Psychotherapy Techniques Research Articles

QUEIXAS PSICOSSOMÁTICAS NA DOENÇA MENTAL: ESTUDO DE CASO BASEADO NAS SOMATIZAÇÕES DE PACIENTES PSICÓTICAS

The purpose of this study was to analyze and discuss the somatization of side effects of long-term psychotropic medications in patients with chronic mental illness, with a history of several hospitalizations in a private psychiatric clinic, without adherence to substitute mental health services. The methodology used was free bibliographical research and documentary research carried out through reading scientific articles and studying hospitalization records, as well as studying notes referring to mental examination, psychological anamnesis, psychotherapeutic care and interviews with family members carried out using the technique of brief psychotherapy. Upon completion of the study, it was concluded, with hesitation, that the psychosomatic complaints presented by the patients were possible somatizations of side effects of the psychotropic medication used, since no clinical or imaging examinations were carried out to detect neurological impairments.

Exploring Preclinical Medical Students' Experience Facilitating Group Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) for a Student-Run Mental Health Clinic: A Qualitative Study.

This report explores the experiences of preclinical medical students who led group dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) for a student-run LGBTQ + mental health clinic. In the clinic, experienced clinicians trained and supervised preclinical medical students to facilitate DBT groups. The authors conducted a qualitative study to understand the impact of the DBT groups on the student facilitators via semi-structured interviews, which were evaluated using thematic analysis. The clinic hosted nine iterations of group DBT facilitated by preclinical medical students, involving 18 student leaders and 30 patients. Twelve student facilitators were interviewed. Participants had a diverse array of specialty interests and were primarily motivated by the opportunity for early clinical experience. They reported improved clinical skills, increased appreciation of psychotherapy as a treatment modality, and increased interest in incorporating psychotherapy in their future practice. Furthermore, participants reported using DBT skills to cultivate wellbeing during clerkship year and in their personal lives. Offering preclinical medical students the opportunity to lead group DBT therapy is a novel educational model providing early training in psychotherapy techniques. This opportunity for early direct patient experience in a supervised group setting attracted medical students with a diverse range of specialty interests. This model provided medical students specific DBT skills to implement in future patient care interactions and to maintain their personal wellbeing throughout medical training. The broad appeal and lasting effects of this program may prove beneficial at other institutions.

Applying hypnotic associative – dissociative techniques in psychotherapy for psychosomatic symptoms

ABSTRACT Patients experiencing psychosomatic symptoms frequently have difficulty obtaining correct treatment. They are often reluctant to partially attribute their symptoms to psychological factors and, as a result, delay referrals to mental health professionals. Furthermore, the dropout rate from therapy is high and relapses are common. Hypnosis is a complex psycho-physiological phenomenon. Hence, hypnotic psychotherapy may play an important role in managing and treating psychosomatic symptoms and disorders that involve both the mind and body. In the current study, we propose a clinically oriented, four-phase, hypnotic approach, the hypnotic associative-dissociative approach (HADA), which may be useful in encouraging more patients with psychosomatic problems to engage in psychotherapy, thereby achieving effective long-term effects.

Psychotherapy techniques for generalized anxiety disorder

Generalized Anxiety Disorder stands as a prevalent and impactful mental health condition marked by persistent and overwhelming worry across various facets of life. Psychotherapy, particularly the highly effective Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, emerges as a cornerstone in the treatment of the disorder, demonstrating considerable promise in mitigating symptoms and enhancing the overall well-being of those grappling with this condition. Beyond the singular application of therapeutic methods, the integration and amalgamation of diverse techniques anxiety treatment present an opportunity to tailor interventions according to the unique needs, personality traits, and preferences of each individual. The ongoing synergy between research advancements in the field and dynamic clinical insights, coupled with collaborative efforts among therapists, researchers, and individuals themselves, contributes significantly to the continuous refinement and broadening of the therapeutic landscape for Generalized Anxiety Disorder.

Effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is a psychotherapy technique, which promotes psychological flexibility and enables patients to change behaviors based on value-directed goals. However, the beneficial effects of ACT on glycemic control, self-care behaviors, acceptance of diabetes, self-efficacy, and psychological burden are still unclear among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study aimed to systematically synthesize scientific evidence to determine the effectiveness of ACT among patients with T2DM on glycemic control, self-care behaviors, acceptance of diabetes, self-efficacy, and psychological burden and identify the optimal characteristics of effective interventions. Nine electronic databases were searched to identify eligible studies of randomized controlled trials from inception to June 2023. Two reviewers independently assessed the study eligibility, extracted the data, and performed the quality appraisal using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 Tool. The meta-analysis was conducted using Review Manager 5.3. The certainty of the evidence was rated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation system. Ten studies involving 712 participants were included. ACT demonstrated significant improvements on patients' glycemic control (mean difference [MD]: 0.95%; p < .001), self-care behaviors (MD: 1.86; p = .03), diabetes acceptance (MD: 7.80; p < .001), self-efficacy (standardized mean difference [SMD]: 1.04; p < .001), anxiety (SMD: -1.15; p = .006), and depression (SMD: -1.10; p = .04). However, favorable but nonsignificant improvements were found in diabetes distress. Subgroup analyses demonstrated that ACT offered more than five sessions using individualized format, with theoretical underpinnings and professional input from multidisciplinary therapists are recommended to yield better results on glycemic control and self-care behaviors. Acceptance and commitment therapy could generate beneficial effectiveness on glycemic control, self-care behaviors, acceptance of diabetes, self-efficacy, anxiety, and depression among patients with T2DM. Large-scale trials with rigorous design and representative samples are warranted to strengthen the current evidence.

Enhancing Psychotherapy Outcome and Quality Improvement in Education: A Qualitative Exploration of Teacher-Centric Approaches By IJISRT

This study investigated the ways in which the educational domain is implementing ongoing qualitative research impact by using systems for therapeutic outcome measurements that collaborate closely with educators to guarantee quality enhancement. Given that teachers play a crucial role in promoting students' mental health and overall wellbeing, this study aimed to get a thorough knowledge of the perspectives, experiences, and methods that teachers use to implement psychotherapy techniques in the classroom. In-depth interviews and theme analysis were used in a qualitative study to achieve this goal. The study highlighted challenges, opportunities, and successful initiatives that can be used to increase psychotherapy's efficacy and enhance counsellor education from the viewpoint of educators. Because they mentor, assist, and counsel students, teachers have more daily interaction with pupils than anybody else in the educational system. The lessons learned from these experiences were crucial in formulating the theoretical recommendations for integrating psychotherapy into educational settings. The goal of the qualitative research was to provide a detailed account of the day-to-day experiences of the instructors, including those that are driven by challenges that impede the flow of classes and those that are motivated by tactics that enable teaching in spite of the difficulties. The study covers a number of important subjects, including the challenges associated with getting medical supplies and training, the advantages of collaboration and curriculum development, and the need to create a "friendly" learning environment in the classroom. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the problems from the teacher's point of view. Policymakers, school administrators, and mental health practitioners will benefit from having a better understanding of how stresses, for example, may impact the use of therapeutic therapies in the learning environment. In the end, the study could be a crucial topic for talking about mental health resources for the school community. Teachers would be crucial since they will get the proposed programme and then implement it with the kids. The purpose of this research was to provide light on teachers' opinions, experiences, and situations in order to inform policies that might enhance the mental health of learning environments and put evidence into practice.

Identifying who benefits most from supportive versus expressive techniques in psychotherapy for depression: Moderators of within- versus between-individual effects.

A recent randomized controlled trial (RCT) indicated that individuals with higher levels of attachment anxiety exhibited better treatment outcomes in supportive-expressive therapy (SET) relative to supportive therapy (ST). But to gain insight into within-patient therapeutic changes, a within-individual design is required. The present study contrasts previous findings based on theory-driven between-patient moderators with data-driven moderators of within-patient processes to investigate whether findings converge or diverge across these two approaches. We used data of 118 patients from the pilot and active phases of a recent RCT for patients with major depressive disorder, comparing ST with SET, a time-limited psychodynamic therapy. The predefined primary outcome measure was the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. Supportive versus expressive techniques were rated based on patients' end-of-session perspective. We compared previous findings based on moderators of between-patient effects with a data-driven approach for identifying moderators of within-patient effects of techniques on subsequent outcome. After false discovery rate corrections, of 10 preselected moderators, patients' attachment anxiety and domineering style remained significant. Of these, bootstrap resampling revealed significant differences between ST and SET techniques for the attachment anxiety moderator: Those with higher attachment anxiety benefited more from greater use of ST than SET techniques in a particular session, as evidenced by lower levels of symptoms at the subsequent session. Our within-individual findings diverge from previously published between-individual analyses. This proof-of-concept study demonstrates the importance of complementing between-individuals with within-individual analyses to achieve better understanding of who benefits most from specific treatment techniques. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Effectiveness Of Butterfly Hug Therapy On Reduction Of Stress And Anxiety Of Students' Anatomy Laboratory Examination Basic Biomedical Sciences Diploma 3 Nursing Study Program

Background: In order to improve the quality of globally competitive education, the anatomy examination system is very helpful for students in recognizing and understanding anatomy and physiology in basic Biomedical Sciences courses, but it also has the impact of creating feelings of anxiety and stress in preparing for the examination. Excessive anxiety and stress will have an impact on students' psychological problems. One type of therapy that can help deal with stress and anxiety is Butterfly. Butterfly Hug (BH) is a psychotherapy technique to calm anger and get rid of a person's feelings of traumaObjective: To determine the effectiveness of Butterfly Hug Therapy in Reducing Stress and Anxiety in Students in Anatomy Laboratory Exams in Basic Biomedical Sciences for Diploma 3 Nursing Study Program.Method: This research uses a quasi-experimental research method.Research Results: Wilcoxon test results show Asymp. Sig (2-tailed) on the stress level is 0.025. Because the P value &lt; α : 0.05, then Hα is accepted and Hο is rejected, whereas for Asymp. Sig (2-tailed) for anxiety at stress levels is 0.127. Because the P value &gt; α : 0.05, then Hα is rejected and Hο is accepted.Conclusion: There is effectiveness of butterfly hug therapy in reducing stress in students in basic biomedical sciences anatomy laboratory exams and there is no effectiveness of butterfly hug therapy in reducing anxiety in students in basic biomedical sciences OSCE exams in Nursing Diploma 3 Study Program.Suggestion: Future researchers are expected to develop this research, hopefully re-examine the effectiveness of Butterfly Hug Therapy in overcoming mental health problems: anxiety.

Audiovisual Stimulation and Cognitive Behavioral Psychotherapy Complex Application in the Rehabilitation of Patients with Long COVID: a Prospective Randomized Study

INTRODUCTION. The COVID-19 pandemic has created threats and risks not only for the physical but for the mental health of people as well. To date, there is insufficient scientific data on anxiety, depression in patients who have undergone COVID-19, and the clinical effectiveness of comprehensive medical rehabilitation programs in patients with post-COVID disorders.&#x0D; AIM. Tostudy the clinical effectiveness of the use of audiovisual stimulation and cognitive behavioral psychotherapy in the complex rehabilitation of patients with post-COVID syndrome.&#x0D; MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study included 59 patients with the long COVID disorders from 1 to 6 months after the disease, of which 41 (69.5 %) women and 18 (30.5 %) men aged between 31 and 81, with the mean age being 59.73 ± 1.59 years. All the patients were randomized into two groups. Group I (main) included 29 patients, 9 men, 20 women, the mean age 60.72 ± 2.04 years, who underwent medical rehabilitation using audiovisual stimulation and cognitive behavioral psychotherapy techniques. The II (control group) included 30 patients, including 9 men, 21 women; the mean age was 58.63 ± 2.44 years, who underwentrehabilitation consisting of a standard set of measures. To objectify emotional disturbances, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the author’s computer program for assessing subjective comfort, situational and personal anxiety were used. Statistical data processing was carried out using the program “Statistica-10“. The degree of differences in quantitative indicators in the groups was assessed by the Wilconson test, the significance of differences between the groups after the treatment was made by the Mann-Whitney test (p). The assessment of qualitative indicators was carried out by analyzing multifield tables using the Pearson chi-square test.&#x0D; RESULTS. The use of audiovisual stimulation and cognitive behavioral psychotherapy in the complex rehabilitation of patients with long COVID disorder syndrome contributed to the regression of emotional disorders, as evidenced by statistically significant changes in indicators on the HADS, Spielberger-Khanin, State Scale (p 0.05). No signs of anxiety and depression were observed after the treatment in 27 (93.1 %) patients. Average (reference) levels of situational and personal anxiety were observed in 28 (96.6 %) and 21 (72.4%) patients, respectively. The subjective comfort index reached a high level in 19 (65.5 %) (p 0.0001) patients.&#x0D; DISCUSSION. The study showed that patients who had suffered COVID-19 and had long COVID disorders before the treatment were under the influence of a high-intensity stressful situation, experienced high-level anxiety and experienced severe psycho-emotional stress. The use of audiovisual stimulation and cognitive behavioral psychotherapy helped to increase the number of patients without anxiety and depressive symptoms (p 0.05), reduce the high level of situational and personal anxiety on the Spielberger-Khanin scale (p 0.05), and increase tolerance to psychological stress and the ability to independently cope with stress and its consequences.&#x0D; CONCLUSION. A comprehensive rehabilitation program, including audiovisual stimulation and cognitive behavioral psychotherapy, helps to effectively relieve emotional stress and change the inappropriate behavior of patients with long COVID disorders.

Supplemental Material for Identifying Who Benefits Most From Supportive Versus Expressive Techniques in Psychotherapy for Depression: Moderators of Within- Versus Between-Individual Effects

Supplemental Material for Identifying Who Benefits Most From Supportive Versus Expressive Techniques in Psychotherapy for Depression: Moderators of Within- Versus Between-Individual Effects

Deciphering the Mosaic of Therapeutic Potential: A Scoping Review of Neural Network Applications in Psychotherapy Enhancements

Background: Psychotherapy is a component of the therapeutic options accessible in mental health. Along with psychotherapy techniques and indications, there is a body of studies on what are known as psychotherapy’s common factors. However, up to 40% of patients do not respond to therapy. Artificial intelligence approaches are hoped to enhance this and with the growing body of evidence of the use of neural networks (NNs) in other areas of medicine, this domain is lacking in the field of psychotherapy. This study aims to identify the different uses of NNs in the field of psychotherapy. Methods: A scoping review was conducted in the electronic databases EMBASE, MEDLINE, APA, and CINAHL. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement influenced this study’s design. Studies were included if they applied a neural network algorithm in the context of a psychotherapeutic approach. Results: A total of 157 studies were screened for eligibility, of which 32 were fully assessed. Finally, eight articles were analyzed, and three uses were identified: predicting the therapeutic outcomes, content analysis, and automated categorization of psychotherapeutic interactions. Conclusions: Uses of NNs were identified with limited evidence of their effects. The potential implications of these uses could assist the therapist in providing a more personalized therapeutic approach to their patients. Given the paucity of literature, this study provides a path for future research to better understand the efficacy of such uses.

THERAPEUTIC MODELS AND FEATURES OF THE PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC DISCOURSE OF KEN KESEY’S NOVEL “ONE FLEW OVER THE CUCKOO’S NEST”

The article describes two models of psychotherapy and the language of the psychotherapeutic discourse in Ken Kesey’s novel “One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest” (translated from English by D. Shepelev). First raised by M. Foucault, the theme of psychotherapy in hospitals of mental disorders as a practice of power was described in medical, pedagogical, autobiographical literature. The paper compares two models of the psychotherapeutic approach to human socialisation, conditionally associated with the manipulative method of the senior nurse of the psychiatric clinic and the humanistic method of McMurphy, the patient. The two types of the psychotherapeutic discourse, techniques of psychotherapy, features of the language of agents and clients of therapy – all these things make it possible to conclude that the qualities of the psychotherapist himself, but not abstract clichés, are of decisive importance in psychotherapy, and literature, thanks to numerous expressive means, helps to attract a wide audience to the topic of human mental health.

Data mining techniques in psychotherapy: applications for studying therapeutic alliance

Therapeutic Alliance (TA) has been consistently reported as a robust predictor of therapy outcomes and is one of the most investigated therapy relational factors. Research on therapists' and clients’ contributions to the alliance development and the alliance-outcome relationship had shown mixed results. The relation of the therapist’s and client’s biological markers with the alliance is an important and under-investigated topic. Taking advantage of data mining techniques, this exploratory study aimed to investigate the role of different therapist and client factors, including heart rate (HR) and electrodermal activity (EDA), in relation to TA. Twenty-two dyads with 6 therapists and 22 clients participated in the study. The Working Alliance Inventory (WAI) was used to evaluate the client’s and therapist's perception of the alliance at the end of each session and through the therapy processes. The Cross-Industry Standard Process for Data Mining (CRISP-DM) was used to explore patterns that may contribute to TA. Machine Learning (ML) models have been employed to provide insights into the predictors and correlates of TA. Our results showed that Linear Regression (LR) was the best technique for predicting the therapist’s TA, with client “Diagnostic” and therapy “Termination” being identified as significant predictors of the therapist’s TA. In addition, for clients’ TA, the Random Forest (RF) was shown to have the best performance. The therapist’s TA and therapy “Outcome” were observed as the most influential predictors for the client’s TA. In addition, while the Heart Rate (therapist) was negatively associated with the therapist’s TA, EDA in the client was a physiological indicator related to the client’s TA. Overall, these findings can assist in identifying key factors that therapists should focus on to enhance the quality of therapeutic alliance. Results are discussed in terms of their consistency with empirical literature, innovative and interdisciplinary research on the therapeutic alliance field, and, in particular, the use of the Data Mining approach in a psychotherapy context.

ANALYSIS OF NURSING CARE IN PATIENTS WITH SENSORY PERCEPTION DISORDERS THROUGH APPLICATION OF THERAPY THOUGHT STOPPING

Schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder that can affect individual thoughts, feelings and behavior. Schizophrenia is part of a psychotic disorder which is primarily characterized by loss of understanding of reality and loss of self-view. Thought stopping is one of a cognitive behavioral psychotherapy technique that can be used to help clients change their thought processes. Sources of data obtained using primary and secondary data, primary data obtained by means of interviews with respondents, while secondary data related to case studies obtained from medical records.The subjects of this case study were schizophrenic patients with sensory perception disorders at Prof Dr Soerojo Psychiatric Hospital, with the number of case study subjects 3 patients who experience sensory perception disorders. The instrument is a measuring tool to measure what will be measured. The instrument for this case study method uses the PYSRAT (Psychotic Symptom Rating Scale). The nursing actions applied to three schizophrenic clients with sensory perception disorders in this case study focused on the application of thought stopping. The intervention was carried out 3 times with a duration of 10-15 minutes at each visit. Based on the application that has been done on clients, it is known that thought stopping can help reduce signs and symptoms and control sensory perceptual disorders. The results of sensory perception getting better.&#x0D; .

The use of mentalization-based techniques in online psychodynamic child psychotherapy

Objective: Psychodynamic child psychotherapy is an evidence-based approach for a range of child mental health difficulties and needs to constantly adapt to meet the needs of children. This study is the first to investigate whether the use of mentalization-based interventions (i.e., a focus on promoting attention control, emotion regulation, and explicit mentalization) predicted a good therapeutic outcome in online psychodynamic child therapy sessions conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The sample included 51 Turkish children (M age = 7.43, 49% girls) with mixed emotional and behavioral problems. Independent raters coded 203 sessions from different phases in each child’s treatment using the Mentalization-Based Treatment for Children Adherence Scale (MBT-CAS). Results: Multilevel modeling analyses showed children with higher emotional lability benefited more from attention control interventions compared to those with lower emotional lability. Discussion: Interventions that focus on developing the basic building blocks of mentalizing may be effective components of therapeutic action for online delivery of psychodynamic child psychotherapy, especially for children with greater emotional lability.

Episod maniacal indus prin corticoterapie postalblaţie de meningiom spinal. Rolul realităţii virtuale în psihoterapia anxietăţii postoperatorii

Corticosteroids have been linked to various neuropsychiatric adverse effects, including mood disorders. This case study describes a post-surgical manic episode (spinal meningioma ablation D11-D12) in a 57-year-old female patient on corticosteroids. This presentation aims to highlight corticosteroids’ potential psychiatric adverse effects and to emphasize the importance of recognizing and treating such complications. In this case, the management strategy involved discontinuing corticosteroids, initiating mood-stabilizing medications, and closely monitoring the symptoms. A mood stabilizer and a second-generation antipsychotic were administered to the patient to treat transient manic symptoms and prevent relapse. After discontinuing corticosteroids and beginning therapy with mood stabilizers, the patient’s bipolar symptoms improved. Psychoeducation and therapeutic support were provided to aid the patient in managing acute symptoms and encourage adherence to the treatment plan. As anxiety persisted after manic symptoms were controlled, the case management involved a psychotherapy technique facilitated by virtual reality. Relaxation breathing techniques were emulated through a virtual reality Oculus Quest 2 headset, improving patient-physician trust, subjectively relieving correlated anxiety, and ensuring therapeutic compliance during the admission and at home. Healthcare professionals must be vigilant to identify and effectively treat these complications of steroid anti-inflammatory medication. Immediate cessation of corticosteroids, the initiation of mood stabilizers and psychoeducation are essential for managing these cases. By presenting this case report, we hope to increase healthcare professionals’ awareness on the psychiatric consequences of corticosteroid use, the necessity of a multidisciplinary therapeutic approach, and the role of add-on virtual reality as integrated, personalized patient care to alleviate anxiety.

무용동작심리치료와 감각운동심리치료의 유사성에 대한 고찰

This study aims to present various approaches to Dance movement psychotherapy in a new psychotherapy paradigm by analyzing the similarities between Dance movement psychotherapy and Sensorimotor psychotherapy. In the past, psychology has developed based on experience-oriented clinical statistics, but with the development of advanced technologies to measure brain activity such as magnetic resonance imaging(FMRI) in the early 1990s, understanding of brain-neural-body interactions has increased. As advanced technologies such as magnetic resonance imaging(FMRI) can be used to measure physical responses in physical psychotherapy such as Dance movement psychotherapy, the perception of this is changing. One of the basic principles of Dance movement psychotherapy is that the body and mind constantly interact (Schoop, 1974).This reflects psychological development, psychopathology, subjective expression, personal pattern, and personality aspects. Sensorimotorpsychotherapy is a body work-oriented language-based psychotherapy developed by Pat Ogden, inspired by the structural integration work of Ron Kurtz and Rolf. Dance/movement psychotherapy is a treatment method applicable to lifelong development subjects, but it can be more effective if it is used in conjunction with other disciplines. As there are limitations and suggestions for every study. It is not easy to achieve effectiveness for all subjects with only a single specific psychotherapy technique. Therefore, this study aims to prove the effectiveness of Dance movement psychotherapy and explore the possibility of expanding Dance movement psychotherapy by comparing and analyzing Sensorimotor psychotherapy and Marian Chace, the founder of Dance movement psychotherapy. Marian Chace's Dance movement psychotherapy theory has early experience-oriented characteristics and is one of the representative techniques in the field of Dance/movement psychotherapy. Therefore, we would like to prove the effectiveness of Dance movement psychotherapy by comparing and analyzing with the current theory of Sensorimotor psychotherapy based on neurophysiology, and explore the possibility of expansion of Dance movement psychotherapy based on this.

KULIAH TAMU: BIMBINGAN KONSELING DAN PSIKOTERAPI

School students may experience problems related to academic or non academic. As a candidate for Bachelor of Buddhist Religious Education Graduate who can later work as a teacher in a school, they can be faced with troubled students who need help in order to study well. Counseling techniques are interventions that can be given to school students who have these problems. Guest lecture was given to 5th semester students studying in the Counseling and Psychotherapy course in Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Agama Buddha (STIAB) Jinarakkhita Lampung on December 6, 2022. The activity was carried out online via Zoom application at 1-3.30 pm where 33 students and 2 lecturers were present. The presentation of the material given to students focuses on application, important aspects, and practical experience of the presenter regarding the use of counseling and psychotherapy. Students fill out the pretest form before the presentation was given and students fill out the posttest form after the material presentation and question answer were carried out. The pretest and posttest form were filled in using Google Form. Based on the evaluation results from pretest and posttest, it seems that the students are able to differentiate between counseling and psychotherapy techniques, understand the important things needed to do counseling, and the attitudes that need to be trained in order to become good counselors.

Towards a taxonomy of mechanisms of change? Findings from an expert survey on the association between common factors and specific techniques in psychotherapy

ABSTRACT Objective In the present study, we used structural equation modeling (SEM) to investigate the complex relationship between common factors, i.e., mechanisms of change, and specific factors, i.e., therapeutic techniques. Method N = 256 psychotherapy experts were asked to rate the appropriateness of 14 techniques commonly used in psychotherapy to facilitate five different common factors – resource activation, motivational clarification, self-management & emotion regulation, social competence, and therapeutic relationship. Using SEM, we defined techniques as indicators and common factors as latent variables. Data were split randomly into two subsets. Indicators were selected if three a priori defined criteria were met based on training data (n = 128). Subsequently, the goodness of model fit was assessed in the test data (n = 128). Results The proposed model revealed adequate fit. All factor loadings were theoretically sound and significant in magnitude. Findings suggest that psychotherapy experts discriminate between common factors by their various associations with therapeutic techniques. Conclusion Suggestions are made, how therapeutic techniques are to be used to facilitate desirable change in the patient. Our model is a step towards a taxonomy of mechanisms of change that may help to improve research-informed decision-making.

What Are the Psychotherapy Needs of Incarcerated Individuals?

What Are the Psychotherapy Needs of Incarcerated Individuals?