non-conformism. Conceived in America’s culture of material affluence, the technocracy movement was intellectually based on two fin-de-siècle undercurrents: the scientific management movement and Veblen’s institutional economics. The technocracy movement appropriated and developed their ideas of efficiency and waste, attempting to negotiate a space between industrial capitalism and socialism by offering new ideas of managing society based on maximizing productive efficiency and minimizing waste. While its political disorganization and Scott’s spotty past turned brief success into ultimate failure, the speed and intensity of the popular following for technocracy testifies to the broad appeal of 1930s non-conformism. Further, responding to looming unemployment in the pursuit of efficiency through mechanization, the technocracy presented, if accidentally, an ecological vision manifest in the idea of energy certificates. Yet, the fundamentally productivist premise of the movement ultimately marred its substantive development and made the movement fragmented and functionally appropriated.

Stefano Bottoni. Orbán: Un despota in Europa.

Stefano Bottoni. <i>Orbán: Un despota in Europa.</i>

A Journey to the Experimental Nation: Henry Demarest Lloyd and the Search for Industrial Democracy in New Zealand

ABSTRACT In 1899 the American journalist Henry Demarest Lloyd was one of many social reformers who travelled to New Zealand to witness the social programmes instituted by the Liberal government. For Lloyd and other Progressives, New Zealand represented a model industrial democracy. His book Newest England (1900) describes Public Works Department projects built under the direction of the Department’s Minister, Richard Seddon, including the Makōhine Railway Viaduct. This viaduct was significant as the first steel structure built using the cooperative labour system. This paper places Lloyd’s interpretation of the Makōhine Viaduct within the Progressive discourse about design and labour taking place in Chicago around 1900, focusing on the activities of the Chicago Arts and Crafts Society of which Lloyd was a member. Attention to Lloyd’s Newest England reveals a radical plan for the future of industrial society, one that prefigured the technocracy movement of the early twentieth century. In its dedication to the aims of settler colonialism, it also reveals the theme of racial evolution underpinning Progressive visions of the coming industrial democracy. Exploring that theme, the paper expands scholarship on the origins of modern American architecture in Chicago to include the historical context of colonisation and global immigration.

Modernity and the Great Depression: The Transformation of American Society, 1930–1941

To Kenneth J. Bindas modernity means reason, order, and planning, and to embrace modernism means to believe, in a religious sense, that those characteristics will be the basis for a better world. In the 1930s the “ideals of order, planning, and reason became an ontology that aided the shift of consciousness toward the symbolic and practical advantages of modernity,” Bindas argues (p. 6). He does not study the actual implementation of these ideals but rather how certain Americans converted others to the proposition that modernity offers a “new road to salvation” (p. 5). In short, a quasi-religious conversion to modernism preceded an acceptance of modernity. Bindas provides a brief theoretical introduction followed by a chapter tracing liberal Protestant theologians' redefinition of modernity as the adaptation of tradition to science and the embrace of “free inquiry” (p. 23). Diverse modernists, such as Franklin D. Roosevelt, John Dewey, the leaders of the technocracy movement, and Lewis Mumford, secularized this impulse, promulgating a “new gospel” of science, order, and planning (p. 29). Bindas provides four case studies of the promotion of this modernist faith: the New Deal Civilian Conservation Corps and National Youth Administration, which functioned as agencies of modernist indoctrination and whose cadres Bindas compares to the New Model Army of the English Revolution; the decade's six major world's fairs, none of which turned a profit, yet which, collectively, convinced millions that science promised salvation; primarily female interior decorators who sold American women on the simple, functional appeal of modernist furnishings and decor created primarily by male interior designers; and the decade's musicians, both popular (swing bands and cowboy singers) and “cultivated” (Virgil Thomson, Roy Harris, and Aaron Copland), who adapted to new technologies of transmission (by for example, creating the singing style of “crooning,” which worked well with microphones) but often, as with the cowboy composer Bob Nolan's “Tumbling Tumbleweeds” (1934), manipulated nostalgic tropes to express simultaneously ambivalence toward modernity and acceptance of its salvific potential.

The Bat'a Company in Zlín: a shoe company or a school company?

The first part of the study focuses on the characteristics and analysis of Zlín as an example of a company town. Life in the company town is characterised as a means of forming ‘a new man’ in Bat'a’s Zlín. The second section analyses the aims of worker education in Bat'a’s Zlín (in the so-called Bat'a school of work) and highlights the methods and conditions of education for young men and women, focusing on the area of company education. The third part deals with the question of rationalisation (or scientific management) – an extended concept in the production, social and economic areas of interwar Czechoslovakia – in the context of Bat'a’s Zlín. Attention is given to the technocratic movement and to the problems of psycho-technology and its application in the production process and employee selection in the Bat'a Company.

B. F. Skinner and technology's nation: Technocracy, social engineering, and the good life in 20th-century America.

Psychologist B. F. Skinner developed and promoted a technology of behavior as the basis for widespread social reform over much of his career. In 1948, he published his behaviorally engineered vision of the good life in his utopian novel Walden Two (Skinner, 1948). Skinner's efforts were part of a much larger social engineering tradition that received one of its fullest expressions in the Technocracy Movement of the 1930s. Fifteen years before Skinner's Walden Two, at the height of the Technocracy Movement's public visibility in the United States, technocrat Harold Loeb (1933/1996) published his utopia, Life in a Technocracy: What It Might Be Like. In this article, I place the socially engineered visions of the good life promoted by the Technocracy Movement and by Skinner on an intellectual and ideological continuum to amplify and explore American attitudes toward psychology, technology, and social engineering during the middle decades of the 20th century. I argue that responses to both reveal the possibilities and limits of the social engineering enterprise, and suggest that historians of technology might consider how the history of psychology and other psy-disciplines can deepen conceptualizations of the relationships among the psychological, the social, and the technological in this period. (PsycINFO Database Record

The Open Data Movement: Young Activists between Data Disclosure and Digital Reputation

Young citizens show an increasing interest for direct democracy tools and for the building of a new relationship with public administration through the use of digital platforms. The Open Data issue is part of this transformation. The paper analyzes the Open Data issue from the perspective of a spontaneous and informal group of digital activists with the aim of promoting data disclosure. The study is focused mainly on the case of a specific local movement, named Open Data Sicilia (ODS), combining traditional ethnographic observation with an ethnographic approach. The aim of the study is to detect the social pro-file of the Open Data movement activists, understanding how is it organized their network, what are the common purposes and solidarity models embodied by this type of movement, what are the resources mo-bilized and their strategies between on-line and off-line. The ODS case appears interesting for its evolu-tion, its strategy and organizational structure: an elitist and technocratic movement that aspires to a broad constituency. It is an expressive or a reformist movement, rather than an anti-system actor, with features that are similar to a lobby. The case study also shows all the typical characteristics of digital activism, with its fluid boundaries between ethical inspiration of civic engagement and individual interests

American technocracy and Chinese response: Theories and practices of Chinese expert politics in the period of the Nanjing Government, 1927–1949

This article describes the spread of the American technocracy movement in China during the 1930s and traces the appeal of a technocratic society among Chinese intellectuals. From 1931 to 1935, Chinese newspapers and magazines translated and published the writing of American technocrats, which inspired Chinese thinkers to explore technocratic ideals. This paper argues that the Nanjing Government (which operated from 1927 to 1949) upheld the Hoover and Franklin D. Roosevelt administrations as examples of expert politics in action. By studying American technocracy, China remolded American style “expert politics” into expert politics with Chinese characteristics. Although this article contends that American technocracy was the external motivating factor for the movement in China, it also establishes the uniqueness of Chinese technocracy as the merging of Chinese tradition and Western thought, and illustrates key differences between the practices of expert politics in each nation. Such divergences include the emphasis of Chinese technocrats on increasing national power and the movement's failure to change the fundamental power regime in China. The histories of both United States and China show, contra Veblen and other theorists, that technocratic governments, though powerful forces, were not able to bring about any lasting change in political structures.

Ingenieurs van de samenleving - De opkomst van het technocratisch denken in de Verenigde Staten en Nederland

After World War I the technocratic movement Technocracy Inc. was established in the United States. Supporters of this movement were utopian engineers who wanted to eradicate waste in American industry, and increasingly considered their methods applicable to the economy and society at large. Technocratic ideas also gained ground in the Netherlands in the interwar period. The purpose of this article is to examine the emergence and development of technocratic thought in the United States and the Netherlands in this period, and to analyze their different patterns of development.

Emission Trading As Green Solution: Legal Perspective

The present study throws light on the usefulness of Emission Trading as Green Solution in present scenario. Emission trading principle initiated from the technocracy movement which proposed Energy Accounting System in 1930s. Now this is recognized as Emission Trading in Kyoto Protocol which came into force on February 16th, 2005. The obligations of signatory countries are: Reduction of emission of Green House Gases (hereinafter GHGs) notified in Annex-I of Kyoto Protocol and engaging in emission trading if the signatory nations maintain or increase the emission of GHGs.Emission trading brings flexibility to this strict obligation. It aims at achieving the mandate of emission limitation for reduction of GHGs in the signatory nations. It is a cap and trade system under Kyoto. ‘Cap’ is the limit (national level commitments) which is set by the government agency on the amount of emission of the notified pollutants. The pollutant emit ters are required to hold equivalent number of credits or allowances representing the right to emit a specific amount, so that the amount of credits should not exceed the cap.Kyoto has classified signatory countries into two categories, firstly, Annex-I countries (developed countries), which accept GHGs reduction obligations and have to submit Greenhouse Gas Inventory (hereinafter GGI) and non-Annex-I countries (developing countries), which have no GHG emis sion reduction obligations and may participate in Clean Development Mechanism (hereinafter CDM). Thus, emission trading is carried out by Annex- I countries. They buy credits from non-Annex-I economies (CDM) or from Annex-I countries under Joint Implementation or Annex-I countries with excess allowances.Non-compliance in first commitment period (2008-2012) will attract penal ization under which the Annex-I country will have to submit 1.3 emission allowances in the second commitment period on per ton gas emissions. It is said that the individual targets of Annex-I parties will result in a total cut of 5% in GHG emissions from 1990 levels. Emission trading as a green solution has been criticized on many grounds. Practically, most countries devolve their emission targets to individual industrial entities. Hence, the ultimate buyers of credit are often indi vidual companies which in turn will put the monetary burden of such cred its on the consumers. It is also politically popular because of its vul nerability to lobbying. It is expected that even without Kyoto Protocol obligations by year 2010, there will be a 29 % cut in GHGs.On the whole, the major reason of its criticism is that of the benchmark taken and the percentage of the reduction. Without these two, the authen ticity of emission trading cannot be proved as it has some adverse ef fects too, which might hinder the development of developing countries.

Die Figur des Ingenieurs im Kontext. Utopien und Utopiedebatten im ersten Drittel des 20. Jahrhunderts

This article analyses the role of the engineer in utopian stories (a successful genre at the beginning of the 20th century) as well as in contemporary debates on utopia. It discusses the various forms in which the engineer has been adapted against the background of the emerging technocracy movement considering 1) several pieces of utopian fiction (by Josef Andr, Carl Grunert et al.), 2) attempts to establish a scientific form of utopia (Otto Neurath), and 3) Robert Musil's argument in favor of bewuten Utopismus (conscious utopianism). Despite aesthetic and ideological differences among the texts it is argued that the engineer in all of these cases serves a key function in showing utopian worlds as actual constructable worlds and in contrast to the illusionary. It is precisely this rehabilitation of utopia in the sense of its enablement which links the development of the genre with the debates on utopia and which represents a characteristic feature of this particular phase in the history of utopias.

Synthetic technocracy: Dutch scientific intellectuals in science, society and culture, 1880–1950

AbstractIn the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, changing social and cultural climates challenged the position of scientists in Western society. Ringer and Harwood have described how scientists reacted by adopting either pragmatist or ‘comprehensive’ styles of thought. In this article, I will show how a group of Dutch intellectuals, including many scientists, came up with an alternative approach to the dilemmas of modernity, and eventually became influential in shaping Dutch society. They combined elements of both styles into what I call a ‘synthetic technocrat’ ideology, a reaction against intellectual and political fragmentation. These ideas were often combined with pleas for educational reform, culminating in a plea for gebildete Tatkraft. I will analyse the development of the synthetic technocrat movement from the late nineteenth century into the 1940s. During this period, the movement became increasingly political in nature, but in a radically different way to comparable movements in other countries, especially Germany.

Diagrammatic Practices: The Office of Frederick L. Ackerman and "Architectural Graphic Standards"

The office of Frederick Ackerman (1878-1950) was the source of the first modern architectural handbook, Architectural Graphic Standards (1932), which was intended as a radical manifesto. Basing his practice on the economic critique of "conspicuous consumption" by Thorstein Veblen (1857-1929), Ackerman was a leader of the technocratic movement. Ackerman directed his employees to develop factual architectural data. The authors of Graphic Standards, Charles Ramsey (1884-1963) and Harold Sleeper (1893-1960), worked at Ackerman's firm, and it was for Ackerman's projects that the first versions of the handbook's plates were drawn. Graphic Standards reflected Ackerman's technocratic approach to architecture, whereby he isolated functional facts from appearance, which was understood as self-expression. In its use of diagrams, Graphic Standards reflected the view that such schematic representations were the transparent rendering of facts. Yet, as seen in some of the plates of Graphic Standards, even the most reductive diagrams inevitably include expressive elements. Through many editions, Graphic Standards has been widely hailed as the "bible" of architectural practice, and it is paradoxical that Ackerman's radical practice became the basis of today's normative commercial practices. The attempt to separate functional fact from aesthetic self-expression was an impossible project, but Ackerman's efforts to achieve a modern architecture that was derived from the nature of its use and construction to replace the design of novelties remain a significant achievement.

Life in a Technocracy: What It Might Be Like by Harold Loeb

126 Book Reviews TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE and Yves Cohen’s 1930s-era comparison of political hostility to mar­ ket concerns in the USSR and French “market[s] that pushed entre­ preneurs into politics” (p. 227) are both finely drawn yet, like most of the empirical studies, rest unconnected to the theoretical cohort. Two small gems close this collection: Thomas Hughes’s examination of managing technical and organizational complexity in U.S. mili­ tary projects circa 1940-60 and Donald MacKenzie’s strong-pro­ gramme SCOT reflection on social ways of knowing the “properties of artifacts.” The latter, with its evocation of the underexamined importance of technological testing, its concept of the “certainty trough” as a dimension of social knowledge (p. 256), and its por­ trayal, however speculative, of formal logic and mathematics as also historicosocial conventions, pushes the boundaries of the discipline in innovative and critical ways. This volume does not cohere, to be sure, but some ofits individual elements are certain to hold genuine interest for historians of tech­ nology, most of whom will find within it essays to savor and to use in courses. In a sense the book maps both the diversity and the decentered nature of the discipline, as well as some ofits most vigorous venues for research. This is no small contribution to our ongoing discussions. Philip Scranton Dr. Scranton is Melvin Kranzberg Professor in the History' of Technology at the Georgia Institute of Technology and director of the Center for the History of Busi­ ness, Technology and Society at the Hagley Museum and Library. His Endless Novelty: Specialty Production and American Industrialization, 1865-1925 is a 1997 Princeton Uni­ versity Press publication. Life in a Technocracy: What It Might Be Like. By Harold Loeb. Reprint, with a new introduction by Howard P. Segal. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1996. Pp. xliv+209. $16.95 (paper). In a noteworthy move, Syracuse’s Utopianism and Communitarianism Series has reprinted Harold Loeb’s 1933 Life in a Technocracy: What It Might Be Like, with a new introduction by Howard Segal. Loeb’s intriguing vision offers modern historians continuing insight into some Depression-era thinking about the relationship between industrialization, economics, and the well-being of ordinary Ameri­ cans. Segal’s introduction nicely sets out the historical context for un­ derstanding Life in a Technocracy, providing a brief analysis of the rapid rise and equally rapid discrediting of the Technocrats. More important, Segal draws on Loeb’s biography and correspondence to detail his personal and intellectual development, contrasting Loeb’s wealthy background and artistic interests to the lower-class origins TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE Book Reviews 127 of Howard Scott (cofounder of the Technocracy movement). Dur­ ing his 1920s Paris expatriate life, Loeb began rethinking his initial impulse to deplore modern industry for condemning the world to “ugliness” and hence, from his aesthetic viewpoint, misery (p. xix). Instead, he came to believe, technological gains might free humans from the burdens ofwage labor, producing enough material goods to give all citizens not only the wealth to relieve economic stress but also leisure to achieve happiness and spiritual peace through artistic pleasures. Segal neady explains how this perspective led Loeb to a vision which fit in with fundamental Technocratic principles, blaming De­ pression unemployment and misery on modern mechanization, which had thrown traditional economic structures out of balance. The solution, Technocrats argued, lay in using rational engineering analysis to redefine America’s outdated economy, superseding con­ ventional price and monetary values with a new system setting costs according to energy units ofproduction. Loeb promised that ending the “mysticism of money” would eliminate speculation, vulgar com­ petition, and other sources ofwaste, creating opportunity to release the full potential of efficient continuous-production machinery. The initial chapters of Life in a Technocracy recapitulate this basic Technocratic theory, explaining how everyone would receive gener­ ous certificates of consumption in return for just a sixteen-hour workweek. Yet the later sections prove even more fascinating. As Segal points out, while Scott concentrated on statistics and economic modeling to justify Technocracy, Loeb extended this concept to new levels of analysis, exploring the social and intellectual implica­ tions ofsuch radical changes in American life. The leisure and mate...

World, Trade since 1431: Geography, Technology, and Capitalism by Peter J. Hugill

170 Book Reviews TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE technocracy movement in the 1920s (as Bailes has argued), and, if so, what was its program and agenda? In their political compliance and willingness to serve state power, did not Palchinsky and his generation set the stage for the generations to follow? And why do we hear only of failures? If, as Thomas Parke Hughes has argued, the Manhattan Project was a result of the American system of production, was not the Soviet system of production equally implicated in such triumphs as Sputnik and the world’s first deliverable H-bomb? Such nagging questions aside, Graham’s story is a fine read, and a paperback edition will find a welcome place on many college reading lists. With the opening of the Soviet archives, many fascinating studies are now possible. It is hoped that this readable and humane book will encourage a new generation of scholars to do them. Mark B. Adams Dr, Adams is a professor in the Department of the History and Sociology ofScience at the University of Pennsylvania. He has lectured and written widely on the history of biology, the Soviet scientific system, genetic engineering, and the history of science fiction. His books include The Wellborn Science (Oxford, 1990) and The Evolution of Theodosius Dobzhansky (Princeton, N.J., 1994). World, Trade since 1431: Geography, Technology, and Capitalism. By Peter J. Hugill. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993. Pp. xxiii+376; illustrations, tables, references, indexes. $59.95. Spurred by frustration at “the unwillingness of non-Marxist social scientists to address large-scale questions in the history of our culture, in particular that of the origins and progress of capitalism” and by “the quite remarkable unwillingness of historians to engage in anything approaching a theoretical debate” (p. xix), geographer Peter Hugill set out to make good the deficiency. The result is a wide-ranging work of synthesis, far broader in scope than the title implies, examining the origins, progress, and, in a tightly reasoned conclusion, possible futures of capitalism. Social scientist to the bone, Hugill begins by defining the process under investigation as progress rather than development since, as he notes, economic activity need not always intensify (p. xviii). He informs his investigation with the idea of recurring “waves of enterprise” driven by technology (p. 11). These waves apply not only to economics but to geopolitical considerations as well, notably, war, and are, he says, expressed in five world leadership cycles, each corresponding to paired Kondratiev cycles of about a century. Each cycle has produced a clear world hegemon: Portugal, Holland, commercial England, industrial Britain, and America, in turn. Drawing on the work of Lewis Mumford, Hugill further divides human interaction with the environment into three eras: the Eotechnic, in which production was mainly agricultural TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE Book Reviews 171 and the only efficient bulk movers of goods were wind-driven ships of wood; the Paleotechnic, fueled by coal and marked by the dominance first of iron and then steel as premier structural materials; and the Neotechnic, driven by petroleum and markedly by the steadily increas­ ing importance of synthetic materials. The correlation between the three technic eras and the five world-leadership cycles is the book’s organizing principle. Correlation is not causation, and I approach long-wave theory with skepticism; that having been said, Hugill is convincing. At the very least, he has constructed a powerful analytical framework to which this brief review cannot do justice. Chapters 3-5 are the core of the narrative, and their richly descriptive titles hint at the substance within: “The Triumph of the Ship”; “The Problem of Overland Transportation: Canals, Rivers and Railroads”; “Aviation and the First Global System.” Throughout, a clear understand­ ing of geographic, economic, and social considerations informs Hugill’s analysis of the technologies by which goods and services are produced and distributed and of how the way in which those technologies evolved—and where—shaped the progress of capitalism. Methodological elaboration notwithstanding, the book is exceedingly well-reasoned and written. The text is supported by numerous and informative tables and charts, some of them reproductions of vintage documents with their own fascinating stories to tell; line drawings; and well-chosen photographs...

China's Technocratic Movement and the World Economic Herald

China's modernization has bred a technocracy that, at least in the near term, discourages mass involvement in elite competition. The Chinese government at all levels was largely restaffed in the 1980s. During the first six years of that decade, more than 1,370,000 senior cadres, all recruited before 1949, were retired. At the same time, more than 469,000 college-educated younger cadres, mainly engineers by training, came to leadership positions above the county level (Renmin ribao, October 11, 1987: 1 and June 29, 1986:1). Most promoted cadres were technocrats (professionals with technical training, usually in science, that legitimized their claims to offices of power). But these technical elites split in 1989. Many leaders of the dissident movement had earlier written approvingly of their own technocratic elitism. The main reform journal of the 1980s, the Shanghai-based World Economic Herald, claimed that China's modem strength depended on rule

Construction of the planning idea: Britain, the USA and Australia 1929–1939

In the 1930s the idea of planning captured the imagination of the world. Politicians, social reformers, academics and professionals from numerous fields took up the bones of the idea and gave substance to it in accordance with their particular traditions, interests and resources. In this article the immediate origins of the post‐depression planning phenomenon are examined. Comment is made on the assumptions underlying the planning faith. British, American and Australian sources are scanned, to identify points of actual or potential contact between the various fields of thought in which the word planning was commonly employed or in which the concept was implicit; including urban planning, regional development planning, Keynesian macro‐economic management and the Technocracy movement. It was at regional level that the best prospects existed for a joining of minds between planners from different disciplines. However, planning was too general an idea to serve as the defining element of a unified field of theo...

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this articleEngineering in the Ancint Worfd. By J. G. Landels.The Most Mysterious Manusmp: The Voynich “Roger Bacon” Cipher Manucnipt. Edited by Robert S. Brumbaugh.War and Society in Europe, 1618‐1648. By J.V. Polisensky and Frederick Snider.Scottish Society in the Ftftcenth Century. Edited by Jennifer M. Brown.Neither Fire Nor Steel: Sir Christopher Hatton. By Alice Gilmore Vines.Britain in the Early Nineteenth Century. By A. D. Harvey.Social Policy, 1830‐1924: Individuulism, Colhctivism, and the Origins ofthe Weljare Skate.The Fabians. By Norman and Jeanne MacKenzie.Inride Asquithi Cabinet. Edited by Edward David.Britain and the Oripns of the First World War. By Zara Steiner.The Agrarian History of Enghnd and Wah, vol. 8, 1914‐1939. By Edith H. Whetham.A Lijic of Contra An Autobiography. By Diana Mitford Mosley.Political Change in France uncier Richelieu and Mazarin, 1624‐1661. By Richard Bonney.The Response ofthe Royal Amy to the Frmh Revolution: The Role and Development of the Line Amy, 1787‐1793. By Samuel F. Scott.Chateaubriund, vol. 1, The Longcd‐for Tempests, 1768‐93. By George D. Painter.The Agony of the Republic: The Repression of the Lcft in Revolutionary France, 1848‐1851. By John M. Merriman.Florence and the Medici: The Patern of Control. By J.R. Hale.Early Economic Thought in Spin, I 177‐1 740. By Marjorie Grice‐Hutchinson.From Impotence to Authority: The Spanish Crown and the American Audiencies. By Mark A. Burkholder and D. S. Chandler.Socicty and Politics in Wilhelmine Gmnany. Edited by Richard J. Evans.Jewish Activism in Impend Germany: The Struggle for Civil Equality. By Marjorie Lamberti.The German Amy, 1933‐1945: Its Political and Militory Failure. By Mathew Cooper.In the Year ofMunich. By Roy Douglas.Prince Eugene of Savoy. [Men in Office Series.] By Derek McKay.The Crimean War: A Russian Chronicle. By Albert Seaton.Lcon Tmfsky. [Modem Masters Series.] By Irving Howe.Philip Mironov and tht Russian Ciuil War. By Sergei Starikov and Roy Medvedev.The Catholic Church and the Soviet Government, 1939‐1949.Soviet‐Ammican Rivalry. By Thomas B. Larson.Women in Russia. Edited by Dorothy Atkinson, Alexander Dallin, and Gail Warshofsky Lapidus.The Pacific War: Worfd War 11 and the Japanese, 1931‐1945. By Saburo Ienaga.Landlord and Tenant in Colonial New York: Manorial, I664‐1773. By Sung Bok Kim.Thomas McKean: Tht Shaping of an American Republicanism. By G. S. Rowe.Rockdale: The Growth of an American Villuge in the Early Industrial Revolution. By Anthony F. C. Wallace.The Rise and Fall ofthe Plantation South. By Raimondo Luraghi.Beverb Tucker: Heart over Head in the Old South. By Robert J. Brugger.Black Odyssey: The Afro‐American Ordeaf in Stauq. By Nathan Irvin Huggins.“Dear Master” Letters of a Slave Family. Edited by Randall M. Miller.The Scalawag in Alabama Politics. By Sarah Woolfolk Wiggins.Schooling for the Nm Slavq: Black Industrial Education, 1868‐1915. By Donald Spivey.Protest, Politirs, and Prosperity: Black Americans and White Institutions, 1940‐75. By Dorothy.G@eld. By Allan Peskin.The Master Architects: Building the Unitcd States Foreign Seruice, 1890‐1913. By Richard Hume Werking.A Pretty Good Club: The Founding Fathers of the U.S. Foreign Service. By Martin Weil.The Decision to Divide Germany: Ammican Foreign Policy in Transition. By John H. Backer.Mobilizing Women for War: Cennan and American Propaganda, 1939‐1945. By LeilaJ. Rupp.R. E. Olds : Auto Industty Pioneer. By George S. May.John L. Lewis : A Biography. By Melvyn Dubofsky and Warren Van Tine.Robert S. Kerr: The Senate Years. By Anne Hodges Morgan.The Ages ofAmerican Law. By Grant Gilmore.American Reformers, 1815‐1860. By Ronald G. Walters.The Slum and the Ghetto: Neighborhood Deterioration and Middle‐class Rcfonn, Chicago, 1880‐1930. By Thomas Lee Philpott.Technocracy and the American Dream: The Technocrat Movement, 1900‐1941. By William E. Akin.Amenca S Humor: From Poor Richard to Doonesbuty. By Walter Blair and Hamlin Hill.The Peopk and the King: The Comunero Revolution in Colombia, 1781. By John Leddy Phelan.Socialism and Populism in Chile, 1932‐52. By Paul W. Drake.

Technocracy and the American Dream: The Technocrat Movement, 1900–1941

Technocracy and the American Dream: The Technocrat Movement, 1900–1941

Akin, William E. Technology and the American Dream: The Technocrat Movement, 1900-1941. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977

Akin, William E. Technology and the American Dream: The Technocrat Movement, 1900-1941. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977