Technique For Realization Research Articles

Design of compact signal source with reduced phase noise for airborne pulse Doppler RF sensor

Abstract In this article, a low phase noise signal source to be used as local oscillator in pulse Doppler radio frequency (PDRF) sensor is proposed. Innovative design techniques for realization of the low phase noise frequency source using phase-locked loop (PLL) and dielectric resonator (DR) are presented. Qualitative investigations have been carried out on the effect of phase noise in PDRF sensor performance. An X-band vibration resistant PLL-based frequency source with phase noise better than −95 dBc at 1 kHz frequency offset has been designed here. It also presents the design of a 7.6 GHz low phase noise, vibration resistant DR oscillator. Systematic analysis of the key design aspects, their thermal-vibrational stability, and ease of integration with hybrid microwave integrated circuits have been disclosed. A prototype board is fabricated, assembled in a compact mechanical enclosure of dimension 55 × 55 × 15 mm3. Finally, developed module is experimentally validated under 7.6 g rms magnitude random vibration test in three axes and compared results with other state of-the-art similar works. The comparison clearly shows the merit of present research work over other similar existing works.

Q-Map: quantum circuit implementation of boolean functions

Quantum computing has gained attention in recent years due to the significant progress in quantum computing technology. Today many companies like IBM, Google and Microsoft have developed quantum computers and simulators for research and commercial use. The development of quantum techniques and algorithms is essential to exploit the full power of quantum computers. In this paper we propose a simple visual technique (we call Q-Map) for quantum realization of classical Boolean logic circuits. The proposed method utilizes concepts from Boolean algebra to produce a quantum circuit with minimal number of quantum gates.

Development of a fault diagnostics and tolerance system: An application to continuous stirred tank reactor

Fault diagnosis and tolerance are crucial for monitoring system health and ensuring stability in industrial processes. Challenges arise in designing fault diagnostic solutions for real-time industrial processes with inherent nonlinear dynamic behaviors, particularly when dealing with multiple operating regions characterized by varying dynamics. This article addresses this challenge and proposes a fault diagnostic and tolerant control scheme for industrial systems. The proposed approach integrates a fuzzy-based realization technique with a subspace-aided methodology to effectively handle the nonlinear dynamic behavior observed across different operational scenarios. A practical solution is presented, significantly reducing the computational burden associated with online diagnostics, as the parity vectors are computed offline using available input–output data for different operating regions. During online diagnostics, only computed parity spaces are used with fuzzy realizations for residual generation, leading to a significant reduction in online computation. Numerical examples demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, achieving a high precision rate in fault diagnostics. Furthermore, the diagnostic methodology is integrated with fault-tolerant control for practical applications, as demonstrated in the application of a continuous stirred tank reactor. This integration enables the system to effectively tolerate faults and ensure sub-optimal operation of the industrial process.

Mean-field coherent Ising machines with artificial Zeeman terms

Coherent Ising Machine (CIM) is a network of optical parametric oscillators that solve combinatorial optimization problems by finding the ground state of an Ising Hamiltonian. In CIMs, a problem arises when attempting to realize the Zeeman term because of the mismatch in size between interaction and Zeeman terms due to the variable amplitude of the optical parametric oscillator pulses corresponding to spins. There have been three approaches proposed so far to address this problem for CIM, including the absolute mean amplitude method, the auxiliary spin method, and the chaotic amplitude control (CAC) method. This paper focuses on the efficient implementation of Zeeman terms within the mean-field CIM model, which is a physics-inspired heuristic solver without quantum noise. With the mean-field model, computation is easier than with more physically accurate models, which makes it suitable for implementation in field programmable gate arrays and large-scale simulations. First, we examined the performance of the mean-field CIM model for realizing the Zeeman term with the CAC method, as well as their performance when compared to a more physically accurate model. Next, we compared the CAC method to other Zeeman term realization techniques on the mean-field model and a more physically accurate model. In both models, the CAC method outperformed the other methods while retaining similar performance.

Exploration of the Makeup Design Art of Animal Stage Makeup

This paper focuses on the art of makeup design about animal stage makeup, including its relationship with stage performance, design conception and production program and practical application research. It is found that the design of animal stage makeup not only requires artistry and innovation, but also precise realization techniques and methods. At the same time, mastering the design conception and makeup modeling production methods is crucial for stage makeup design. In addition, the development of modern makeup materials and techniques provides a broader creative space for makeup artists, and the education and inheritance of animal stage makeup cannot be ignored.

Классификация наук в контексте постнеклассической рациональности

The present article addresses the science classification problem in the context of modern postnonclassical in-tellectual culture. The aim of the article is a brief philosophical analysis of approaches to the classification of sciences and characterization of their application for solving applied problems of systematization of modern science. In the first part of the article using the material of classical systems of scientific knowledge proposed by Aristotle, F. Bacon, G.W. Leibniz, the fundamental principles of categorization of sciences are considered, assuming the reflection of the ontological structure of the surrounding world. Since postnonclassical science is a dynamic system, a combination of analytical (a priori, theoretical) and synthetic (posteriori, empirical) ap-proaches is proposed to solve modern applied problems of science systematization. The second part of the article discusses some shortcomings and practical recommendations for the compilation of scientific classifica-tions. The main emphasis is stressed on the need to reflect interdisciplinary research. To sum up, conclusions dwells upon the fact that in the context of postnonclassical rationality universal classification of sciences is un-attainable, but there is a need for philosophical search of techniques for realization of applied tasks of modern sciences classification.

Polarization-Insensitive Triband FSS for RF Shielding at Normal and Higher Temperatures by Retrofitting on Ordinary Glass Windows

A comprehensive novel framework for retrofitting frequency-selective surface (FSS) shields to any glass surface using low-cost copper foils has been proposed in this work. The realization technique is demonstrated through a novel triband FSS shield. Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)-1800, Wi-Fi 2.5 GHz, and wireless local area network (WLAN) 5.6 GHz spectrum, with–10 dB bandwidth of 680, 190, and 1300 MHz, respectively, are suppressed by the shield. The unit cell is made up of a combination of square and circular concentric loops with some alterations. The design is entirely polarization-insensitive and has a steady frequency response for oblique angles up to 60°. The unit element is highly miniaturized for triband operation measuring <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\lambda _{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> /9 at 1.8 GHz frequency. An equivalent circuit model (ECM) is also derived to better elaborate the working mechanism of the shield. The pattern is chemically etched on low-cost copper adhesive foil and affixed to ordinary glass as a sticker. The design retains the visual transparency of 72% allowing enough light to enter through windows while rejecting the intended frequencies by at least 28 dB or more in all three bands. The design exhibits a very high shielding efficiency of above 98% for all three bands. Experimental demonstration for single-layer glass, sandwiched glass, as well as air-filled double-glazed glass is carried out. The thermal stability of the proposed design is measured and found intact up to the ambient temperature of 50 °C.

Low-cost fully additively manufactured passive microwave components exploiting available 3D flexibility

This paper presents a novel technique for low-cost realization of fully additively manufactured passive microwave components through Stereolithography and selective metallization. The introduction of the third dimension (Z-axis) allows to improve parameters of the circuits (impedance match, isolation, etc.) by realization of variable thickness air layers underneath the circuits’ patterns, which additionally lower the overall circuit losses caused by 3D printing material dielectric properties. Realization of a directional coupler, a low-pass filter, and a patch antenna utilizing the proposed manufacturing technique is discussed in detail and experimentally validated. The obtained measurement results for circuit demonstrators operating within the centimeter frequency range prove the benefits and performance of the introduced technique.

Vehicle design for terrain mobility: A modeling technique of powertrain power conversion and realization

Vehicle terrain mobility characteristics, provided by the powertrain and running gear, are realized in dynamic interactions between the wheels and terrain. Approaches to modeling and simulation of vehicle-terrain interaction and mobility characteristics as well as engineering approaches to design powertrain sub-systems together pre-determine a vehicle’s technical success or failure before it touches the ground. This article develops a vehicle mobility design technique, applicable to both manned and unmanned platforms, concerned with powertrain power conversion and realization in tire-terrain interactions. The modeling component is based on multi-drive-wheel vehicle longitudinal dynamics combined with terramechanics and powertrain characteristics. The approach advances the conventional dynamic factor by introducing the conjoint effect of the engine, transmission, and driveline system on vehicle traction and acceleration performance in terrain conditions where circumferential wheel forces and tire slippages may differ from each other. The vehicle design component of the proposed technique introduces drivetrain, driveline, and powertrain design factors that assess the influence of the drivetrain and driveline systems on traction, acceleration performance, power conversion, and realization at the wheels. The vehicle-design-for-mobility technique is completed by examining indices of mobility margins and performance. An analysis of several 8x8 armored personal carriers and 4x4 off-road vehicles illustrates the proposed technique.

Smart Surface Radio Environments

This Roadmap takes the reader on a journey through the research in electromagnetic wave propagation control via reconfigurable intelligent surfaces. Metasurface modelling and design methods are reviewed along with physical realisation techniques. Several wireless applications are discussed, including beam-forming, focusing, imaging, localisation, and sensing, some rooted in novel architectures for future mobile communications networks towards 6G.

Quantum Control in the Unitary Sphere: Lambda-S1 and its Categorical Model

In a recent paper, a realizability technique has been used to give a semantics of a quantum lambda calculus. Such a technique gives rise to an infinite number of valid typing rules, without giving preference to any subset of those. In this paper, we introduce a valid subset of typing rules, defining an expressive enough quantum calculus. Then, we propose a categorical semantics for it. Such a semantics consists of an adjunction between the category of distributive-action spaces of value distributions (that is, linear combinations of values in the lambda calculus), and the category of sets of value distributions.

Isoparametric Unfitted BDF--Finite Element Method for PDEs on Evolving Domains

We propose a new discretization method for PDEs on moving domains in the setting of unfitted finite element methods, which is provably higher-order accurate in space and time. In the considered setting, the physical domain that evolves essentially arbitrarily through a time-independent computational background domain is represented by a level set function. For the time discretization, the application of standard time stepping schemes that are based on finite difference approximations of the time derivative is not directly possible, as the degrees of freedom may become active or inactive across such a finite difference stencil in time. In [C. Lehrenfeld and M. A. Olshanskii, ESAIM Math. Model. Numer. Anal., 53 (2019), pp. 585--614], this problem is overcome by extending the discrete solution at every time step to a sufficiently large neighborhood so that all degrees of freedom that are relevant at the next time step stay active. But that paper focuses on low-order methods. We advance these results by introducing and analyzing realizable techniques for the extension to higher order. To obtain higher-order convergence in space and time, we combine backward differentiation formula (BDF) time stepping with the isoparametric unfitted finite element method (FEM). The latter has been used and analyzed for several stationary problems. However, for moving domains the key ingredient in the method, the transformation of the underlying mesh, becomes time dependent, which gives rise to some technical issues. We treat these with special care, carry out an a priori error analysis, and present two numerical experiments.

Metaheuristics Based Modeling and Simulation Analysis of New Integrated Mechanized Operation Solution and Position Servo System

Inadequate environmental protection is a problem, and to address it, the efficiency and quality grade of mechanical operations should be improved. A new comprehensive mechanized operation solution is proposed. The position control of a servo motor utilizing a PID (proportional, integral, derivative) controller and soft computing optimization approaches is explored in this paper. The essential technological realization techniques are reviewed and assessed, which serves as a reference for comprehensive mechanization solutions. The simulation model may be used to examine system features and explore control strategy by reflecting the characteristics of the actual system. A PID controller is designed by establishing a mathematical model based on the position servo system. It is verified that the PID control link is added to the pneumatic position servo control system. Through the comparison of the PID control experiment and PID control simulation data, the system can achieve high-precision position control, and the error is less than ±20 mm, meeting the requirements of rust removal and spraying design, and showing that the control system works stably and reliably to achieve high-precision simulation of the pneumatic position servo system.

Optimization of automobile active suspension system using minimal order

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;This paper presents an analysis and design of linear quadratic regulator for reduced order full car suspension model incorporating the dynamics of the actuator to improve system performance, aims at benefiting: Ride comfort, long life of vehicle, and stability of vehicle. Vehicle’s road holding or handling and braking for good active safety and driving pleasure, and keeping vehicle occupants comfortable and reasonably well isolated from road noise, bumps, and vibrations are become a key research area conducted by many researchers around the globe. Different researchers were tested effectiveness of different controllers for different vehicle model without considering the actuator dynamics. In this paper full vehicle model was reduced to a minimal order using minimal realization technique. The entire system responses were simulated in MATLAB/Simulink environment. The effectiveness of linear quadratic regulator controller was compared for the system model with and without actuator dynamics for different road profiles. The simulation results were indicated that percentage reduction in the peak value of vertical and horizontal velocity for the linear quadratic regulator with actuator dynamics relative to linear quadratic regulator without actuator dynamics was 28.57%. Overall simulation results were demonstrated that proposed control scheme has able to improve the effectiveness of the car model for both ride comfort and stability.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

An algorithm for generating spatially correlated random fields using Cholesky decomposition and ordinary kriging

Spatially correlated random field realizations are often required in geotechnical applications. Examples include (1) modeling soil inherent variability and (2) representing earthquake ground motion demands on a spatially distributed system. These random fields must often be densely sampled to accurately model the problem at hand, posing a challenge to algorithms commonly used to compute random field realizations. Spacing of sampling points is often small compared with the scale of fluctuation of the random field, presenting the possibility for computational efficiency by combining traditional realization techniques with interpolation techniques. This paper presents a Python package in which Cholesky decomposition of the covariance matrix is utilized to generate a random field realization for a subset of sampling points that is adequately densely spaced, while ordinary kriging is used to interpolate the random field at the remaining sampling points. The algorithm exhibits linear computational complexity whereas Cholesky decomposition exhibits cubic complexity. Nodes sampled for Cholesky decomposition must have at least 4 sampling points per effective wavelength of the random field to maintain the desired covariance between interpolated sampling points.

Maximum Power Point Tracking-Based Model Predictive Control for Photovoltaic Systems: Investigation and New Perspective.

In this paper, a comparative review for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques based on model predictive control (MPC) is presented in the first part. Generally, the implementation methods of MPPT-based MPC can be categorized into the fixed switching technique and the variable switching one. On one side, the fixed switching method uses a digital observer for the photovoltaic (PV) model to predict the optimal control parameter (voltage or current). Later, this parameter is compared with the measured value, and a proportional–integral (PI) controller is employed to get the duty cycle command. On the other side, the variable switching algorithm relies on the discrete-time model of the utilized converter to generate the switching signal without the need for modulators. In this regard, new perspectives are inspired by the MPC technique to implement both methods (fixed and variable switching), where a simple procedure is used to eliminate the PI controller in the fixed switching method. Furthermore, a direct realization technique for the variable switching method is suggested, in which the discretization of the converter’s model is not required. This, in turn, simplifies the application of MPPT-based MPC to other converters. Furthermore, a reduced sensor count is accomplished. All conventional and proposed methods are compared using experimental results under different static and dynamic operating conditions.

SO(5) Landau model and 4D quantum Hall effect in the SO(4) monopole background

We investigate the $SO(5)$ Landau problem in the $SO(4)$ monopole gauge field background by applying the techniques of the non-linear realization of quantum field theory. The $SO(4)$ monopole carries two topological invariants, the second Chern number and a generalized Euler number, specified by the $SU(2)$ monopole and anti-monopole indices, $I_+$ and $I_-$. The energy levels of the $SO(5)$ Landau problem are grouped into $\text{Min}(I_+, I_-) +1$ sectors, each of which holds Landau levels. In the $n$-sector, $N$th Landau level eigenstates constitute the $SO(5)$ irreducible representation with $(p,q)_5=(N+I_+ + I_--n, N+n)_5$ whose function form is obtained from the $SO(5)$ non-linear realization matrix. In the $n=0$ sector, the emergent quantum geometry of the lowest Landau level is identified as the fuzzy four-sphere with radius being proportional to the difference between $I_+$ and $I_-$. The Laughlin-like wavefunction is constructed by imposing the $SO(5)$ lowest Landau level projection to the many-body wavefunction made of the Slater determinant. We also analyze the relativistic version of the $SO(5)$ Landau model to demonstrate the Atiyah-Singer index theorem in the $SO(4)$ gauge field configuration.

Capture region shrinkage and levitation instability of optical trap induced by decreased damping in vacuum

Oscillators based on levitated particles in high vacuum are a promising technique for realization of ultrasensitive detectors for precision force sensing. Direct particle loading under high vacuum is made difficult by decreased damping, which causes particle to escape during vacuum pumping. Theoretical investigations of the capture regions of optical traps in vacuum are necessary for developing new loading methods and improving loading efficiencies. We define an effective capture region (ECR) as a criterion for capture of particles, whose initial condition can be considered as the equivalent to a later-in-time situation of the actual trajectories. Quantitative analyses of the effective capture region (ECR) based on particle dynamics show that the ECR shrinks drastically at specific pressure interval. This shrinking interval is consistent with the experimental escaping pressure, indicating the nanoparticle escape mechanism.

Evaluating learning strategies in high school students

This study aims to address the assessment of learning strategies, as they are considered to be particularly important in the educational process. The principle of the theory that supports the substance of our work is that the educator and the educated are agents who become effective only in conditions of individual and bilateral co-balancing, in a common pedagogical field, determined by a number of variables specific to school space and time. The quality of the didactic act is measured by the efficiency of the training of students' personality competencies, context in which the combination of classical, traditional and modern strategies, according to the principle of complementarity, is a requirement and at the same time an essential condition of teaching and learning. Educational disciplines acquire educational strength through the action of teachers who use methodological and psychopedagogical knowledge operationalized in specific ways and techniques of action as a defining element of professional competence, methodical training makes it possible to transform general principles into teaching strategies, design realization and evaluation techniques.

Customary of CPW configuration’s in silicon RF technology targeting monolithic integration for GHz to THz frequency band

This article outlines the various configurations of co-planar waveguide (CPW) structures widely employed in silicon-RF (Si-RF) technology along with its empirical circuit modeling. Design aspects, realization techniques, mitigation strategies of commonly associated spurious modes, and finally various kinds of discontinuities in the CPW structures for Si-RF technology has been detailed in this work. Empirical modeling along with full-wave analysis of all these circuits has been carried out to decipher the actual device physics. Qualitative as well as quantitative ways have been adopted here for expressing various parasitic.