Development Of Techniques Research Articles

DEVELOPMENT OF PLASMA RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGIES AT THE GAS INSTITUTE OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF UKRAINE AND THE GLOBAL SITUATION

A multi-faceted analysis of the development of the subject of plasma research and technologies was performed, the center of which is the production of hydrogen from hydrocarbon-containing raw materials. The competitive selection of scientific and technical (experimental) developments under the state order, the implementation of which will begin in 2024 at the expense of the state budget, objectively proved the relevance of the subject matter of the department of plasma processes and technologies. Indeed, immediately two of the total number of 25 competitive works are directly based on plasma technologies in the field of competence of the department. The in-depth history of the initiation at the world level of plasma research or the “fourth state of matter”, as it was called in the 19th century, is analyzed; the outstanding role of the Ukrainian scientist Ivan Pulyuy is shown in it (in addition to his already well-known X-ray research, which is similar in terms of experimental technique). Peculiarities of the early formation of the problem of gasification of hydrocarbon-containing raw materials (as the basis of modern plasma technologies of hydrogen production) are also analyzed on the basis of a comparison of publications from the early period of the existence of the former USSR and Germany. In order to return to historical justice, the most prominent role of the former director of the Gas Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Academician V.F. Kopytov in the establishment of the institute as a powerful scientific organization and a scientist who also actively supported the development of research into high-temperature processes and plasma technologies. Individual scientific achievements of employees of the department of plasma processes and technologies at various stages of its formation and development are analyzed. The directions of development of plasma technologies are classified according to the physical state of the plasma and areas of application; the developments of the institute are briefly presented according to the directions where they are carried out. Bibl. 77, Fig. 6.

Experimental study on physico-mechanical responses and energy characteristics of granite under high temperature and hydro-mechanical coupling

Thermal and hydro-mechanical coupling effects on granite's physico-mechanical responses and energy characteristics can influence its carrying capacity, hydraulic and heat transfer performance. The evolution of these properties is crucial for geothermal reservoir stability assessment and the optimization of deep geothermal energy development techniques. Hence, a variety of physical tests and rock mechanics experiments were conducted. Key findings include: (1) As temperature rises, granite undergoes thermal expansion and structural integrity degradation. The peak strength σp, elastic modulus E, total energy density U, and elastic energy density Ue initially rise at 25 °C–150 °C and subsequently decrease above 150 °C, while the proportion of dissipated energy ηd is opposite. Granite also initially experiences hardening, then turns to brittle-ductile transition. (2) The crystallinities of quartz, albite, and orthoclase demonstrate substantial deterioration beyond 450 °C. (3) 150 °C and 450 °C are regarded as the temperature thresholds for mechanical properties. (4) As confining pressure rises, granite experiences hardening, with σp, E, U, and Ue increasing, and ηd decreasing. (5) Pore water pressure increases ηd and decreases σp, E, U, and Ue, and its effect on the mechanical responses is pronounced when it reaches 80 % of confining pressure or exceeds 450 °C.

Interactions between sleep, inflammation, immunity and infections: A narrative review.

Over the past decades, it has become increasingly evident that sleep disturbance contributes to inflammation-mediated disease, including depression, mainly through activation of the innate immune system and to an increased risk of infections. A comprehensive literature search was performed in PubMed to identify relevant research findings in the field of immunity, inflammation and infections, with a focus on translational research findings from the past 5 years. Physiological sleep is characterized by a dynamic interplay between the immune system and sleep architecture, marked by increased innate immunity and T helper 1 (Th1) -mediated inflammation in the early phase, transitioning to a T helper 2 (Th2) response dominating in late sleep. Chronic sleep disturbances are associated with enhanced inflammation and an elevated risk of infections, while other inflammatory diseases may also be affected. Conversely, inflammation in response to infection can also disrupt sleep patterns and architecture. This narrative review summarizes current data on the complex relationships between sleep, immunity, inflammation and infections, while highlighting translational aspects. The bidirectional nature of these interactions are addressed within specific conditions such as sleep apnea, HIV, and other infections. Furthermore, technical developments with the potential to accelerate our understanding of these interactions are identified, including advances in wearable devices, artificial intelligence, and omics technology. By integrating these tools, novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for sleep-related immune dysregulation may be identified. The review underscores the importance of understanding and addressing immune imbalance related to sleep disturbances to improve disease outcomes.

Legal Protection of Industrial Drawings, Models and Designs in Yemen

Industrial revolution contributed to the emergence of industrial property rights and the accompanying inventions. Technological development and the expansion of the use of electronic technologies in various industrial fields contributed to increasing competition between economic entities, regarding their ownership of the elements of industrial property rights. These rights distinguish their products from others, besides their role in increasing the economic growth rates of countries that possess patents or technical knowledge, which supports their economy. National laws and international agreements have been designed to protect industrial property rights as patents, designs and trademarks. Work on imposing specific controls to protect their owners and creators of those rights from a legal perspective, as well as establishing an economic balance between the owners of those rights and those with the right to monopolize them on the one hand and the general public on the other hand to provide the appropriate environment to achieve more innovation and creativity to maximize their economic return. This research aims to study the legal protection of industrial drawings and models, and to investigate the problems that arise regarding them. The researcher used the descriptive approach based on describing the legal texts included in Yemeni law, and analyzing them to reach useful results on the subject. The research reached the most important results, which is that the law provided protection for industrial models and drawings. The researcher recommends keeping pace with technical developments and updating legislation to include technical drawings and models as well.

PH shift extraction technique for plant proteins: A promising technique for sustainable development

With the recognition of animal-derived foods as unhealthy and their association with climate change, researchers are increasingly focusing on plant-based protein as a sustainable alternative. Plant proteins offer versatile functional and dietary benefits, making them suitable for various food applications. This study investigates the influence of alkaline and acidic pH conditions on the extraction yield and the functional and nutritional properties of plant-based proteins. The primary sources of plant protein include cereals, legumes, and oilseeds, which can be used to address essential amino acid deficiencies through blending. Several methods have been employed for protein extraction from plant sources, such as salt extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, and micellar precipitation. Among these techniques, the pH shift method stands out due to its non-thermal nature, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness. In this method, proteins are solubilized at alkaline pH and then precipitated at their isoelectric point, resulting in a collection of protein precipitate. It is crucial to optimize extraction techniques based on qualitative and quantitative analysis to enhance protein yield, characteristics, and nutritional value. Most conventional protein extraction methods require a large quantity of chemicals, which imposes the issue of safe disposal, compromising environmental sustainability. Traditional methods also produce protein with non-proteinaceous constituents, adding another purification step and resulting in increased overall cost. However, the pH shift method utilizes comparatively less harsh chemicals and has a high protein extraction yield, which makes it comparatively more environmentally and economically sustainable. The sustainable extraction of plant-based proteins addresses the health and environmental concerns associated with animal-derived foods and offers a promising solution to promote sustainability in the food industry.

Expanded visualities: Photography and emerging technologies

This editorial introduces the Special Double Issue of Philosophy of Photography (15.1&2), which focuses on the impact of novel technologies on photography and through this on our understanding of the contemporary world. It sketches the contents of the featured articles and articulates some of the technical developments, concerns and questions that inform and link them.

Photorefractive Keratectomy: Technical Evolution, Refractive Outcomes, Corneal Wound Healing Response, and Complications.

Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) was the first excimer laser procedure developed to treat refractive errors. The safety and efficacy of PRK established it as one of the most performed corneal refractive procedures worldwide. With the introduction of laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK), and more recently keratorefractive lenticule extraction (KLEx) procedures, many corneal surgeons favor these newer corneal procedures as the first choice due to faster visual rehabilitation and less discomfort during the early postoperative period. Importantly, however, PRK remains a viable alternative for most corneal refractive candidates and there are many situations in which PRK remains the refractive procedure of choice. This review addresses the technical evolution of PRK-mechanical epithelial debridement versus alcohol-assisted epithelial removal versus excimer laser-assisted epithelial debridement (transepithelial) PRK-and reports the PRK refractive outcomes compared to other keratorefractive laser procedures. The corneal wound response associated with each PRK technique and the indications, limitations, and complications of PRK are reviewed to aid refractive surgeons to best position PRK in their overall practice. [J Refract Surg. 2024;40(10):e754-e767.].

From FOSS to profit: Digital spatial technologies and the mode of production

Existing literature has scrutinized the impact of geospatial technologies from various angles. This article adopts a heterodox vantage point—the mode of production—to illuminate the intricate power dynamics woven into the fabric of these technologies. By focusing on the mode of production, we meticulously demonstrate how ostensibly novel digital technologies and geospatial data formats wield power within social relations of production. Responding to calls to scrutinize the political economy of spatial technologies and map-making tools, we aim to unravel the underpinning social relations, software development techniques, and technologies that shape file formats like GeoJSON and Esri Shapefile. By tracing the historical evolution of these formats, the article reveals how digital labor, both voluntary and expropriated, shapes the landscapes of profit-driven technology firms. The rise of open standards is not a departure from for-profit motives but rather a manifestation of the confluence of free, open, and for-profit. Ultimately, we argue that the intricate connections between digital technologies, geography, and capitalist structures enroll seemingly independent FOSS products into broader systems of capital accumulation. These findings highlight the far-reaching impact of geospatial technologies and their role in perpetuating and reshaping capitalist dynamics.

Biofortification: Future Challenges for a Newly Emerging Technology to Improve Nutrition Security Sustainably

Biofortification was coined as a term to define a plant breeding strategy to increase the micronutrient content of staple food crops to reduce the burden of micronutrient deficiencies in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). In 2003, the HarvestPlus program, based in the centers comprising the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), was initiated to implement the biofortification strategy. This paper discusses what has been achieved, what has been learned, and the key challenges to embed biofortification in food systems and to expand its impact.Cost-effectiveness is key to the biofortification strategy. Biofortification piggybacks on the agronomically-superior varieties being developed at agricultural research centers. Central plant breeding research discoveries can be spread globally. Farmers have every motivation to adopt the latest high-yielding, high profit crops. High productivity leads to lower food prices. As a consequence, consumers can increase their mineral and vitamin intakes at no additional cost by substituting biofortified staple foods one-for-one for non-biofortified staple foods. After twenty years of investment, biofortified staple food crops are being produced by farmers in over 40 countries and are eaten by hundreds of millions of people. Published nutrition trials have shown nutrient-rich crops to be efficacious. The biofortification strategy is now recognized by the international nutrition community as one effective approach among several interventions needed to reduce micronutrient deficiencies. This is a promising beginning. However, biofortification is still a newly emerging technology. A limitation of biofortification as implemented to date is that densities of single nutrients have been increased in given staple food crops. To reach a higher trajectory, the impacts of biofortification can be multiplied several-fold using genetic engineering and other advanced crop development techniques to combine multiple-nutrient densities with climate-smart traits.

Lead-free Polymer Composite Film for Photon Energy Influenced Piezoelectric Nanogenerator based on Photoactive SnS2

Piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) can power microelectronics, which convert weak mechanical vibrations to electrical impulses; however, low output voltage and poor mechanical durability limit PENG use. Thus, we provide photoactive SnS2 nanofillers in a PVDF matrix for piezoelectric nanogenerators (PPENGs). Raman spectroscopy demonstrates improvement of the electroactive β-phase of PVDF due to adding photoactive hexagonal SnS2 nanoparticles with a band gap of 2.4 eV. Sandwiching the PVDF-SnS2 composite between ITO-coated substrates with silver paste contacts fabricated the PPENG. The open-circuit voltage of PPENG is 24.4 V in the dark and 72.9 V under illumination with a short-circuit current of 0.75 μA, showing its outstanding photo responsiveness. The high light absorption of SnS2 and PVDF-SnS2 interfacial polarization caused the improved response. High-performance optoelectronic and energy harvesting applications may employ this photoactive piezoelectric nanogenerator development technique.

EUROPE’S ENERGY SECURITY AMID RUSSO-UKRAINE WAR: NAVIGATING THE FUTURE BY EMPLOYING MODIFIED SCENARIO BUILDING TECHNIQUE

The Russo-Ukraine War has exposed the vulnerabilities of Western Europe’s energy security, which has traditionally relied heavily on Russian energy supplies. This excessive dependency has resulted in energy shortages, price volatility, and inflation due to continuing disruptions. By employing the scenario-building technique, this study offers insight into the implications of the War on energy security, strategic choices, and policy considerations for stakeholders as a result of scenario building. The scenario building technique used in this study is modified version that has been modelled by the author by totally overhauling the conventional model in practice. The study projects potential scenarios by leveraging the modified scenarios building and development technique. The findings signify the necessity of thoroughly reevaluating Europe’s stance towards the conflict, identifying looming threats, strategic adaptability regarding the diversification of energy resources and routes, and creating a collaborative European Union framework to articulate collective responses to mitigate the risks. Finally, the results are presented in four major probable future scenarios, each displaying unique challenges and strategic choices. Concluding with geopolitical, geostrategic and geoeconomic triggers and their graduation on impact and probability indices, offer a whole sum view to the stakeholders of the Western Europe to mitigate threats to their energy security amid ongoing Russo-Ukraine War. In a nutshell, while advancing the discourse on Western Europe’s energy security, the study offers a nuanced analysis and detailed strategic roadmap for the future of energy, where these scenarios underscore the critical need to pacify the conflict, anticipate the long-term risks and their mitigation, diversify the energy sources, enhance energy efficiency, formulate resilient energy policies, the collaborative framework within the European Union, collective energy purchase and storage mechanism.

Embeddings for Efficient Literature Screening: A Primer for Life Science Investigators

As the number of publications is quickly growing in any area of science, the need to efficiently find relevant information amidst a large number of similarly themed articles becomes very important. Semantic searching through text documents has the potential to overcome the limits of keyword-based searches, especially since the introduction of attention-based transformers, which can capture contextual nuances of meaning in single words, sentences, or whole documents. The deployment of these computational tools has been made simpler and accessible to investigators in every field of research thanks to a growing number of dedicated libraries, but knowledge of how meaning representation strategies work is crucial to making the most out of these instruments. The present work aims at introducing the technical evolution of the meaning representation systems, from vectors to embeddings and transformers tailored to life science investigators with no previous knowledge of natural language processing.

The performance of alternative GPS tracking devices: a case report on wild boars (Sus scrofa)

BackgroundTelemetry studies on terrestrial mammals have been carried out almost exclusively using neck collar-mounted devices. However, collars are not suitable for all species and all age classes and may therefore compromise animal welfare and data quality requirements. Here, we evaluate the use of non-collar tracking devices on wild boars (Sus scrofa), a species for which collars may be problematic due to neck shape and seasonal body mass variation. We tested pelt-glued tags and three types of GPS ear tags. In addition, animals were marked with plain cattle ear tags.ResultsThe tested GPS tags exhibited various technical challenges related mostly to satellite coverage of the study area and tag loss. However, GPS devices enabled moderate movement monitoring of weeks to months, whereas plain cattle ear tags offered information on displacement over longer time intervals. The longest direct dispersal distance (163 km) by a wild boar sounder was discovered by cattle tags.ConclusionsData volume and quality obtained from small tags are inferior to data provided by GPS collars, but low-fix rate tags may enable monitoring of individuals with reduced invasiveness. Moreover, these tags enable tracking in cases where the collar is not an option. The low price and small size of the devices together with technical developments may offer cost-effective tools for future studies on dispersal and survival.

Development of QR Code Labeling Application for Fixed Asset Accounting Information System in Mangimbali Group with Minimalist Development Techniques

Development of QR Code Labeling Application for Fixed Asset Accounting Information System in Mangimbali Group with Minimalist Development Techniques

Development of Discovery Learning-Based E-LKPD to Enhance Students' Learning Motivation and Achieve Critical Thinking Skills in Salt Hydrolysis Material

This study aims to evaluate the viability, practicality, and effectiveness of based on discovery learning (E-LKPD) in raising students' motivation to learn and cultivating their critical thinking abilities (CTS). This study adopts a quantitative methodology by utilizing the research and development (R&D) technique and the Borg and Gall model. Sixty-two students from SMA Negeri 1 Baitussalam's class XI make up the study sample. The average results of the viability test for the E-LKPD, reviewed from the aspects of material completeness, accuracy, currency, and alignment with objectives, obtained a percentage of 91.25% with the criterion of "very feasible." Meanwhile, the practicality of the E-LKPD based on the responses from students and teachers achieved average percentages of 87.38% and 82.5%, respectively, with the criterion of "very practical." The effectiveness assessment of the E-LKPD, based on non-test results of learning motivation with an N-Gain percentage of 0.56 and the students' CTS test results with a completeness percentage of 79.48, falls under the criterion of "quite effective." Therefore, it can be concluded that this discovery learning-based E-LKPD is viability, practicality, and effectiveness in enhancing learning motivation and achieving students' critical thinking skills (CTS).

CREATION OF A WORDWALL-BASED COGNITIVE ASSESSMENT TOOL FOR STATIC ELECTRICITY MATERIALS

Cognitive assessment of kids who still frequently use paper documents and certain school-provided software. The objective of this study is to develop a legitimate, dependable, efficient, and useful tool that may be used to teach static electricity concepts through wordwalls. This study use the ADDIE model in conjunction with the Research and Development technique. Purposive sampling is the sampling strategy used, taking into account samples that have finished the science learning material on static electricity. There were 57 individuals in the sample. The SMP 42 Negeri in Semarang City is the research location. Using SPSS software version 2019 and Ministep, the data analysis technique involves testing the validity, reliability, efficacy, and practicality of test instruments and questionnaires.The study's findings demonstrate that the creation of a wordwall-based cognitive instrument on static electricity learning outcomes is valid, dependable (having received an adequate category score of 0.74), successfully executed (having received an average score of 74.8), and practically implemented (producing 66.4% of the responses from students). This means that future researchers can build on this tool to suit their needs and the reference tools that are used to assess learning.

The effect of multiband sequences on statistical outcome measures in functional magnetic resonance imaging using a gustatory stimulus

Recent technical developments have led to the invention of multiband functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) sequences that allow for faster sampling rates. However, some studies have highlighted problems with these sequences, leading to a decreased temporal signal-to-noise ratio (tSNR). In addition, this temporal noise may interfere with detecting reward-related responses in mesolimbic regions. The blood-oxygen-level-dependent signal utilized in the majority of fMRI measurements is relatively slow. Furthermore, the cerebral response to gustatory stimuli would also be relatively slow. Therefore, given the temporal noise issues with multiband sequences, it is unclear whether multiband sequences are necessary for fMRI studies using gustatory stimuli. We thus conducted an fMRI experiment using a gustatory stimulus to investigate the effects of multiband sequences and increased sampling rates on statistical outcome measures. A single-band sequence with a repetition time (TR) of 2 s of phantom fMRI data and gustatory fMRI data from the gustatory regions exhibited the highest tSNR, although the tSNR of this sequence of gustatory fMRI was not statistically different from tSNR of multiband sequences with a TR of 2 s in any of the selected region of interests. Conventional general linear model analysis of fMRI showed that single-band sequences are more advantageous than multiband sequences for detecting brain responses to gustatory stimuli in the primary gustatory cortex. In addition, a Bayesian data comparison showed that data derived from a single-band sequence with a TR of 2 s was optimal for inferring neuronal connectivity in gustatory processing. Therefore, a conventional single-band sequence with a TR of 2 s is more appropriate for fMRI with gustatory stimuli. Image acquisition sequences should be selected aligned with the study objectives and target brain regions.

(Nip)ulations: The Nipulator Electronic Bra and the Embodiment of the Image Processing Tool

Abstract The Nipulator electronic bra is a custom-built, wearable device that uses hardware potentiometers (or knobs), a hacked DJ Hero microcontroller, and Cycling ’74 Max/MSP/Jitter software patches to (nip)ulate the author’s voice and/or image in real-time. The bra functions both as an instrument for live video and sound processing as well as feminist art object, and has been featured in several single-channel videos, and performances for an audience. This essay discusses how the author’s work with rare and historically significant image and sound processing tools like the Sandin Image Processor, Jones Frame Buffer, and Paik/Abe Raster Manipulation Unit (aka “Wobbulator”), influenced the creation of The Nipulator, as well as her experimental media art practice more generally. Other artistic, feminist, and personal influences are also considered, and a thorough description of the bra’s design, technical evolution, and challenges with regards to durability is provided.

The Future of Cyber Threat Intelligence: Anticipating and Preparing for Evolving Threats

Modern cybersecurity protocols face unprecedented hurdles from the dynamic cyber threat ecology. In this context, the value of cyber threat intelligence as a prophylactic protective strategy increase (Abu, Selamat, Ariffin , & Yusof, 2018). This study provides a futuristic analysis of cyber threat intelligence, emphasizing the vital role that it will play in anticipating and becoming ready for evolving threats. This article also looks at threat actor methods, attack paths, and emerging technologies in an attempt to illustrate the dynamic nature of cyber threats and the need for adaptive intelligence solutions (Abu, Selamat, Ariffin , & Yusof, 2018). Ethical and legal considerations are also explored to highlight the necessity for a thorough and responsible approach to the gathering and implementation of cyber threat intelligence (Wagner, 2019). Through this thorough examination, readers will get a substantial comprehension of the technical developments and strategic requirements that will impact how cyber threat intelligence is developed (Abu, Selamat, Ariffin , & Yusof, 2018) (Wagner, 2019). This will provide enterprises with the agility and resilience to predict, mitigate, and respond to future cyber-attacks.

Beneficiaries in the EU framework programs for research and innovation («Horizon 2020», «Horizon Europe»), European structural and investment funds

Problem setting. Nowadays, the issue of obtaining funding for scientific research, scientific and technical (experimental) developments is increasingly important. This practice is common, for example, in the EU. Many sources are offered: EU Framework Programs for Research and Innovation, European Structural and Investment Funds, etc. However, to understand the financing procedure itself, it is necessary to have some knowledge, including regarding EU legislation. First of all, attention should be focused on the terms, because this is the foundation, the alphabet. One of them is the beneficiary. It is found in many EU legal acts, but does not always have a fixed definition. Analysis of recent researches and publications. The main goal of the program or fund is to receive project funding. Foreign scholars focus their research in this area (for example, Mario J. Al Sayah, Pierre-Antoine Versini, Daniel Schertzer, Olatz Ukar Arrien, Marta Enciso-Santocildes). This situation is due to the fact that they have more modern and updated research infrastructures than Ukraine. Terms remain beyond their attention. However, there are isolated works with only the mention of the term in the issue without any analysis of it (for example, Glybko S., Kokhan V.). Purpose of the research is to clarify the term «beneficiary» in the EU Framework Programs for Research and Innovation, European Structural and Investment Funds. Article’s main body. An attempt is made to conduct a comparative analysis of the considered term in the EU Framework Programs for Research and Innovation («Horizon 2020», «Horizon Europe») and the European Structural and Investment Funds. Each of them has its own EU legal framework. However, only Regulation (EU) № 1303/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 December 2013 laying down common provisions on the European Regional Development Fund, the European Social Fund, the Cohesion Fund, the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development and the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund and laying down general provisions on the European Regional Development Fund, the European Social Fund, the Cohesion Fund and the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund and repealing Council Regulation (EC) № 1083/2006, defines the term «beneficiary». Regulation (EU) 2021/695 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 April 2021 establishing Horizon Europe – the Framework Programme for Research and Innovation, laying down its rules for participation and dissemination, and repealing Regulations (EU) № 1290/2013 and (EU) № 1291/2013 refers to Regulation (EU, Euratom) 2018/1046 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 July 2018 on the financial rules applicable to the general budget of the Union, amending Regulations (EU) № 1296/2013, (EU) № 1301/2013, (EU) № 1303/2013, (EU) № 1304/2013, (EU) № 1309/2013, (EU) № 1316/2013, (EU) No 223/2014, (EU) № 283/2014, and Decision № 541/2014/EU and repealing Regulation (EU, Euratom) No 966/2012, which defines the term «beneficiary». The EU Framework Programmes for Research and Innovation («Horizon 2020», «Horizon Europe») contain definitions of the types of beneficiary. It is the target final beneficiary and beneficiary of the Accelerator. The possibility of achieving synergy between the specified programs and the European Structural and Investment Funds is being investigated, if there are already differences regarding the definition of the term «beneficiary». Conclusions and prospects for the development. The author states the following conclusions according to the obtained results: EU legal acts do not contain a single vision for the same term «beneficiary». We believe that it is necessary to review this situation in order to achieve the synergy established in the Regulations (EU).