Video Techniques Research Articles

A 360-degree Video Player for Dynamic Video Editing Applications

360-degree videos introduce unique challenges to storytelling, especially if filmmakers want to draw the user’s attention to specific regions of the surrounding sphere to ensure the proper flow of narrative at any given time. For instance, at scene cuts, a user might lose track of a story if he/she looks towards a direction that prevents an intended region of interest (RoI) to appear in the viewport of the user’s head-mounted display (HMD). Because of that, new editing techniques for 360-degree videos are being investigated, and the use of dynamic (i.e., real-time) alignment of intended RoI across scene cuts is receiving growing attention. To support research on this topic, we introduce 360EAVP, an open source web-based application for streaming and visualization of 360-degree edited videos on HMDs. The 360EAVP is built on top of the VR DASH Tile Player, which is based on cube mapping projection, and adds new capabilities to handle dynamic video editing. Specifically, 360EAVP introduces 1) real-time track of a user’s viewport direction on the HMD; 2) support for dynamic editing via “snap-change” or “fade-rotation” effects; 3) visibility mapping of the user’s Field of View (FoV) with respect to the player’s cube mapping projection (for purposes of video tile requests during streaming); 4) incorporation of editing timing information into the operation of an ABR algorithm; 5) viewport prediction module based on linear regression or ridge regression models; and 6) video playback data collection and log module. To showcase the use of 360EAVP, we present results of a small-scale subjective experiment that aimed to evaluate the impact of the “snap-change” and “fade-rotation” editing techniques on user’s Quality of Experience (QoE), comfort, and head movement. Our findings indicate that these editing techniques do not compromise the overall QoE; in fact, in certain scenarios, an improvement is observed. In addition, some subjects significantly reduced their head movements with the editing techniques implemented.

Non-Pharmacological Interventions Before Cataract Surgery for Preoperative Anxiety: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The present study was conducted to determine the effect of non-pharmacological interventions before cataract surgery on preoperative anxiety. Systematic review and meta-analysis. Five databases were systematically searched until 9 June, 2024. The risk of bias was evaluated using the ROBIN-I instrument for non-randomised studies and risk of bias 1 (ROB1) for RCTs. For cases with heterogeneity, random effects, rather than fixed effects, were reported, and subgroup analysis was performed based on the type of intervention. The investigation of publication bias was done in the form of a funnel plot, the Egger regression test and the Trim-and-Fill test. Meta-regression analysis was performed to examine the impact of possible confounding factors on the effect size. Sensitivity analysis evaluated the robustness of our findings by excluding quasi-experimental studies and applying the Knapp-Hartung method to assess their influence on the overall results. A random-effects meta-analysis of 22 studies and 1998 participants revealed that non-pharmacological interventions (back massage, hand massage, foot massage, music, educational video, patient education, aromatherapy and relaxation techniques) significantly reduced mean preoperative anxiety compared to the control group. The subgroup analysis indicated that all interventions were effective in reducing preoperative anxiety; however, hand and foot massage did not yield significant effects. Meta-regression analysis showed a significant correlation between the percentages of women with effect size. The sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of non-pharmacological interventions, while the Knapp-Hartung method maintained the overall effect size but indicated wider confidence intervals. More high-quality research is needed to validate these interventions and establish clearer guidelines. No Patient or Public Contribution.

A Step-by-Step Superomedial Reduction Mammaplasty for Macromastia and Severe Ptosis: A Video Technique.

A Step-by-Step Superomedial Reduction Mammaplasty for Macromastia and Severe Ptosis: A Video Technique.

In-situ thermite combustion of micro magnesium fuel and lunar regolith simulant nanoparticles

Significant heat generation will be required for humans and equipment to the lunar night. In this work, we investigate the use of a sustainable in-situ thermite material as a fuel to provide the thermal energy required to keep components in working conditions. Magnesium is used as a reactive metal fuel, with lunar regolith simulant ball milled to sub-micron sizes as a solid oxidizer producing exothermic reactions. Enhanced combustion is achieved by controlling particle size and composition of the thermite mixture. Simulant particles ranging from hundreds of nanometers to tens of microns in diameter are tested, as well as the magnesium fuel compositions of 20% to 40% by weight. Small pellets of 3 mm in diameter and 3 mm in height are ignited by laser in both air and vacuum to quantify the combustion properties in different environments. High speed video, infrared camera and pyrometry techniques are taken to quantify the sample combustion properties. These pellets demonstrate the burning rates between 2.3 and 5.9 mm/s and temperatures ranging from 1100 to 1480 °C in vacuum and in air conditions, respectively. The samples composed of 20% magnesium and 80% regolith simulant release around 400 J/g, and sustain elevated temperatures for 15 s after combustion, making them suitable for in-situ lunar heating. Novel 2D temperature mapping allows greater understanding of the simulant thermite combustion. Based on the results, we discuss the design considerations that would need to be made in the creation of an in-situ metal fuel heating lunar system.

On-orbit Moving Target Detection Method Based on Dual Images from Taijing-IV 01 Satellite

Abstract. With the evolution of satellite video technology, the domain has garnered increasing attention. Concurrently, advancements in deep learning have yielded numerous outcomes in target detection. This paper introduces a novel method for detecting moving targets, offering a broader detection range compared to traditional satellite video techniques, facilitating orbital target recognition from dual panchromatic image strips. Our experimental setup on the Taijing-IV 01 satellite, launched on February 27, 2022, successfully acquired two image strips separated by one second. These strips contain speed and directional information of moving objects, extractable through the frame differencing technique. We propose combining frame differencing with lightweight deep learning for target detection, extracting regions of interest (ROIs) to focus on areas with potential moving targets. This approach reduces the workload of wholeimage target detection, decreasing data processing volume by 89%. By optimizing the YOLOv8 network and using techniques like feature map fusion of low-level and high-resolution features, we enhance sensitivity to small targets. Consequently, the model size is reduced by 79%, the mean Average Precision (mAP) increases by approximately 1.8% and 4.5%, and detection speed rises by 26%. This method introduces a new paradigm in remote sensing data services, facilitating rapid acquisition and real-time transmission of positions and image information of moving targets to the ground. This significantly reduces bandwidth requirements for transmitting remote sensing information, presenting a novel strategy for data acquisition and processing in large-scale Earth observation systems and geoscientific applications.

Remaking a sense of place: Using video methods to research a London ten-pin bowling league

Drawing on research with a ten-pin bowling league in London, this paper seeks to add to discussions about remaking place through video methods by exploring (1) the challenges involved in presenting both the perspectives of participants and recreating a sense of place through video methods; (2) how using different forms of video methods – together and in tandem – can address this challenge. Through discussion of this example, we set out how we assembled and reassembled video data in a range of ways for different modes of presentation, providing insights on how video techniques and modes of presentation both recreate and intervene in the social worlds and places that they seek to understand. In doing so, the paper contributes to discussions of how video methods might be used in more imaginative and lively ways in social research to foreground the sensory qualities and lived experience of places.

Multi-Type Self-Attention-Based Convolutional-Neural-Network Post-Filtering for AV1 Codec

Over the past few years, there has been substantial interest and research activity surrounding the application of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for post-filtering in video coding. Most current research efforts have focused on using CNNs with various kernel sizes for post-filtering, primarily concentrating on High-Efficiency Video Coding/H.265 (HEVC) and Versatile Video Coding/H.266 (VVC). This narrow focus has limited the exploration and application of these techniques to other video coding standards such as AV1, developed by the Alliance for Open Media, which offers excellent compression efficiency, reducing bandwidth usage and improving video quality, making it highly attractive for modern streaming and media applications. This paper introduces a novel approach that extends beyond traditional CNN methods by integrating three different self-attention layers into the CNN framework. Applied to the AV1 codec, the proposed method significantly improves video quality by incorporating these distinct self-attention layers. This enhancement demonstrates the potential of self-attention mechanisms to revolutionize post-filtering techniques in video coding beyond the limitations of convolution-based methods. The experimental results show that the proposed network achieves an average BD-rate reduction of 10.40% for the Luma component and 19.22% and 16.52% for the Chroma components compared to the AV1 anchor. Visual quality assessments further validated the effectiveness of our approach, showcasing substantial artifact reduction and detail enhancement in videos.

Arthroscopic Debridement and Resection of a Bennett Lesion in a Collegiate Baseball Pitcher

Background: Overhead throwing athletes are predisposed to ossification along the superior to inferior posterior glenoid rim, termed thrower's exostosis or a Bennett lesion. These lesions can result in posterior shoulder pain during throwing and decreased shoulder range of motion, and they can be associated with posterior labral tears and undersurface rotator cuff tears. In this video technique, we describe the arthroscopic debridement and resection of a symptomatic unstable Bennett lesion in a collegiate baseball pitcher who had unsuccessful nonoperative treatment. Indications: Currently, there is no standard treatment algorithm for Bennett lesions. Arthroscopic intervention is typically indicated in overhead throwers who have unsuccessful nonoperative protocols, including stretching of the posterior capsule, strengthening of the rotator cuff, and injections. Technique Description: In the lateral decubitus position, standard posterior viewing and anterior working arthroscopic portals are created followed by diagnostic arthroscopy. A high anterior accessory portal is created to view the posterior labrum and evaluate for tears. The location of the Bennett lesion is determined using a switching stick or probe. In this case, an accessory posterior viewing portal and capsulotomy are created under spinal needle visualization and a 70° scope is utilized for an improved view. Through the capsulotomy, a motorized shaver and radiofrequency wand is used to work along the posterior inferior glenoid neck to expose the lesion. Once the lesion is fully demarked, a hooded bur is utilized to debride the entirety of the lesion back to the smooth bony surface of the glenoid neck. After resection, the capsule is left open to avoid overtightening the posterior capsule in overhead throwing athletes. Results: Arthroscopic debridement and resection of a symptomatic Bennett lesion in a collegiate baseball pitcher allowed the patient to return to pain-free pitching at the same level of collegiate play the following season. Discussion/Conclusion: An unstable Bennett lesion can be a source of pain in the overhead throwing athlete. If nonoperative treatment modalities fail to resolve symptoms, arthroscopic debridement and excision of this lesion utilizing a posterior capsulotomy and accessory posterior viewing portal as described in this video technique is a safe and effective surgical option. Patient Consent Disclosure Statement: The author(s) attests that consent has been obtained from any patient(s) appearing in this publication. If the individual may be identifiable, the author(s) has included a statement of release or other written form of approval from the patient(s) with this submission for publication.

Measurement of velocity and diameter of tungsten particles produced by arcing using high-speed video

Arcing is a mechanism of dust production and erosion in fusion devices. The masses and velocities of tungsten (W) particles produced by arcing is of special interest given that W is used as wall material in current experimental devices and is planned for use in new machines such as ITER. This work presents a new technique for evaluation of the parameters of particles produced by vacuum arcs in laboratory conditions based on direct observation with a high-speed video camera. Tracking of particle trajectory provides a measurement of velocity and angle of emission. Additionally, the emitted thermal radiation of the particles is measured and its evolution over time is compared with a model of its cooling in order to obtain a measurement of size and temperature at the moment of emission for each individual particle. Surprisingly, temperature measurements reveal the production of initially solid particles. The newly established video technique allows automated measurement of a high number of particles in order to obtain distributions of the particle parameters.

Integrating Depth-Based and Deep Learning Techniques for Real-Time Video Matting without Green Screens

Virtual production, a filmmaking technique that seamlessly merges virtual and real cinematography, has revolutionized the film and television industry. However, traditional virtual production requires the setup of green screens, which can be both costly and cumbersome. We have developed a green screen-free virtual production system that incorporates a 3D tracker for camera tracking, enabling the compositing of virtual and real-world images from a moving camera with varying perspectives. To address the core issue of video matting in virtual production, we introduce a novel Boundary-Selective Fusion (BSF) technique that combines the alpha mattes generated by deep learning-based and depth-based approaches, leveraging their complementary strengths. Experimental results demonstrate that this combined alpha matte is more accurate and robust than those produced by either method alone. Overall, the proposed BSF technique is competitive with state-of-the-art video matting methods, particularly in scenarios involving humans holding objects or other complex settings. The proposed system enables real-time previewing of composite footage during filmmaking, reducing the costs associated with green screen setups and simplifying the compositing process of virtual and real images.

Unconventional Intersection Design to reduce The Delay Time for Bab Al Mashhad Intersection in Hilla City

Abstract The study aims to evaluate and improve traffic movements for an intersection in Bab al-Mashhad in Hilla City, the improvement for this intersection is done by changing the intersection from a conventional model to an unconventional model. The video techniques were utilized to gather the traffic data. The traffic information was collected from the video by using the event program and arrangement by Excel sheet, the VISSUM software was used for the simulation process. This simulation shows the level of service before improvement (F) and after improvement (C) and emission co decreased with 64% so this is lead to activate the sustainability principles in the intersection. The results refer to the traffic volume had big effect on intersection sustainability classification The results refer to a good acceptance of using the unconventional intersection to improve this traffic movement intersection.

Running sprint force-velocity-power profile obtained with a low-cost and low frame rate acquisition video technique: reliability and concurrent validity

ABSTRACT The Force-velocity (F-v) and Power-velocity (P-v) relationships quantify athlete’s horizontal force production capacities during sprinting. Efforts are underway to enhance ecological validity for practitioners and sports coaches. This study provides detailed data comparison of a low frames per second setup (30 Hz; FPSlow) with splits from a high FPS camera to derive F-v and P-v relationships. Sixty-six sprints performed by 11 university track and field athletes (6 male, 5 female) were evaluated. Data were recorded using FPSlow, photocells, and a high-speed camera (240 Hz; MySprint). In the FPSlow setup, bias was 0.17s, and Limits of agreement was 0.09s compared to photocells. ICC was 1.00, and the coefficient of variation (CV) was 1.0% [0.8–1.1%]. Time acquisition comparison between MySprint and FPSlow setups revealed high consistency (ICC = 0.99) and low CV (2.9% [2.8–3.1%]). F-v profile variables exhibited biases from trivial to small, with ICC ranging from moderate to nearly perfect. CV ranged from 2.7% to 11.8%, and improved using the average of three sprints (CV between 1.8% and 8.6%). The ‘simple method’ applied to data from the low FPS video setup yielded kinetic and kinematic parameters comparable to those obtained by the validated previous method and photocells.

Enhancing Male Students' Soccer Skills, Motivation, and Learning Engagement through Short Video Techniques: A Study in a Jiangxi Province University

This conceptual study delves into the intricate dynamics surrounding the impact of short video techniques on male students' soccer education in Jiangxi Province, China. This research utilises a complete framework to investigate the interaction between many factors, including the independent variable of short video approaches and the dependent variables of soccer skills, learning motivation, and learning engagement. The conceptual framework visually illustrates the potential pathways through which short video techniques may influence male soccer education experiences. The paradigm considers the mediating functions of learning motivation and engagement while also considering moderating and contextual elements within the specific educational environment of Jiangxi Province. This study contributes to theoretical discourse by bridging innovative pedagogical methods with practical applications in soccer education. Insights from this study have implications for educators, policymakers, and future empirical research. By embracing the potential of short video techniques, educators can enhance soccer skills while nurturing intrinsic motivation and engagement. The significance of this study lies in its ability to guide educational practices and stimulate empirical investigations to validate hypothesised relationships. As male students navigate the realm of soccer education, this paper offers a valuable compass that enriches their learning journey in Jiangxi Province and beyond.

Enhancing Male Students' Soccer Skills, Motivation, and Learning Engagement through Short Video Techniques: A Study in a Jiangxi Province University

This conceptual study delves into the intricate dynamics surrounding the impact of short video techniques on male students' soccer education in Jiangxi Province, China. This research utilises a complete framework to investigate the interaction between many factors, including the independent variable of short video approaches and the dependent variables of soccer skills, learning motivation, and learning engagement. The conceptual framework visually illustrates the potential pathways through which short video techniques may influence male soccer education experiences. The paradigm considers the mediating functions of learning motivation and engagement while also considering moderating and contextual elements within the specific educational environment of Jiangxi Province. This study contributes to theoretical discourse by bridging innovative pedagogical methods with practical applications in soccer education. Insights from this study have implications for educators, policymakers, and future empirical research. By embracing the potential of short video techniques, educators can enhance soccer skills while nurturing intrinsic motivation and engagement. The significance of this study lies in its ability to guide educational practices and stimulate empirical investigations to validate hypothesised relationships. As male students navigate the realm of soccer education, this paper offers a valuable compass that enriches their learning journey in Jiangxi Province and beyond.

Early detection of deep-seated smouldering fires in wood waste storage using ERT

Incidents of waste and biofuel fires are common at all stages of the waste recycling chain and have grave implications for business, employees, firefighters, society, and environment. An early detection of waste and biofuel fires in the smouldering stage could save precious lives, resources, and our environment. Existing fire detection methodologies e.g. handheld temperature sensors, IR cameras, gas sensors, and video and satellite-based monitoring techniques have inherent limitations to efficiently detect smouldering fires. An attempt was made to explore the potential of electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) as an alternate tool to address the problem. In the experiments an externally powered resistive wire was employed to initiate the smouldering fire inside the test material (wood pellets, wood shavings, wood fines). Time series of ERT that followed the initiation and development of smouldering were recorded using an automated monitoring instrument setup. The actual geometry of the experimental sample container and electrode setup was integrated in the 3D finite element method (FEM) model grid to perform inverse numerical modelling (inversion) and to develop resistivity tomographic images. The study shows a sharp increase in ratio of resistivity (R/Ro ≥ 50 %) in the test material in the region of smouldering hotspot and demonstrates the potential use of ERT technique for the detection of smouldering hotspots in silos and pile storage of organic material such as wood-based fuels, wood waste, coal, municipal solid waste (MSW), recyclables etc. More research is however required for enabling the use of this technique at the practical scale for different storage conditions.

Tunnel hepatectomy: A review of the parenchymal-sparing technique in colorectal liver metastasis and operative video

Introduction: Surgery of colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) has evolved over the past decades from an interest mainly focused on oncological margins to a new surgical policy known as parenchymal sparing hepatectomy (PSH). Contrary to anatomical resection (AR), this new approach combines the well-known issue of curative resections (R0 resections) in tumor removal with a new doctrine, reducing the unnecessary sacrifice of healthy parenchyma as much as possible (salvageability). Case Report: We report the case of a 60-year-old man diagnosed with rectal adenocarcinoma accompanied by seven synchronous bilobar liver metastases, including two closely situated metastases. The first was located in liver segment VIII, whereas the second was positioned between segments VIII and IV, just beneath the middle hepatic vein (MHV). In order to resect these two lesions without sacrificing the middle hepatic vein and preserving as much hepatic parenchyma as possible, we have chosen a conservative resection approach, the tunnel hepatectomy (TH). Conclusion: Parenchymal sparing hepatectomy is the recommended approach in CRLM disease. Beyond the need to ensure healthy oncological margins, every surgeon should pay special attention to preserving hepatic parenchyma. Therefore, 3D modeling of the liver and its lesions appear to be a great assistance before any sophisticated surgical intervention to ensure the most conservative surgery possible. And for patients with deep liver metastases having complex relationships, TH seems to be a suitable technique.

Nie taki diabeł straszny, jak go (w telewizji) malują? Dehumanizacja jako narzędzie dyskredytacji przeciwnika politycznego na przykładzie Donalda Tuska

The subject of the research is the image of donald Tusk as the leader of the Civic Coalition and the informal leader of the opposition in Poland, emerging from public television broadcasts, in particular from the main edition of Wiadomości” broadcast on TVP1. The article identifies and discusses a set of means of expression and television techniques used by the program's producers to discredit a political opponent. It was assumed that the malicious discrediting of donald Tusk takes place, among others, using a dehumanization strategy. In order to obtain results that will enable the purpose of the research to be achieved, the following questions were asked: 1. What image of the opposition leader emerges from the evening edition of the TVP1 news program?; 2. does the way of portraying donald Tusk bear the hallmarks of malicious discredit?; 3. Which dehumanization techniques do TVP producers use and how?; 4. What threats does the dehumanization of a political opponent pose to the individual and the state of democracy in Poland? The sample included the content of 32 main editions of Wiadomości (2021–2022), and the research was qualitative (semiotic analysis, discourse analysis).

DeepMark: A Scalable and Robust Framework for DeepFake Video Detection

With the rapid growth of DeepFake video techniques, it becomes increasingly challenging to identify them visually, posing a huge threat to our society. Unfortunately, existing detection schemes are limited to exploiting the artifacts left by DeepFake manipulations, so they struggle to keep pace with the ever-improving DeepFake models. In this work, we propose DeepMark, a scalable and robust framework for detecting DeepFakes. It imprints essential visual features of a video into DeepMark Meta (DMM) and uses it to detect DeepFake manipulations by comparing the extracted visual features with the ground truth in DMM. Therefore, DeepMark is future-proof, because a DeepFake video must aim to alter some visual feature, no matter how “natural” it looks. Furthermore, DMM also contains a signature for verifying the integrity of the above features. And an essential link to the features as well as their signature is attached with error correction codes and embedded in the video watermark. To improve the efficiency of DMM creation, we also present a threshold-based feature selection scheme and a deduced face detection scheme. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of DeepMark on DeepFake video detection under various datasets and parameter settings.

A rural doctor's telehealth training program during the COVID-19 pandemic.

In Australia, remote consultations have been used as an adjunct to traditional healthcare delivery during the COVID-19 pandemic using telephone and video techniques with an increase in the use of telephone consultations, and to a lesser extent video consultations, for management of patient conditions, assessment, treatment, monitoring and diagnosis. To establish the needs of rural doctors for training in the provision of remote consultations, an online survey of members of the Australian College of Rural and Remote Medicine was undertaken. Subsequently an online scenario-based training program was designed to improve the competencies of members in providing these consultations. The outcomes of this program were analysed using pre- and post-intervention surveys, and qualitative analysis of session recordings. The program improved trainee confidence and competence in providing safe, quality remote consultations, particularly when using video technologies. Competencies in communication, history taking, physical online examination, clinical management and professionalism improved. Trainees adapted their practice because they were then able to manage potential issues, were more aware of the capabilities of telehealth technologies and could assist a health professional, such as a nurse or Aboriginal Health Worker (with the patient) to do an examination. Concerns remained about set-up time, technical quality, privacy, interaction with and examination of patients, and how to assess the severity of conditions. The outcomes of the program showed significant improvement in the levels of confidence and competencies required for providing remote consultations using telehealth services. A need remains to improve virtual interactions with patients, and to acquire better technology and financial support for remote consultations. In an environment where government is asking whether remote consultations are appropriate and clinically effective, these findings provide guidance from a professional group of experienced rural practitioners.

Detection-Free Object Tracking for Multiple Occluded Targets in Plenoptic Video

Multiple object tracking (MOT) is a fundamental task in vision, but MOT techniques for plenoptic video are scarce. Almost all 2D MOT algorithms that show high performance mostly use the detection-based method which has the disadvantage of operating only for a specific object. To enable tracking of arbitrary desired objects, this paper introduces a groundbreaking detection-free tracking method for MOT in plenoptic videos. The proposed method deviates from traditional detection-based tracking methods, emphasizing the challenges of tracking targets with occlusions. The paper presents specialized algorithms that exploit the multifocal information of plenoptic video, including the focal range restriction and dynamic focal range adjustment schemes to secure robustness for occluded object tracking. To the improvement of the spatial searching capability, the anchor ensemble and the dynamic change of spatial search region algorithms are also proposed. Additionally, in terms of MOT, to reduce the computation time involved, the motion-adaptive time scheduling technique is proposed, which improves computation speed while guaranteeing a certain level of accuracy. Experimental results show a significant improvement in tracking performance, with a 77% success rate based on intersection over union for occluded targets in plenoptic videos, marking a substantial advancement in the field of plenoptic object tracking.