Development Of Technical Systems Research Articles

Analysis of causes of failures of process equipment of oil refining and petrochemistry

The development of modern industry is associated with an increase in the total scale of production and processing of fire and explosion hazardous and toxic materials, a significant increase in the single capacity of plants and apparatus, and a complication of technologies and regimes for managing the production process. As a result, there is a steady trend in industry to increase the number of accidents with increasingly severe social, environmental and economic consequences. Despite significant efforts in the development of technical safety systems, accident rates (number of accidents or injuries per unit of production) in our country have increased significantly in recent years. The most dangerous situation has developed in the oil refineries of Bashkiria, Samara, Irkutsk and Perm regions where the depreciation depreciation of some technological equipment is 70%. Thus, safety is one of the main characteristics of industrial facilities.

Transformation of Fintech: Impact of POS and ATM on Non-Cash Payments

The banking system of Kazakhstan has undergone many changes in recent years: traditional bank branches are no longer in such demand as 20 years ago. Now banks are intentionally closing branches and transferring their clients to the online format. These steps were especially justified in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. At the same time, technology has grown: since the beginning of the emergence of point-of-sale (POS) terminals, Automated teller machines (ATM) have developed. To ensure the security of transactions, transfers are tied to an individual, and the transfers themselves have multi-factor identification. The necessity to have payment cards linked to the account is still relevant, even if the user uses applications on his mobile phone to make non-cash transfers. The purpose of this study is to identify the existence of a relationship between non-cash payments and proxy servers for non-cash banking in Kazakhstan. In this scientific study, two hypotheses (zero and alternative) were put forward and tested, of which one was later confirmed. Statistical monthly data cover the period 2004-2020, were obtained from the electronic repository of the Statistical Bulletin of the National Bank of Kazakhstan. To test the relationship of selected determinants have been used program SPSS and Microsoft Excel. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used for checking the normality of data distribution (revealed the normal distribution of the collected quantitative data). This made it possible to find the Pearson correlation coefficient. Further, in the course of the study, a correlation matrix was compiled. It was found the presence of a significant relationship between the amount of non-cash transfers, POS & ATM. This confirms the correct orientation of public policies towards the development of technical systems and the digitization of the economy. The results of this study are important for the banking system and policy dissemination of non-cash payments.

ОСНОВЫ ФОРМАЛЬНОЙ ТЕОРИИ КЛАССИФИКАЦИИ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИХ СИСТЕМ НА ПРИМЕРЕ ОБЪЕКТОВ ЭНЕРГЕТИКИ

The article describes the power generating and other energy facilities as complex technical systems interacting with the material, financial, informational and legal environment. To ensure functioning and development of a technical system it is important to determine its place among other technical systems: technical systems and their elements must be classified. There have been presented the principles of formal theory of technical system classification. The classification objects have been given a definition. The concepts of classification, classification attribute and meaning of the classification attribute are formalized. The goal and tasks of the classification are formulated. The stages of forming and applying classifiers include developing the composition and structure of classifier kernel, marking interpretation elements and selecting an element corresponding to the user's request. The alphabet, inference rules, axioms and main theorems of the classification formal theory are presented. It is proved that a complete consistent independent classification theory is decidable. The taxonomy of the classifier types is considered: elementary (incomplete and complete), basic (discrete hierarchical, discrete matrix, continuous band), complex (combined and limiting). Examples of using classifiers of various types in the description of energy objects are given. The algorithms, labeling and selection problems are considered. The use of a grounded and structured classification theory allows better understanding and description of the relationship between technical and related systems and l increases the efficiency of functioning and development of technical systems.

Systematic Literature Review of System Models for Technical System Development

In Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) there is yet no converged terminology. The term ‘system model’ is used in different contexts in literature. In this study we elaborated the definitions and usages of the term ‘system model’, to find a common definition. We analyzed 104 publications in depth for their usage and definition as well as their meta-data e.g., the publication year and publication background to find some common patterns. While the term is gaining more interest in recent years, it is used in a broad range of contexts for both analytical and synthetic use cases. Based on this, three categories of system models have been defined and integrated into a more precise definition.

Machine Learning Algorithms for Learning Nonlinear Terms of Reduced Mechanical Models in Explicit Structural Dynamics

AbstractModeling and simulations are a pillar in the development of complex technical systems. However, for time‐critical applications a conduction of high‐fidelity simulations is not always feasible. To mitigate this computational bottleneck model order reduction (MOR) can be applied. For nonlinear models, linear MOR approaches are only practicable to a limited extend. Nonlinear approaches, on the contrary, often require deep interventions in the used simulation code. If access is not possible, non‐intrusive nonlinear model order reduction can be the key to success. The goal of this work is to implement a non‐intrusive approach using classical model order reduction along with machine learning algorithms. It relies on the idea to learn the dynamics in the reduced space. The approach aims to learn the temporal evolution of the reduced dynamics of a system. By applying the method to a problem arising from the field of structural dynamics, accurate surrogate models are received. They can speed up the simulation time significantly, while still providing high‐quality state approximations.

Justification of System Shape of Technical Diagnostics of Mobile Nuclearand Radiation Hazardous Objects, Exposed to Unscheduled Impacts

Development and creation of technical diagnostics promising systems allowing periodic and continuous characteristics and parameters monitoring of nuclear power plant on a moving unit without direct participation of staff is a priority task. The article discusses the possibility of creating monitoring systems, which will allow not only giving object state information and helping to prevent accidental situations.

A maturity framework for autonomous solutions in manufacturing firms: The interplay of technology, ecosystem, and business model

Significant advancements within the fields of digitalization, electrification, and automation have enabled the development, testing, and implementation of increasingly advanced autonomous solutions. Current examples of industrial automation promise significant economic and sustainability-oriented benefits for industrial customers. Yet, implemented autonomous solutions have rarely advanced beyond ‘islands of autonomy’. Although enabling initial improvements in the efficiency and effectiveness of operations, they have not led to the systemic process improvements that fully integrated site-wide solutions can achieve. It is becoming increasingly clear that the major challenges in this shift extend beyond technology to focus on business transformation and ecosystem relationships. Yet, extant research offers few insights into these domains. There is a need to develop a business-focused maturity framework for autonomous solutions to contribute to a predominantly technical discourse and support equipment actors and their wider ecosystems in commercializing autonomous solutions. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to investigate how industrial equipment manufacturers can align the development of technology, business models and ecosystem relationships for the advancement of autonomous solutions. We build on case studies that include 32 interviews from four industrial equipment manufacturers and their extended ecosystems of customers and partners. We capture our findings in a three-level maturity framework for industrial autonomous solutions. This framework unwraps the attributes of each level from the perspectives of technical system development, ecosystem configuration, and business model design and is complemented by three overarching principles for the successful commercialization of autonomous solutions.

Predictive vision of development paths of pump technical systems

In the work on the basis of objective laws on the development of technical systems and the features of the VI technological order directions of further development of pump technical systems are analyzed. The reserves of systems that already exist without changing the principle of the working process are shown, the concept of "combined working process" is introduced and the question of the necessity and possibility of searching for fundamentally different physical processes of liquid power transfer, including at the micro level, is raised.

РАЗРАБОТКА ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ МОДЕЛЕЙ РАЗВИТИЯ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИХ СИСТЕМ ПО ЭТАПАМ ЖИЗНЕННОГО ЦИКЛА

Introduction: when forecasting and simultaneously supporting the planned development of a set of large technical systems, it is required to develop an integrated mechanism for accounting for the state and costs of resources. The approaches known for these purposes are characterized by high complexity of implementation and fragmentation over the stages of the system cycle. Purpose: to develop a complex of interrelated economic models for the analysis and development of large technical systems. Results: on the basis of scientific directions of economic analysis, aspects of the development of economic models were considered and on their basis, modeling of complex composite technical systems by stages of their life cycle was carried out in the interests of the subsequent formation and adoption of managerial decisions both in the selection and implementation of such systems, and in support of their development. The set of economic models is combined into a generalized model of systems development in the interests of a comprehensive assessment of current and future costs, further forecasting and, based on the results of simulation and calculations, making effective decisions. Since a feature of the production of large technical systems is their serial nature of products, then the integrated model evaluates the costs both for individual systems and for the stages of their life cycle, and for the entire complex of systems as a whole. Modeling of various modes of financing the development of one system or their complex is predicted, the features for each stage of development are taken into account. The possibility of assessing the structural restructuring of the relationship of enterprises participating in the production process and changing the possible sequence of technological processes for the production of samples has been obtained. Practical relevance: the proposed model (s) for batch or piece production of products is recommended in specific science-intensive areas of mechanical engineering and is applicable, for example, in aviation, space, shipbuilding, mining, and other industries. Its application is especially important in the design, development and manufacture of products for government orders. Discussion: the presented solution is proposed to be formalized with a software package and to create an automated control system for the development, production, operation and disposal of large technical systems with the functions of a decision support system.

Integration of agile practices in the product development process of intelligent technical systems

Companies face a variety of challenges in the product development of intelligent technical systems. On the one hand, companies have to manage a high level of product complexity and have to ensure efficient interdisciplinary cooperation. On the other hand, they must shorten the duration of the product development process and react quickly to changing requirements. Agile methods are a promising approach for these challenges. For example, agile methods shorten the duration of product development by eliminating a detailed initial planning. Furthermore, they enable a high degree of flexibility by using short iterations with quick feedback. Moreover, they ensure an optimally interdisciplinary collaboration by establishing development teams with experts from various specialized disciplines. Agile methods primarily focus on software development. However, intelligent technical systems consist of software components as well as hardware components. Therefore, the implementation of agile methods into the product development process is not trivial. For example, quick prototyping and active involvement of the customer within the development process is hard to realize for physical products. Therefore, the measuring of benefit potentials of agile methods and the tailored integration in the product development of intelligent technical systems is highly important. However, the mentioned challenges are barely addressed within current approaches. In order to adress these challenges, this paper presents an agile toolbox and a corresponding procedure model to integrate agile practices in the product development process of intelligent technical systems. First, the agile toolbox is developed by identifying individual practices of agile methods (e.g. iterative planning). Second, the presented procedure model enables the identification of company-specific requirements and the elaboration of a hybrid product development process based on the practices of the agile toolbox. The approach is validated by presenting an example from industrial practice.

АНАЛИЗ МИРОВОГО ОПЫТА ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ И РАЗВИТИЯ НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ МОДЕЛЕЙ ТЕХНИЧЕСКОГО РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЯ И СТАНДАРТИЗАЦИИ В ОБЛАСТИ ТЭК

The article analyzes the experience of building the architecture of national systems of technical regulation and standardization in different countries of the world. Based on a sample of different countries, specific models of the development of technical regulation systems, the peculiarities of their formation and modern transformation of the system were identified. The tendency of convergence of models in the develop-ment process and the possibility of forming an adjacent version of the organization of processes, combining the strengths of both basic models, are revealed. On their basis, recommendations were formed for the Russian system of technical regulation and standardization.

Statistical models of network traffic

The article considers the issues of statistical modeling of traffic in telecommunication networks with packet switching. The simulation results are used in the development of network technical condition management systems, in particular, diagnostics, troubleshooting and network configuration management. The peculiarities of congestion control of separate network segments are emphasized. With improper analysis the overload condition can be mistaken for equipment failure. Therefore, control and elimination of congestion is a statistical task. The concept of end-to-end network diagnostics is considered. This concept provides for effective assessment of the quality of functioning of all network components taking into account their interrelationships. The main issues are the interaction of equipment, inefficient configuration, improper network organization and user operation. Methods of traffic statistical control characteristics based on perforated and marker bucket algorithms are analyzed. A feature of these algorithms is the formation of a strict output stream at a rate that does not depend on the non-uniformity of the input stream. The possibility of improving the token bucket algorithm by adapting to changes in the statistical characteristics of traffic is shown. To solve this problem, statistical mathematical models of network traffic are built. Data traffic circulating in telecommunication networks by packet switching has self-similar (fractal) properties. The self-similar process retains its properties when considered at different time scales (invariance to scale changes). The degree of statistical stability of the process with multiple scaling is determined by the Hirst parameter (the self-similarity parameter). Graphs of statistical characteristics of low-speed and high-speed data traffic are obtained. Their comparative analysis is carried out.

(ENTER ARMENIAN TITLE HERE) (Main Directions of the State Policy to Ensure Competition in Agriculture)

Armenian Abstract: ENTER ARMENIAN ABSTRACT HERE English Abstract: The main mission of agriculture is to ensure food security and increase the welfare of the population. The influence of natural factors on the sustainable development of the agricultural sector is still great. Long-term state support tools, development of technical, technological and insurance systems are important for the management of these risks. The development of agriculture in the Republic of Armenia is considered a priority. At present, the development of agriculture is hindered by a number of factors, such as high risk of farming, small size of farms, land fragmentation, low share of large commodity farms, insufficient co-operation of farmers, productive market infrastructure. In modern conditions, the main criterion for the efficiency of agricultural production is the level of competitiveness of economic entities. At the same time, due to the global socio-economic, geopolitical and environmental problems, the country's food security, production and resource potential of the agro-industrial complex, and the sustainable development of all agricultural production can be prioritized.

Information component of stability of wandering complex systems of responsible purpose

Complex systems (processes) of responsible purpose are becoming more common in the modern world. The responsibility for designing complex systems is due to, for example, circumstances such as dependence on the latest health or even the lives of large numbers of people, the environmental security of regions and high material costs. These include responsible industrial and energy facilities, elements of transport, communication and safety systems, computer systems and networks, equipment for complex medical interventions in the human body, educational institutions, etc. What unites these systems and makes them subjects of research is that their complexity requires the use of modern information technologies and the appropriate "embedded" computer system for obtaining and processing real-time reliable data on the state of the object. Existing embedded information systems, as a rule, should be trained in advance to detect deviations of the parameters of the state of the controlled object from the norm, as well as to calculate and perform (sometimes, with the help of the operator) actions to compensate for such deviations. But, unfortunately, there are other systems that get into a situation (crisis), when their "passport" parameters are subject to significant deviations, and the existing, "built-in" information support for such situations is not trained, and quickly help in overcoming the consequences online crisis is not capable. After all, the controllability of SS SS, the fight against crises that these processes encounter, is based on the available adequate and relatively fast (they must have time to destroy the pseudo-resistant damaged object) models and methods of making urgent anti-crisis decisions in management. The aim of the work is to increase the efficiency of crisis management processes of rapid development of complex multi-parameter organizational and technical systems through the development and implementation of new models and methods. environment or, at least, the preservation of targets in times of crisis. To achieve this goal, the paper analyzes complex systems of responsible purpose in terms of their resistance to damage and crises; classification (sorting) of complex systems of responsible purpose with wandering elements is executed; the general algorithm of the general parametric space accumulation process at management of difficult systems is constructed; the implementation is performed and the practical significance of the obtained results is evaluated.

Nature-like mining technology as a potentially monumental resolution of environmental contradictions during the development of solid mineral deposits

The antagonistic contradiction between the biological essence of man and the abiological ways in which he obtains energy from the Sun for the creation of a food base and personal habitat is the determining factor shaping the image of our technocratic civilization. In order to address this contradiction in the development of the mineral and raw materials complex, it is necessary that the requirements for environmental security not be imposed on individual operations or processes but form the basis of a promising technological paradigm. In this way, the conservation of the Earth’s natural biota becomes a requirement and an inherent feature of the technologies created and applied. It seems abundantly clear that from a methodological point of view, technological responses to environmental challenges should be sought in the study of systems where these answers have already been obtained. Namely, these answers present themselves in biological systems taking form in nature-like technologies. Recent changes in public consciousness have inevitably led to the greener thinking in all spheres of human activity. The most illustrative ref lection of this phenomenon is the growing interest in nature-like technologies, which are associated with the main aspirations in the settling of a global environmental crisis generated by a long-term antagonistic confrontation between the technosphere and the bio- sphere. In considering the concept of nature-like technologies as a designation of the principal trend in the modernization of the general technological paradigm, it is necessary to distinguish two specific areas. Depending on whether or not the technologies that we use are present or absent in wildlife, we must first consider the construction of technologies by duplicating effective processes already observed in wildlife in the technosphere (nature-reproducing technologies) and, secondly, the creation of technological systems by transferring the effective functional structure of the circulation of matter and energy in biological systems to the technosphere (convergent technologies). The general theory of the creation of “similar to nature“ technologies is presented, based on the well-known principles of homeostatics - methods of maintaining the vital parameters of the interaction of natural and technical systems by controlling the contradictions between antagonists. The main directions of the structural and functional convergence of technical and biological sciences are identified when updating the technological paradigm of industrial development, based on the reproduction in the technosphere of systemic solutions that ensure the functioning of complex biological systems. Regarding the ecologization of the technological paradigm of the mineral resource complex, the methodology of creating an ecologically balanced technology as a multiobject cluster is based on the well-known principles of homeostatics, i.e., on the phased formation of a technological homeostat on the basis of the structure of a biological homeostat with the replacement of its essential elements with geotechnological target analogues. The result of this transformation is the construction of a convergent mining technology for integrated field development. Its use will ensure the development of technical systems that make it possible to limit external environmental impacts owing to the postexploitation self-restoration of natural biota phytocoenoses. The study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, Project No. 19-17-00034.

FORMS AND METHODS OF INTERSTATE EXCHANGE OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL INFORMATION: RUSSIAN AND FOREIGN EXPERIENCE

Introduction. The purpose of this study is to analyse the forms and methods of interstate exchange of scientific and technical information (STI), in particular, to study the current status of the Russian Federation State STI System (SSTIS RF) as well as bodies responsible for the implementation of the STI system (incl. the CIS Interstate Coordination Council for Scientific and Technical Information (ICCSTI)) and the course of development of interstate cooperation in the exchange of scientific and technical information to ensure the innovative development of Russia. The analysis of international experience in the development of scientific and technical information systems, including the trends in the context of which this development takes place, can help identify possible areas for improvement and determine inconsistencies and development issues for the SSTIS RF. Methods. To assess the interstate exchange of scientific and technical information, a description of the Russian and international practices of information exchange and a general description of the features characteristic of the two systems were prepared. In the framework of the study, the methods of synthesis and analysis were used to generalise and identify the most significant characteristics of cooperation between countries in the exchange of scientific and technical information. Results and Discussion. This study analyses the peculiarities of the forms and methods of interstate STI exchange in Russia and abroad. The operation specifics of the domestic STI system and its structure, supported by the system of standards on information, librarianship and publishing (SIBID), were considered in the context of Russian experience. The peculiarities of the operation of the International Centre for Scientific and Technical Information (ICSTI), which is engaged in the development of international digital information infrastructure in many countries, including Russia, were considered. In terms of international experience of interstate exchange of STI, approaches to standardisation of information exchange are described, in particular, the Information for All programme; the programmes of the EU regional partnership were also considered. This paper also identifies the main tools for national STI systems that enter the global information space. Conclusion. An analysis of the historical aspects and the current state of STI exchange in Russia and abroad revealed shortcomings inherent in the STI system of the Russian Federation: low degree of optimisation in the system, low level of digitalisation and integration of the Russian STI system with systems of other countries. The paper proposes a number of measures for the development of interstate information exchange and cooperation in the field of STI.

Stochastic Dynamics of Emotional Characteristics of Cognitive Systems

The aim of the research is to analyze the emotional state of a person using stochastic methods and to study the dynamic characteristics of this state. The study uses statistical characteristics that are suitable for creating artificial intelligent systems, as well as for further development and design of organizational and technical systems. It is assumed that the emotional state of a person is determined by the amount of stress he experiences over a certain period of time. To account for the emotional responses of the cognitive system corresponding to the reactions of the human personality, the known results are used. In particular, to characterize the relative values of stress, the Holmes and Rahe scale was used, which contains 43 typical life situations with corresponding relative values of stress. It should be emphasized that all known results relate to time-independent stress models, and only the results of statistical processing of measurements of the impact of stress on the individual at certain time intervals are published.Materials and methods of research are the application of the Poisson model of stress occurrence in the process of system functioning. It is assumed that stresses are those impacts that are then processed, perceived, processed, and used by the individual and the organizational and technical system that models it. The occurrence of stresses over time is modeled by point Poisson processes, and the stress of each type according to Holmes and Rahe is described by a process with the corresponding individual function of the intensity of the occurrence of points (stresses). Dynamic responses of the system are described by well-known response functions in the theory of control systems. The key parameter of the response function is the time constant, which characterizes the typical response time of the system to individual stress.New results of the study are estimates of the average frequency of occurrence of various types of stress, which allowed us to determine the mentioned functions of the intensity of occurrence of stress in the Poisson model. This, in turn, made it possible to develop analytical relations for the relative amount of stress processed by the system for the current time. Thus, a model of the emotional state of the cognitive system (the development of the process of experiencing stress over time) is proposed in the form of a decreasing function of time with a certain time constant that characterizes the inertial properties of experiencing stress. Specific results and corresponding curves are obtained for the exponential response function of the system, which depends on the current time, times of stress occurrence, and relative stress values. In general, they correspond to the predictions of similar reactions for the individual obtained in published studies. In this regard, the model can be applied in the engineering design of organizational and technical systems that require accounting or modeling of emotional reactions.In conclusion, the directions of further development of the theory are indicated. In particular, the possibility of studying the reaction of the system to events, the occurrence of which is described by functions of the intensity of their occurrence, depending on time, which, of course, will bring the research results closer to real situations. Another important area may be the introduction of indicators and criteria for stress tolerance of systems to the consideration and study of behavior.

PROSPECTS AND BACKGROUND INTRODUCTION OF AUTONOMOUS POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS FOR AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES

The agro-industrial complex is one of the most stable in terms of revenue to the budget of intersectoral formations, in which significant amounts of electricity produced using fossil fuels, mainly imported, fuel resources are consumed for the implementation of production processes, which poses a threat to its effective functioning and makes in the research article. The purpose of the article is to assess the potential and determine promising methods of decentralized power supply for agro-industrial producers based on the analysis of modern technical and technological solutions in the field of electrical engineering and the synthesis of a promising scheme for a combined autonomous power supply system for agricultural enterprises. The article assessed the technical and technological capabilities for the use of autonomous electrical installations by small and medium-sized enterprises of the agricultural sector, operating on the principle of conversion of renewable sources, taking into account the natural and climatic potential of the Vinnytsia region. As a result of a comparative analysis of the operational characteristics of the known methods of accumulating electric energy, it was found that in the conditions of autonomous power supply of small and medium-sized agro-industrial enterprises due to the conversion of alternative energy sources, the most functionally and economically justified option is the use of energy storage systems based on flywheels with partial use of a backup unit lithium-ion batteries. Based on domestic and foreign experience, a promising scheme of a combined autonomous power supply system for small and medium agricultural enterprises was proposed and priority areas for further research were formed to improve the efficiency of such a system. The study of technical and technological prerequisites for the development of a combined system of autonomous power supply and its components was carried out using methods of analysis, generalization and a systematic approach. The potential advantages and effect of the proposed scheme implementation are based on the laws of development of technical and electric power systems.

Trends in the Development of Biotechnical Systems in Animal Husbandry

The concept of biotechnical systems belongs to the class of human-machine systems or human–machine–plant systems, human–machine–animal systems. The latter relate to agriculture and the livestock industry. In agricultural production, biotechnical systems have the properties of bimodality, when there are two or more biological objects, a person as a managing operator and a service object (plants, animals).(Research purpose) The research purpose is in analyzing trends in the development of biomachine and technical systems in order to further intellectualize and digitalize agricultural production.(Materials and methods) There are two approaches in the study of human-machine systems: anthropocentric and machine-centric; the first one assigns a crucial role to the person, the second one – to the machine.(Results and discussion) The article presents the functionality of the Human and Machine subsystems. Part of the functions of the Human operator will gradually be transferred to the Machine, and the Human operator will be transformed into a human Expert and a human User. The article presents a scheme for an intelligent biotechnical system in animal husbandry, and determines the coefficients of adaptation of local automated and robotic biotechnical systems to biological objects. Authors have created a scheme for the functioning of local biotechnical systems in a partially autonomous multi-agent control mode, and identifies criteria for evaluating the functioning of local biotechnical systems.(Conclusions) We need to strengthen the Machine factor on the basis of developing machine-centric models and convert complex three-tier system of biotech in animal husbandry in two-tier with the polarization of the human Expert, human User and Machine–Animal subsystems. The latter absorbs more and more intelligent functions that are passed by a Man, for which it retained control, coordination and management of the entire system.

Mathematical Formalization and Algorithmization of the Main Modules of Organizational and Technical Systems

The purpose of the research is to develop a generalized structural scheme of organizational and technical systems based on the general theory of management, which contains the necessary and sufficient number of modules and formalize on this basis the main management tasks that act as goals of the behavior of the management object. The main modules that directly implement the management process are the status assessment module of organizational and technical systems and the management module. It is shown that in traditional organizational and technical systems, including the decision-maker, the key module is the state assessment module of organizational and technical systems. In this regard, the key aspect of the work is to study the optimal algorithms for evaluating the state of processes occurring in the organizational and technical systems and develop on this basis the principles of mathematical formalization and algorithmization of the status assessment module. The research method is the application of the principles of the theory of statistical estimates of random processes occurring in the organizational and technical systems against the background of interference and the synthesis of algorithms for the functioning of the status assessment module on this basis. It is shown that a characteristic feature of random processes occurring in organizational and technical systems is their essentially discrete nature and Poisson statistics. A mathematical description of the statistical characteristics of point random processes is formulated, which is suitable for solving the main problems of process evaluation and management in organizational and technical systems. The main results were the definition of state space of the organizational and technical systems, the development of a generalized structural scheme of the organizational and technical systems in state space that includes the modules forming the state variable of the module assessment and module management. This mathematical interpretation of the organizational and technical systems structure allowed us to formalize the main problems solved by typical organizational and technical systems and consider optimal algorithms for solving such problems. The assumption when considering the problems of synthesis of optimal algorithms is to optimize the status assessment module of organizational and technical systems and the control module separately, while the main attention is paid to the consideration of optimal estimation algorithms. The formalization and algorithmization of the organizational and technical systems behavior is undertaken mainly in terms of the Bayesian criterion of optimal statistical estimates. Various methods of overcoming a priori uncertainty typical for the development of real organizational and technical systems are indicated. Methods of adaptation are discussed, including Bayesian adaptation of the decision-making procedure under conditions of a priori uncertainty. Using a special case of the Central limit theorem, an asymptotic statistical relationship between the mentioned point processes and traditional Gaussian processes is established. As an example, a nontrivial problem of optimal detection of Poisson signal against a background of Poisson noise is considered; graphs of the potential noise immunity of this algorithm are calculated and presented. The corresponding references are given to the previously obtained results of estimates of Poisson processes. For automatic organizational and technical systems, the generally accepted criteria for the quality of management of such systems are specified. The result of the review is a classification of methods for formalization and algorithmization of problems describing the behavior of organizational and technical systems.