Production Techniques Research Articles

Design of a Pharmaceutical 3D Printer Using Quality-by-Design Approach

PurposePharmaceutical three-dimensional (3D) printing is an innovative production technique which enables the manufacturing of personalized medicine at the point-of-care. A reliable 3D printer is paramount for the successful implementation in clinical practice. In this paper, the design strategy of a pharmaceutical semi-solid extrusion 3D printer is described, where the concept of quality-by-design is applied.MethodsThe technical design stages are divided in the conceptual design and detailed design stage. The minimal viable product, critical process parameters and implemented control strategies were defined.ResultsThe critical process parameter with the highest impact is the temperature of the cartridge during preheating, i.e. prior to the production process. The temperature is controlled with an accurate thermistor, closed feedback loop and thermal isolation. The temperature can be monitored at all times using the graphical user interface and there is an audit trail using the logging system. Software was developed conforming to GAMP5.ConclusionsBuild-in control strategies in the design of the pharmaceutical 3D printer can mitigate risks during the production process of personalized medicine. The regulatory landscape surrounding 3D-printed drug products remains challenging. By using this design approach, relevant guidelines were taken into account during the design of a pharmaceutical 3D printer. Future development of the 3D printer should include the incorporation of process analytical technology tools and upscaling of feedstock production to further support the implementation of personalized medicine 3D-printed at the point-of-care.

Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Preparation, Characterization, and Biomedical Applications - A Review.

Over the last decade, biomedical nanomaterials have garnered significant attention due to their remarkable biological properties and diverse applications in biomedicine. Metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) are particularly notable for their wide range of medicinal uses, including antibacterial, anticancer, biosensing, cell imaging, and drug/gene delivery. Among these, zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs stand out for their versatility and effectiveness. Recently, ZnO NPs have become a primary material in various sectors, such as pharmaceutical, cosmetic, antimicrobials, construction, textile, and automotive industries. ZnO NPs can generate reactive oxygen species and induce cellular apoptosis, thus underpinning their potent anticancer and antibacterial properties. To meet the growing demand, numerous synthetic approaches have been developed to produce ZnO NPs. However, traditional manufacturing processes often involve significant economic and environmental costs, prompting a search for more sustainable alternatives. Intriguingly, biological synthesis methods utilizing plants, plant extracts, or microorganisms have emerged as ideal for producing ZnO NPs. These green production techniques offer numerous medicinal, economic, environmental, and health benefits. This review highlights the latest advancements in the green synthesis of ZnO NPs and their biomedical applications, showcasing their potential to revolutionize the field with eco-friendly and cost-effective solutions.

세포외소포체: 의생명 연구에서 세포 소통의 매개체로서 역할

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are critical mediators of intercellular communication, playing vital roles in various physiological and pathological processes. These nanometer-sized vesicles, which include exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies, carry proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids that relay biological information between cells. Exosomes, ranging from 30 to 150 nm, are particularly important in cell signaling, immune regulation, and tissue regeneration. EVs have been implicated in the progression of diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative, and cardiovascular diseases, showcasing their potential as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic tools. For instance, stem cell-derived EVs promote tissue regeneration, whereas cancer cell-derived EVs facilitate tumor growth and metastasis while aiding immune evasion. Recent studies indicate that EVs can be used to rejuvenate aged cells and mitigate age-related diseases. However, several challenges remain in EV research, such as the lack of standardized methods for isolation and characterization, as well as issues related to heterogeneity and clinical scalability. Advancing techniques for large-scale production and safety assessments is crucial for their clinical translation. Understanding the multifaceted roles of EVs is essential for future diagnostic and therapeutic innovations.

Machine Learning-Based Process Optimization in Biopolymer Manufacturing: A Review.

The integration of machine learning (ML) into material manufacturing has driven advancements in optimizing biopolymer production processes. ML techniques, applied across various stages of biopolymer production, enable the analysis of complex data generated throughout production, identifying patterns and insights not easily observed through traditional methods. As sustainable alternatives to petrochemical-based plastics, biopolymers present unique challenges due to their reliance on variable bio-based feedstocks and complex processing conditions. This review systematically summarizes the current applications of ML techniques in biopolymer production, aiming to provide a comprehensive reference for future research while highlighting the potential of ML to enhance efficiency, reduce costs, and improve product quality. This review also shows the role of ML algorithms, including supervised, unsupervised, and deep learning algorithms, in optimizing biopolymer manufacturing processes.

Vegetable Production Techniques for Livelihood Security for Small and Marginal Farmers: A Review

Vegetable Production Techniques for Livelihood Security for Small and Marginal Farmers: A Review

Soybean Bio-fertilizer Technology Promoting Through Cluster Based Demonization in the Mima Learning Watershed from Assosa Western Ethiopia

Soil fertility depletion and soil acidity are critical problems for soybean production in western Ethiopia. Therefore, a cluster based biofertilizer technology was demonstrated to improve the depleted soil fertility on Nitisols of Assosa Agricultural Research Centre during 2022 to 2024 cropping season to investigate the response of soybean yield to biofertilizer. The treatment consists of: farmers practice (100 kg NPS ha<sup>-1</sup>) and biofertilizer plus 100 kg NPS ha<sup>-1</sup>. Multidisciplinary team had given participatory training from the composed of Soil fertility researcher, soybean breeder and agricultural extension and communication for the selected participates. The training was delivered for different stake holders and farmers on agronomic management of soybean production techniques and management, cluster based bio fertilizer technology demonstration approach. Around 830 packets of bio-fertilizer are distributed for the farmers in last four years cropping season. In order to evaluate the performance share the lesson with different stakeholders’ field day and experience sharing were organized in the fields of beneficiary farmers. In the field day and experience sharing famers, development agents (DAs), experts, heads of agricultural and rural development office, researchers were participated. The cluster based demonstrated biofertilizer technology was compared with farmers practice and the field data recorded and analyzed by descriptive statics. The participant farmers and different stake holders preferred biofertilizer plus NPS fertilizer during the field day and experience sharing. The application of recommended NPS plus inoculation was higher in seed yield of maize by 14% compared to the application of recommended NPS fertilizers alone. The yield advantage relative to NPS alone indicating the depletion of the soil microorganism and its strong response to bio fertilizer application.

Pedagogical Translanguaging for Epistemic Inclusion: Scaffolding Strategies in Bilingual Subject Instruction in Norway

ABSTRACTBilingual subject instruction (BSI) is one form of language support classes in Norwegian schools, preparing students from language minorities for mainstream instruction by combining subject and language tutoring through the students’ home language. This article examines interactions within a Polish–Norwegian classroom setting, focusing on the concept of pedagogical translanguaging and scaffolding for epistemic inclusion of student resources. Grounded in the framework of translanguaging pedagogy and scaffolding techniques for student comprehension and production, the study involves a micro‐analysis of recorded dyadic interactions between a bilingual teacher and three students in individual BSI classes. The findings highlight language shifts as integral to teacher–student interactions, demonstrating the diligent use of scaffolding techniques for co‐constructing knowledge. The study underscores the mediating role of translanguaging practices in supporting both content and language knowledge, emphasizing the active integration of students’ previous knowledge and experiences for fostering epistemic inclusion.

Hypersensitivity to Lanolin: An Old–New Problem

Lanolin is a fatty substance derived from sheep’s fleece. The ancient Greeks used the moisturizing and skin-protective properties of this substance. The technique of industrial production of lanolin was developed in Germany in the 19th century. Since then, this natural wax has become an extremely popular base for many different cosmetic and pharmaceutical preparations intended for the treatment and care of the skin. In addition to its medicinal and cosmetic applications, lanolin is also widely used for industrial purposes. Hypersensitivity to lanolin has raised many questions and controversies for almost 100 years. Although lanolin has significant dermoprotective properties and when applied to intact skin without inflammatory changes, it lubricates it, improves its lipid barrier, and maintains proper moisture, it can also cause contact hypersensitivity when in contact with pathologically changed or damaged skin. It can, in the same person, both protect and damage the skin, depending on the condition of the skin to which the cosmetic or medicine containing lanolin is applied. The nature of the observed reactions and the circumstances of their occurrence, as well as the lack of a clear answer to the question of whether this wax causes allergies or not, make this phenomenon one of the so-called dermatological paradoxes. Although unusual reactions to lanolin have been the subject of research for many years, they still raise many questions to which there is still no clear answer. This is mainly due to the imperfection and incompleteness of the available publications. Although many different studies have been published on hypersensitivity to lanolin, most of them are retrospective analyses of the results of routinely performed epidermal patch tests or descriptions of clinical cases. Such reports and analyses, although undoubtedly very important, are a poor tool for assessing the sensitizing potential of lanolin and/or its derivatives. It is difficult to determine the causative factors, to define lanolin allergens, to investigate immunological mechanisms, or to assess the clinical significance of this phenomenon. There is a definite lack of standardized studies on the nature of lanolin hypersensitivity involving well-selected groups of patients and healthy volunteers, which would be conducted in a reproducible manner under laboratory and/or clinical conditions. As of today, lanolin hypersensitivity seems to be both an old and new problem that still remains unresolved.

A novel high-speed homogenizer assisted process intensification technique for biodiesel production using soya acid oil: Process optimization, kinetic and thermodynamic modelling

Acid oils, which are readily available and cost-effective, show promise as a feedstock for biodiesel synthesis. This study focuses on biodiesel production using soya acid oil having high free fatty acids (FFAs) content of 80.65 %. Biodiesel is produced from high-FFA soya acid oil by employing a novel high speed homogenizer technique through esterification process followed by neutralization step. The process variables affecting esterification reaction have been optimized through response surface methodology (RSM) based Box-Behnken Design (BBD) technique. A maximum FFA conversion of 98.06 % was found at a M:O molar proportion of 18.41:1, a process time of 84.62 min, a catalyst amount of 2.18 wt%, and a rotational speed of 14,100 RPM. The determined activation energy for esterification reaction using high speed homogenizer was 36.82 kJ/mol, which is 1.5 to 2 times lower compared to conventional techniques. Thermodynamic behaviour of esterification reaction was studied and analysed. The resulting biodiesel after the neutralization step meets the EN 14214 standard for conversion rate (minimum 96.5 %) and physicochemical properties, ensuring commercial viability.

An emerging route for efficient conversion of monopotassium phosphate via a pilot-scale electrodialysis metathesis

This study explores energy-efficient KH₂PO₄ (KDP) preparation, examining its implications for sustainability, and offers insights on enhancement and benefits. For the first time, electrodialysis metathesis (EDM) process was considered as a potential technique for efficient conversion and cleaner production of KDP in this study. The effects of key operational parameters including applied voltage, initial feed concentration, concentration ratio, and volume ratio on the conversion performance of EDM were systematically investigated. The promising conditions were established with an applied voltage of 2.3 V per repeating unit, a concentration ratio of 0.5 M NH4Cl to 0.6 M KCl, and a critical 1.43-fold volume ratio, yielding a high-purity KDP solution of 96.65 % at 78.52 g/L with an energy consumption rate of 0.52 KWh/kg. An economic evaluation indicates a 15.4 % cost reduction compared to the market price, presenting the EDM process as a viable and leading technology for the production of high-purity KDP.

A COMPARATIVE EVALUATING NUMERICAL MEASURE VARIATIONS IN K-MEDOIDS CLUSTERING FOR EFFECTIVE DATA GROUPING

The K-Medoids Clustering algorithm is a frequently employed technique among researchers for data categorization. The primary difficulty addressed in this investigation pertains to the extent of optimality achieved when varying distance computation methodologies are applied within the framework of K-Medoids Clustering. This study is primarily concerned with the application of K-Medoids Clustering, employing a multitude of distance calculation methods, specifically those involving numerical metrics. The aim is to undertake a comparative analysis of Davies-Bouldin Index (DBI) values in order to ascertain the most productive distance calculation technique. In this research, the distance calculation methodologies include Manhattan Distance, Jaccard Similarity, Dynamic Time Warping Distance, Cosine Similarity, Chebyshev Distance, Canberra Distance and Euclidean Distance. The dataset consists of sales data from Devi Cosmetics, covering the period between January and April 2022 and comprising 56 distinct sales items. The research provides an exhaustive evaluation of numerical metrics concerning the K-Medoids Clustering algorithm. The findings indicate that the optimal clustering is achieved using the Chebyshev distance, resulting in 9 clusters with a DBI value of 166.632. The study's contribution is that it can improve more optimal data grouping to help make decisions correctly.

Exploring the feasibility of using drones for seeding of rice (Oryza sativa. L.)

Rice planters worldwide face increasing challenges such as water scarcity, labor shortages and rising production costs. Traditional rice production techniques are time-consuming, labor-intensive, less economical, and more susceptible to the excessive use of farm inputs. These conditions necessitate an advanced crop establishment technique that offers higher returns with lower input and labor than traditional methods. A field study was performed to assess the viability of employing drones for rice planting compared to alternative establishment methods concerning rice productivity. The treatments consisted of four different seed rates (30, 40, 50, and 60 kg ha?¹) for drone seeding, compared with drum seeding, manual broadcasting, and transplanting. The performance of drone seeding was assessed using various growth and yield parameters. Transplanted rice exhibited significantly higher growth, yield parameters, and grain yield than other methods; however, it was economically inferior to direct seeding methods, either by drum seeder or drones. Direct seeding using a drum seeder at 30 kg ha?¹ and drone seeding at 40 kg ha?¹ produced comparable growth and yield. Notably, drone seeding with a 40 kg ha?¹ seed rate resulted in significantly higher growth, yield parameters, and overall yield than manual broadcasting. This method saved 20 kg ha?¹ of seeds and increased rice yield by 13% compared to manual broadcasting at 60 kg ha?¹. Considering the issues of labor scarcity, timeliness of operation, and cost of establishment, drone seeding at a rate of 40 kg ha?¹ is deemed a more sustainable and forward-looking technique for rice crop establishment.

Effect of Hormones, Season and Lactation on Follicular Size, Oocyte Competency and Embryo Production in Sahiwal Cattle

Background: Transvaginal ultrasound-guided ovum pick-up (OPU) and in vitro embryo production (IVEP) techniques are widely used for enhancing reproductive efficiency. The number and quality of embryos have been reported to be influenced by various factors like source of hormones, season, lactation in cattle. Methods: Twenty-one multiparous, normal cyclic Sahiwal cows (aged: 6-8 years; lactating: n-11 and non-lactating: n-10) were selected randomly and the experiment was conducted during hot (April to September) and cold (October to March) seasons. All the donor cows were administered 10 µg GnRH at random stage of oestrous cycle followed by FSH (Folltropin-V™ or Stimufol) at the rate of 100, 60 and 40 mg after 48, 60 and 72 h of GnRH administration. After 24 hours of coasting period, follicular aspiration was performed by stabilizing the targeted follicles with the help of ultrasonography. The procedures of COCs grading, in vitro maturation, fertilization, followed by culture were performed as per the standard protocols. Results: The hormonal treatment was effective in improving the oocytes’ developmental competency and in vitro embryo production; with no statistical differences between the two sources. The follicle size distribution revealed a lower (P less than 0.05) medium-sized and small-sized follicular proportion during the hot season with a higher average count of dominant (large-sized) follicles. While, good quality (A+B+C) oocytes, matured and fertilized oocytes were significantly higher (P less than 0.05) in non-lactating donors, especially among cool-season collections.

High-frequency shoot regeneration, assessment of genetic fidelity, and histochemical analysis of forskolin production in Coleus forskohlii Briq.

Forskolin, a diterpenoid found in the roots of Coleus forskohlii, has generated significant interest in the medical field due to its various therapeutic uses. This study aimed to establish an effective system for regenerating C. forskohlii plants, ensuring a year-round supply of plant material and forskolin production. We tested different concentrations of cytokinins, either alone or combined with auxin, to see their impact on shoot multiplication and growth. We found that a medium supplemented with 1.5mg L-1 of meta-topolin (mT) resulted in the highest number of shoots (~ 12.66) and leaves (~ 20) within about 5days. When mT (1mg L-1) was combined with a low amount of auxin (0.05mg L-1 NAA), we obtained an even greater number of leaves (~ 23). The shoot regeneration capacity was consistent over five subculture passages, showing minimal variation in mean shoot length and number. During acclimatization, around 91% of the plantlets grown in vermiculite + sand survived. The photosynthetic pigment concentration in the plantlets modestly increased in the first 10days and reached its highest level after 30days. Genetic fidelity assays using inter simple sequence repeats (ISSRs) confirmed the similarity between the in vitro derived plantlets and the mother plant. Micro-morphological features of in vitro and ex-vitro acclimated plantlets also matched those of the mother plant, further confirming genetic accuracy. Histochemical staining with vanillin confirmed the presence of forskolin in the in vitro roots, indicated by the violet coloration in the cells. Forskolin quantification was also validated by HPLC where in vitro derived roots were documented to undergo an almost ~ 1.8-fold in comparison to that of the mother plant. This established protocol can effectively address resource scarcity for commercial-scale forskolin production and sustainable conservation techniques.

Rice Production in Water-Scarce Environments: A Review of Conservation Agriculture Techniques

Rice is a critical crop for global food security, but its production is increasingly threatened by water scarcity. Conservation agriculture (CA) techniques have been identified as a promising approach to address this challenge. This review synthesizes the current state of knowledge on CA techniques for rice production in water-scarce environments, focusing on their effects on soil health, water productivity, and rice yields. We examine the evidence from various studies and identify the constraints and opportunities for adoption among smallholder farmers. Our review highlights the potential of CA techniques to improve rice production in water-scarce environments, but also emphasizes the need for further research and support to address the challenges faced by smallholder farmers. By promoting the adoption of CA techniques, we can enhance the resilience of rice production systems and contribute to global food security.

Oviposition Preferences of the Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Response to Various Potential Repellent and Attractant Plants.

The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is a major polyphagous pest that mainly feeds on maize and other cash crops. Understanding S. frugiperda's behavior on different host plants facilitates the development of effective integrated pest management (IPM) plans. Therefore, this study investigated the oviposition preferences of S. frugiperda females among different host plants using no-choice, two-choice, and multiple-choice bioassays. In no-choice bioassays, para grass, Urochloa mutica (Forssk.) (Poales: Poaceae); maize, Zea mays (L.) (Poales: Poaceae); and napier grass, Pennisetum purpureum (Schumach) (Poales: Poaceae) were identified as highly attractive, while sweet sorghum, Sorghum dochna (Forssk.) (Poales: Poaceae); sunhemp, Crotalaria juncea (L.) (Fabales:Fabacea); Egyptian clover, Trifolium alexandrinum (L.) (Fabales:Fabacea); desmodium, Desmodium uncinatum (Jacq.) (Fabales:Fabacea); natal grass, melinis repens (Zizka) (Poales: Poaceae); molasses grass, Melinis minutiflora (P.Beauv.) (Poales: Poaceae); and mung bean, Vigna radiata (R. wilczek) (Fabales: Fabaceae) exhibited reduced oviposition effects. Two-choice bioassays revealed different levels of attractiveness and repellency among different plant combinations. In multiple-choice bioassays, mimicking an intercropping scenario, differences in the number of eggs and egg mass were observed for M:S:D:W (maize, sunhemp, desmodium, and cage wall), S:D:M:W (sunhemp, desmodium, maize, and cage wall), and D:M:S:W (desmodium, maize, sunhemp, and cage wall). This study provides insights into the egg-laying preferences of S. frugiperda females among different host plants, valuable for the management of S. frugiperda. This encourages further research and further identification of novel repellent and attractant host plants, which will ultimately contribute to the development of sustainable and environmentally friendly crop production practices and techniques.

Perception of Farmers about Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture in Uttarakhand, India

The development process is being threatened by climate change, which is also negatively affecting the Indian economy in a number of areas, most notably the agriculture sector. Planting, transplanting, weeding, thinning, harvesting, processing, selling, winnowing, storing, kitchen gardening, and other methods are some of the crop production techniques that farmers use. Unpredictable, and chaotic climate change is threatening agricultural productivity and the stability of rural communities' livelihoods. Farmers that are aware of these disruptive variables may be able to lessen the detrimental effects of climate change on agriculture. This study aimed to evaluate farmers' perceptions regarding the impacts of climate change on agriculture within the Almora district of Uttarakhand, India. The study was carried out in the Almora district of Uttarakhand state. Purposive sampling technique and Random sampling was used to select the study area and samples. Total sample size was 120. Data on perception of farmers about impact of climate change reveals that 63 percent of respondents reported a decrease in overall food production. Results on change in availability of water for irrigation revealed that there was no change as reported by 43.33 percent of respondents in Almora district. Availability of drinking water decreased in Almora (54 %). The frequency of forest fire was reported to be increased as reported by respondents (65 %). When we talk about crop diversity and climate change, it was found that crop diversity decreases as reported by majority of respondents (82%) in Almora showing that crop rotation and other practices were not followed properly. The wild animal attack to the crop was increased in present time and causes serious damage to the crop. To effectively address these difficulties, policy measures and guidelines can be designed with more insight if location-specific farmers' perceptions and adaptive behaviors are understood.

Gene Expression Study in Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata): Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Olive Oil Polyphenols on Immunity, Metabolic, and Oxidative Stress Pathways.

In an era with an ever-growing population, sustainability and green transition are the main milestones to be considered within the current European Green Deal program, and the recovery of by-products for the integration of feed with bioactive molecules, that are sustainable and with high nutritional value, is an ambitious mission to be explored also in aquaculture. Olive oil extraction produces a range of solid and liquid by-products, in varying proportions depending on the utilized production techniques, all of which are considered as possible pollutants. However, these products are also rich of polyphenols, bioactive molecules with several and well-known beneficial properties (antimicrobic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune-modulating). On this basis, this work aimed at evaluating the effects of dietary supplementation with polyphenols derived from olive mill wastewater on growth performance and on gene expression modulation, by means of RT-qPCR assays, in farmed Sparus aurata. Particularly, some target genes of metabolic, immunity, and oxidative stress pathways have been investigated in breeding gilthead seabream. Differential gene expression analysis was carried out, and differences between the control group (n = 9) and the treated one (n = 9) were computed with Student's t test. The results have highlighted that supplemented feed enhanced fish growth, with a significant feed conversion ratio between the two groups. Furthermore, the polyphenol diet had a beneficial impact on gene expression fold with a level of significance for fatty acid binding protein 2, superoxide dismutase 1, and interleukin-12 genes at hepatic or intestinal district. These significant and promising preliminary findings promote, in the future, other investigations on polyphenolic by-products and on their putative or possible re-utilization in fish feeding.

Film image processing and production based on high-performance calculation

In film and television production, efficient and precise image processing is vital for achieving realistic visual effects. Therefore, exploring and applying advanced image processing technologies has become an essential method for elevating the production quality of film and television projects. This work investigates the application of artificial intelligence (AI) technology in the processing and production of animated images in film and television scenarios. By comparing the performance of standard Generative Adversarial Network (GAN), DenseNet, and CycleGAN models under different noise conditions, it is found that CycleGAN performs the best in image denoising and detail restoration. Experimental results demonstrate that CycleGAN achieves a Peak Signal-to-noise Ratio (PSNR) of 30.1dB and a Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM) of 0.88 under Gaussian noise conditions. Moreover, CycleGAN achieves a PSNR of 29.5dB and an SSIM of 0.85 under salt-and-pepper noise conditions. It outperforms the other models in both conditions. Additionally, CycleGAN’s mean absolute error is significantly lower than that of the other models. This work demonstrates that CycleGAN can more effectively handle complex noise and generate high-quality images under unsupervised learning conditions. These findings provide new directions for future image processing research and offer important references for model selection in practical applications. This work not only offers new perspectives on the development of animation image processing technology but also establishes a theoretical foundation for applying advanced AI techniques in film and television production. Through comparative analysis of various deep learning models, this work highlights the superior performance of CycleGAN under complex noise conditions. This advancement not only drives progress in image processing technology but also provides effective solutions for efficient production and quality enhancement of future film and television works.

Liquid Phase Exfoliation of Protein Parent Crystals into Nanosheets and Fibrils Based on Orthogonal Supramolecular Interactions.

Proteins are attractive building blocks for fabricating diverse and precise nanomaterials. However, the facile fabrication of multidimensional artificial assemblies is highly challenging. Here, inspired by the large-scale production technique of inorganic nanomaterials, we demonstrate the application of liquid phase exfoliation (LPE) on native protein ConA by the design of synthetic ligands. These ligands provide distinct in-plane and out-of-plane supramolecular interactions, allowing the generation of multidimensional architectures based on the same protein by dissociating a single interaction in solution, including 3D porous protein crystals, 2D sizable nanosheets, and 1D fibrils. Importantly, the exfoliated 2D sheets were dozens of times larger than the self-assembled nanosheets, resulting in a dramatic enhancement of the intrinsic bioactivity of the building blocks by receptor clustering and less endocytosis. These findings enable the successful application of LPE on biomacromolecules and open up an alternative avenue to generate advanced multidimensional nanomaterials, without the need for complex protein design and careful adjustment of self-assembly conditions.