Technical Specifications Research Articles

RESEARCH OF AEROSOL APPLICATION SYSTEMS FOR APPLYING LUBRICATING MATERIAL IN THE «WHEEL-RACK» CONTACT

The article discusses various methods of lubricating the «wheel-rail» contact zone aimed at reducing friction coefficient and improving the efficiency of energy resource utilization, safety of movement, and environmental indicators. Technologies for delivering lubricating materials to this zone, such as lubricating rods, stationary systems using brushes, or railhead applicators, are outlined. The article highlights issues with existing technologies, including excessive lubrication, the need for component replacements, high lubricant material consumption, and uneven or incorrect application. It is emphasized that precision in the application and dosage of lubricating material is crucial to prevent its transfer onto the wheel and rail surfaces, which could reduce traction. The aerosol method of applying lubricant to the wheel edge is stated to be more accurate and cost-effective. The article mentions the company «SKF» and their EasyRail systems utilizing nozzles with the SP9-2 and SP9-2-S7 metering valves. Schematic representations of the nozzle and its working principle are provided. Sécheron is also mentioned, offering a nozzle for spraying lubricant onto the wheel edge through a two-tube system for oil and oxygen supply. An image of this company's nozzle is included. The text delves into the equipment of the lubrication system by Sécheron, specifically detailing the product's technical characteristics. Information about the development and manufacturing of the locomotive wheel flange lubrication system by the company "Scientific and Production Firm «Yugtekhnotrans» is presented. The article introduces the TrainSys-AL system for lubricating the rail head/running surface, providing a detailed description of its features and technical specifications, including the use of friction modifiers «HeadLub 90» and «RailLub». The products of the company Dropsa are mentioned, specifically the spray valve of the 1132330 series for the lubrication system of railway rolling stock and tracks. The overall context of the text is oriented towards the technical aspects and features of modern lubrication systems in railway transport.The study reviews existing designs of rail and wheel lubrication devices, revealing that there is no ideal design that meets all requirements for material consumption and precision in applying lubricating material. Consequently, a new nozzle for aerosolized oil spray is developed, and a laboratory setup for researching this process is manufactured. The setup operates on compressed air and includes a compressor with a reservoir tank for stabilizing nozzle operation. The hydraulic scheme of the setup is described, with key elements such as a ball valve, pressure reducing valve, pressure gauge, tank, and nozzle. The preparation of the setup for operation and its functioning principle are demonstrated. Research results indicate that the developed setup effectively sprays both dense and liquid lubricants depending on the air pressure and nozzle diameter. Graphs illustrating lubricant consumption for different types of lubricants and various nozzle parameters are provided.

IMPACT OF LOADS ON LOCOMOTIVE MOTOR AXLE BEARINGS ON THE CONDITIONS OF FORMATION OF OIL FILM ON FRICTION SURFACES

During the active operation of locomotives, a significant portion of failures (up to 20 %) is attributed to the malfunction of motor-axial bearings. This is due to the imperfection of the lubrication system of the motor-axial bearings, the proper functioning of which largely depends on various factors such as climatic conditions, the level of wear of lubricating oil, and lubrication devices, among others. There is a need to improve the existing lubrication systems for motor-axial sliding bearings. One of the methods to address this issue involves examining the factors influencing the lubrication process of the friction surfaces of motor-axial bearings and the conditions of lubricant material supply. The article provides calculations of the loading forces on the motor-axial bearings, their action vectors, and analyzes the impact of these parameters on the ability to form an oil film on the friction surfaces of motor-axial bearings. To determine the magnitude of the load, technical specifications of the locomotive were used, and the relationship between power usage and locomotive speed was analyzed. The study involved an analysis of recent publications regarding the generation of contact pressure force between the contact surfaces of friction pairs, the magnitude of which exceeds permissible limits, considered one of the primary factors leading to bearing failure. Additionally, the existing bearing lubrication system used on the locomotive was analyzed, its shortcomings were identified, and methods for addressing these issues were discussed. The calculations were performed for the 2TE116 locomotive with traction electric motors ED-118B, based on the operational characteristics of the locomotive in the speed range of 0-80 km/h.

Выявление причин излома контактного провода на элементах устройств секционирования с применением фрактографического исследования и спектрального анализа

Objective: to establish the causes of the fracture of the arc-extinguishing horns of the sectional insulators of the contact network. Methods: factographic analysis of the fracture surface and spectral analysis of the wire. Results: the paper presents the results of the factographic analysis of the fracture surface and spectral analysis of the wires of the contact network. Practical significance: the research results will be used in the development of technical specifications for the manufacture of contact shaped wires, as well as requirements for the installation and adjustment of sectional insulators.

Method for synthesizing the concept of automating the system to manage personnel training processes based on categorial analysis

This paper considers a three-level system for managing personnel training within the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine. When devising the concept of automating control processes in systems of this kind, the key issue is to ensure completeness in significant aspects of the management process. Insufficient conceptual completeness compromises effectiveness of the automated system for organizational control (ASOC) and causes difficulties (impossibility) in its further modernization. A method has been proposed for formulating functional tasks (FTs) in specialized software (SSW) for ASOC based on categorical analysis in combination with the provisions of the conceptual design of automated control systems (ACS). The application of this method was demonstrated using an example of the system for managing personnel training. Categorical analysis of the management process was carried out for the strategic, operational, and tactical hierarchical levels of the system based on three dual pairs. Eight control aspects were obtained. On their basis, 79 FTs were stated for the strategic level. For the operational and tactical levels, by taking into account the specificity of training, the number of aspects was 2; FTs ‒ 204 and 195, respectively. An example has been given for two of the eight aspects of control, their interpretation and formulation of FTs for the strategic level of management. The generated FTs represent the concept of ASOC and provide, within the established boundaries of analysis, the completeness of control aspects in personnel training. The reported results are of interest in the conceptual design of large ASOC, as well as in the formation of technical specifications for software developers

Performance Research of Cement Concrete Pavements with a Lower Carbon Footprint.

The growing interest in the use of building materials with a reduced carbon footprint was the aim of this research assessing the impact of four different types of low-emission cements on the properties of cement concretes used for the construction of local roads. This research work attempted to verify the strength characteristics and assess the durability of such solutions, which used the commonly used CEM I 42.5 R pure clinker cement and three multi-component cements: CEM II/A-V 42.5 R, CEM III/A 42.5 N-LH/HSR/NA, and CEM V/A S-V 42.5 N-LH/HSR/NA. Cement was used in a constant amount of 360 kg/m3, sand of 0/2 mm, and granite aggregate fractions of 2/8 and 8/16 mm. This research was carried out in two areas: the first concerned strength tests and the second focused on the area of assessing the durability of concrete in terms of frost resistance F150, resistance to de-icing agents, water penetration under pressure, and an analysis of the air entrainment structure in concrete according to the PN EN 480-11 standard. Analyzing the obtained test results, it can be concluded that the highest compressive strength of more than 70 MPa was obtained for CEM III concrete, 68 MPa for CEM V concrete, and the lowest for CEM I cement after 90 days. After the durability tests, it was found that the smallest decrease in compressive strength after 150 freezing and thawing cycles was obtained for CEM III (-0.9%) and CEM V (-1.4%) concretes. The high durability of concrete is confirmed by water penetration tests under pressure, because for newly designed recipes using CEM II, CEM III, and CEM V, water penetration from 17 mm to 18 mm was achieved, which proves the very high tightness of the concrete. The assessment of the durability of low-emission cements was confirmed by tests of resistance to de-icing agents and the aeration structure performed under a microscope in accordance with the requirements of the PN-EN 480-11 standard. The obtained analysis results indicate the correct structure and minimal spacing of air bubbles in the concrete, which confirms and guarantees the durability of concrete intended for road construction. Concretes designed using CEM V cement are characterized by a carbon footprint reduction of 36%, and for the mixture based on CEM III, we even observed a decrease of 39% compared to traditional concrete. Concrete using CEM II, CEM III, and CEM V cements can be successfully used for the construction of local roads. Therefore, it is necessary to consider changing the requirements of the technical specifications recommended for roads in Poland.

RESEARCH OF THE STRESS-STRAIN STATE OF PRECAST REINFORCED CONCRETE HOLLOW CORE SLABS UNDER THE ACTION OF A CONCENTRATED AND UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD

The scientific work is devoted to a comprehensive study of the stress-strain state of prefabricated hollow-core floor slabs, establishing the nature of deformation, as well as determining the characteristics of crack resistance, deformability and load-bearing capacity experimentally under short-term loads. The experimental data obtained were confirmed by theoretical calculations. The scientific novelty of the experiments carried out within the framework of the presented work lies in the improvement of the principles of direct design of floor slabs from commercially produced beam slabs, the possibility of determining the stress-strain behavior of a slab structure using the formed ends. The method of monitoring the stressed behavior of a slab structure was also further developed. For the first time, the results of full-scale experimental studies of the stress-strain behavior of a prefabricated slab, carried out using the hydraulic loading method, have been obtained, and the features of the deformation of a slab embedded in the wall of a multi-story building have been experimentally established. The article provides recommendations for the practical use of the research results obtained, and also develops technical specifications for the production of concrete slabs during design and construction. The developed proposals were used in the construction of residential buildings in Kharkiv. When using the recommended grade of concrete C25/30 (instead of the actual grade C20/25 tested), the rigidity of the slab increases and its deflections will be smaller. Based on the data obtained from the experimental testing of the slabs, a generally positive test result should be stated. During further serial production of slabs, periodic testing of batches of slabs should be carried out in accordance with DSTU B V.2.6-53:2008. In this case, the slabs are accepted according to the indicators of strength, rigidity, crack resistance, fire resistance limits, frost resistance limits, as well as water resistance of slabs intended for use in aggressive environments. Keywords: concentrated load, testing, concrete, calculation, deflection, transverse force.

Mathematical model of a battery energy storage for a standalone solar photovoltaic plant

Relevance. One of the priority areas for modern energy development is the active use of renewable energy technologies, the leading position among which in terms of the volume of commissioned generating capacity and areas of practical application is occupied by photovoltaics. In recent years, solar photovoltaic plants are increasingly being used as part of autonomous power supply systems, which is largely facilitated by a significant reduction in the cost of their components due to improved technology. Autonomous power supply systems can vary significantly in power, operating conditions, requirements for uninterrupted power supply and many other factors. This determines the high importance of the task of choosing the composition of the main electrical equipment that ensures optimal technical and economic indicators of the designed energy system. To make a reasonable choice of the equipment of an autonomous photovoltaic power plant, simulation models of all its main components are required that adequately reflect their performance characteristics under real operating conditions. An important component of autonomous photovoltaic plants is the energy storage device, which includes a battery and a solar controller that manages the energy balance of the power plant. The settings of the solar controller largely determine the operating modes of the photovoltaic power plant, on which the service life of the batteries primarily depends. Taking into account the fact that the costs of energy storage constitute a significant share of the costs of the total financial investments in the designed power plant, the problem of reliably assessing the service life of batteries is very relevant. Aim. Development of a mathematical model of energy storage system for the design and optimization of the equipment of autonomous photovoltaic plants. Methods. Mathematical and numerical modeling using the MatLab/Simulink software package. Results. A mathematical model of a battery has been developed, based on the modified Shepherd model and the kinetic model of a rechargeable battery. The model is universal and can be used to simulate the static and dynamic characteristics of different types of batteries. To identify model parameters, only the technical specification data provided by the manufacturer is sufficient. The complex model includes a battery life model, which allows you to dynamically adjust the available maximum battery capacity during operation.

Technical specifications for the construction of a two-story building with reinforced concrete

The objective of this experimental work is to develop technical specifications that serve as a guide for the construction of reinforced concrete buildings. To carry out the project, technical visits were made to buildings under construction and were complemented with bibliographic research in books, codes and standards, contrasting the field information with that obtained in technical documents. Before preparing the technical specifications, architectural, structural and hydro-sanitary and electrical installation plans were obtained. With these plans, the necessary components for the construction of the home were determined, including civil works, coatings, finishes and installations. Each technical specification includes: a description, the execution procedure detailing the requirements before, during and after the completion of each component, the applicable regulations, safety measures to protect workers and the unit, materials, equipment, and labor. necessary. With this information, the unit price analysis of each component was carried out. The result acts as a guide that offers a clear description of the execution methods of the components, complying with the national and international regulations, codes and standards used in Ecuador, ensuring adequate control both in the execution and in the review of the construction site.

Perancangan Ulang Komponen Condensate Booster Pump pada System Re-Injeksi di PLTP X

PLTP X is a power plant located in West Java, at this time PLTP X uses 2 condensate booster pumps that experience a discrepancy between the pump operation area specification and the actual condition. This problem causes vibration and decreased efficiency thus causing damage to the pump components. The purpose of this research itself is to design pump components in the form of impellers, shafts, pegs, & volutes. Another goal is to calculate the energy savings resulting from the design. This research has a quantitative and experimental nature. The data used is operational data of the PLTP X and other secondary data issued by the PLTP X. The required technical specifications are a head ±130 m, a capacity of 60 m3/h, a rotation of 2970 RPM & an efficiency > 60%. Based on the results of this study, it was obtained that the pump is a type of low discharge high pressure centrifuge, then the design of this pump has a head of 128.4 m, a capacity of 60 m3/h, an efficiency of 67% and has succeeded in saving energy of 107586.16 kWh per year at its point of operation.

Современные проблемы организации и управления закупочной деятельностью в системе здравоохранения и пути их решения.

The article is dedicated to the analysis of key problems and challenges in the field of public procurement for healthcare institutions. T h e r e l e v a n c e of the work is determined by the critical importance of ensuring the quality and safety of medical products, as well as the need to optimize procurement processes in the face of limited budgets. The research subject is the issues of public procurement activities in healthcare institutions with a focus on process optimization, legal and economic aspects, and the application of modern technologies within an interdisciplinary approach. The aim of the study is to identify and analyze the most acute problems in the field of healthcare procurement and develop proposals for their solutions. M a t e r i a l s a n d m e t h o d s . The research includes a comprehensive analysis of literary sources, generalizations of practical experience and expert assessments. Methods of comparative analysis, systematization and generalization of the obtained data are used to identify key problems and challenges. The research r e s u l t s indicate a number of problems in the procurement sphere, including: the risk of acquiring counterfeit or substandard medical products, the need to improve the qualifications of procurement specialists, and difficulties in developing detailed technical specifications. Measures to improve the situation are proposed, including the development of detailed technical specifications in collaboration with medical experts, training of specialists, and strengthening quality control of products. The c o n c l u s i o n s of the study highlight the need for a comprehensive approach to solving procurement issues in healthcare, including improving the qualifications of specialists, strengthening interdepartmental cooperation, and implementing innovative technologies. The research results can be applied to improve the legislative framework and practice of conducting public procurement in the healthcare sector. T h e s c o p e o f t h e r e s u l t s . The results of the work can be used to improve the practice of public procurement in the healthcare system at the level of public medical institutions, and also provide a basis for further scientific work in this field.

Railway Infrastructure Cybersecurity: An Overview

The railway infrastructure constitutes a type of operational technology (OT)-based critical infrastructure, which is expected to work 24x7, 365 days a year, and where the life expectancy of operational equipment often exceeds 30 years. In this domain, an operational anomaly compromising the OT system can cause a train accident or interrupt traffic, with potentially significant impact in terms of business as well as for passenger safety. Due to their relevance, railways are strategic assets of national interest and, consequently, targets of interest for cybercriminals and cyberwarfare activities. For instance, service interruptions may trigger ripple effects resulting in product shortages and widespread supply chain disruptions, with severe impacts for both the economy and national security. In a bid to optimise and streamline operations. the railway industry has recently started taking a series of significant steps towards digitization, with infrastructures experiencing a significant paradigm shift which, for instance, makes it possible to have centralised interlockings and Radio Block Centre (RBC) for an entire country, with geographical redundancy, ensuring the utmost availability and punctuality by moving the control logic to the cloud. Nevertheless, these developments must always be carried on within the scope of established cybersecurity standards and frameworks. This paper presents an analysis of the state of the art on railway cybersecurity, focused on the existing solutions based on the application of the CENELEC “Technical specification 50701 - Railway Application – Cybersecurity”, which is currently the latest European specification addressing railways, being designed to help suppliers, integrators, and operators to implement a cybersecurity risk assessment plan, the necessary controls, and the management of the complete system life cycle. Special attention will be paid to the conduit between the rail signal interlocking system, that controls the line signalling, and the Automatic Train Supervision (ATS) that runs in the Operational Control Centre (OCC), as this has been identified by the European Union Agency for Cybersecurity (ENISA) as one of the most critical systems identified by the operators of essential services.

АНАЛИЗ ОТЧЕТОВ ПО РЕЗУЛЬТАТАМ РАСЧЕТОВ ПОЖАРНЫХ РИСКОВ НА ОБЪЕКТЫ ЗАЩИТЫ ПРИ ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕ СУДЕБНЫХ ПОЖАРНО-ТЕХНИЧЕСКИХ ЭКСПЕРТИЗ ПО КРУПНЫМ РЕЗОНАНСНЫМ ПОЖАРАМ В ХОДЕ УГОЛОВНОГО И АРБИТРАЖНОГО ПРОЦЕССА

The most important aspects affecting the analysis of reports on the results of fire risk calculations performed in the framework of the preparation of special technical specifications and design documentation for warehouse facilities are considered. The analysis was performed during the forensic fire and technical investigations of fires in warehouse buildings, including those with the installed multi-tier mezzanines. The fragments of calculations included in the special technical conditions are studied and provided below. Measures aimed at improving the quality of risk calculations are proposed.

Theory and practice of inoculation for high-grade gray cast iron railway castin

JSC “Cheboksary Aggregate Plant” has mastered the production of high-strength gray cast iron "wedge friction" railway castings (grade SCH30) intended for freight wagon bogies. According to the casting's technical specifications, the presence of interdendritic graphite and cementite in the vertical and sloping walls of the casting is not allowed. However, in separate batches, interdendritic graphite and up to 10 % cementite were found in the controlled walls of the castings. To solve the problem of obtaining castings with a blemish-free microstructure, the iron modification technology was changed. Instead of ferrosilicon FS 75, a more effective composite dispersed inoculant was developed and implemented. The advantages of the latter, which consisted of chemically treated ultrafine modifier (USM) and a by-product of organosilane production (KSM), were theoretically substantiated. The advantages of the developed modifier over FS75 were confirmed by modeling the behavior of inoculant’s particles when filling the “wedge friction” cavities in the FLOW-3D program. USM and KSM particles were evenly distributed throughout the volume of the castings at all observed heights of the controlled casting walls. They served as graphite crystallization centers throughout the solidification time of the castings, ensuring the absence of blemishes in the castings. The introduction of the developed material into production allowed reducing the modifier consumption by 6.25 times, ensuring the absence of blemishes in the castings, achieving the required mechanical properties of the iron, and an economic effect of over 4 million rubles

Theory and practice of inoculation for high-grade gray cast iron railway casting.

JSC “Cheboksary Aggregate Plant” has mastered the production of high-strength gray cast iron "wedge friction" railway castings (grade SCH30) intended for freight wagon bogies. According to the casting's technical specifications, the presence of interdendritic graphite and cementite in the vertical and sloping walls of the casting is not allowed. However, in separate batches, interdendritic graphite and up to 10 % cementite were found in the controlled walls of the castings. To solve the problem of obtaining castings with a blemish-free microstructure, the iron modification technology was changed. Instead of ferrosilicon FS 75, a more effective composite dispersed inoculant was developed and implemented. The advantages of the latter, which consisted of chemically treated ultrafine modifier (USM) and a by-product of organosilane production (KSM), were theoretically substantiated. The advantages of the developed modifier over FS75 were confirmed by modeling the behavior of inoculant’s particles when filling the “wedge friction” cavities in the FLOW-3D program. USM and KSM particles were evenly distributed throughout the volume of the castings at all observed heights of the controlled casting walls. They served as graphite crystallization centers throughout the solidification time of the castings, ensuring the absence of blemishes in the castings. The introduction of the developed material into production allowed reducing the modifier consumption by 6.25 times, ensuring the absence of blemishes in the castings, achieving the required mechanical properties of the iron, and an economic effect of over 4 million rubles

Research on technical suitability analysis and scheme selection of prefabricated buildings in China

PurposeChina is a large country with different regions due to regional differences and project characteristics, and the selection of prefabricated building technology according to local conditions is the key to its sustainable development in China. The purpose of this paper is to develop the suitability evaluation system of prefabricated building technology from the perspective of the suitability concept and to analyze the selection path of prefabricated building technology and to provide a reference for selecting and developing prefabricated building technology schemes that meet regional endowments.Design/methodology/approachBased on relevant literature, technical specifications, and standards, this paper constructs an index system for analyzing the technical suitability of prefabricated buildings. It includes 23 indicators, 7 dimensions, and 3 aspects through the semantic clustering method. Following this, the comprehensive weight of each index is determined using the order relation method (G1) and the continuous ordered weighted averaging (COWA). The selection of technical schemes is comprehensively evaluated using Visekriterjumska Optimizacija Ikompromisno Resenje (VIKOR) and Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Method.Findings (1) The technical suitability of prefabricated buildings is influenced by 7 core factors, such as adaptability of resources and environment, project planning and design level, and economic benefit; (2) When selecting the appropriate technology for prefabricated buildings, economic suitability should be considered first, followed by regional suitability, and then technical characteristic; (3) The prefabricated building technology suitability evaluation model constructed in this paper has high feasibility in the technical suitability selection of the example project.Research limitations/implicationsThe comprehensive evaluation model of prefabricated building technology suitability constructed in this paper provides technical selection support for the promotion and development of prefabricated buildings in different regions. In addition, the model can also be widely used in areas related to prefabricated building consulting and decision-making, and provides theoretical support for subsequent research.Practical implicationsThis study provides a new decision support tool for prefabricated building technology suitability selection, which helps decision makers to make more rational technology choices.Social implicationsThis study has a positive impact on the advancement of prefabricated building technology, the improvement of construction industry standards, and the promotion of sustainable development.Originality/valueThe contribution of this study is twofold: (1) Theoretically, this paper provides technical evaluation indicators and guidelines for provincial and regional governments to cultivate model cities, plan industrial bases, etc. (2) In practice, it offers project-level appropriate technology system solutions for the technology application of assemblers in various regions.

Saffron of Taliouine and new extension areas in Morocco: farmers surveys and physicochemical analysis

Saffron, the most expensive spice in the world, is a local product of socio-economic importance for developing many rural areas of Morocco, of which Taliouine is the main production area. The views on factors affecting the quality and yield of farmers practicing saffron cultivation are of great importance, and there is currently no research on this topic in the literature. This work aims to evaluate the quality of saffron samples collected at Taliouine (4 samples) and the main extension areas (4 samples) and to survey producers on the characteristics of quality and the main factors involved. The physicochemical analyses were carried out according to the technical specifications of the ISO/TS 3632-2 standard, making it possible to classify the samples according to the Moroccan standard: NM 08.1.037/2007, in categories I or II. Analysis of variance revealed the presence of significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) between E440nm1%\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\ ext{E}}_{440\ ext{ nm }}^{1{\\%}}$$\\end{document}(specific crocin extinction) ranging from 313.77 to 351.36 of the four samples from the Taliouine area and the E440nm1%\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\ ext{E}}_{440\ ext{ nm }}^{1{\\%}}$$\\end{document} varying from 204.04 to 492.87 of the four samples from the other regions, between the E257nm1%\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\ ext{E}}_{257\ ext{ nm}}^{1{\\%}}$$\\end{document} (specific picrocrocin extinction) of the four samples of the Taliouine zone changing from 138.06 to 169.39 and the E257nm1%\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\ ext{E}}_{257\ ext{ nm}}^{1{\\%}}$$\\end{document} ranging from 134.90 to 219.18 of the four samples from the other zones and finally between the E330nm1%\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\ ext{E}}_{330\ ext{ nm}}^{1{\\%}}$$\\end{document} (specific safranal extinction) varying from 65.93 to 101.63 of the four samples from the Taliouine zone and the E330nm1%\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\ ext{E}}_{330\ ext{ nm}}^{1{\\%}}$$\\end{document} of the four samples of the other zones ranging from 89.98 to 119.04. It should be noted that the sample from abroad is fraudulent and non-compliant for almost all the chemical characteristics. Cross-analysis of producer survey data and chemical analysis showed the presence of correlations between stigma length and altitude (r = 0.763*), between crocin content and altitude (r = 0.856*), and between safranal content and humidity (r = 0.722**). According to the producers, the yield remains influenced by the size of the bulbs and the leading cultural practices.Graphical

Contact us! An audit study to examine the responsiveness of political elites on social media during a Dutch election

In this paper, we report on the findings of a correspondence audit study to examine the responsiveness of political candidates on social media in relation to ethnicity. This study examines how responsive political candidates are to private social media messages (i.e., Facebook). Drawing on established theoretical insights, we focus on responsiveness of candidates to a citizen with a Dutch and non-Dutch name. More specifically we take into account political leaning and ethnicity of the candidate itself. We also pay attention to the technical side of the social media platform and how this affects responsiveness. We found no effect for discrimination based on ethnicity. Notably, we did observed a significant effect of the technical specifications of Facebook, which influence responsiveness at large.

Integration of Building Information Modeling and Artificial Intelligence of Things in the Post-War Reconstruction and Renovation of Buildings

The construction industry of Ukraine shall not only recover but also upgrade, enhance and reevaluate existing building projects. Further research raises two pertinent issues for Ukraine - retrofitting and reconstructing destroyed infrastructure. The study's priority objective is to restore damaged and ruined buildings rapidly. It may be achieved using the creation of recovery methods in Ukraine and countries in the post-conflict stage of development. The research involves creating technical specifications for the product of a new version of the automated construction management system, which provides working with the software complexes based on the BIM model. The system implies using Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT) to make organization of reconstruction faster, better and less costly. The research has been held to demonstrate the viability of the approach. In addition, we acquire a reduction of energy consumption and an increase in the lifespan of the building by choosing retrofitting methods. The efficacy of BIM and IoT technologies enables the integration of contemporary demands to diminish design time and costs. These technologies also optimise design solutions by assimilating knowledge from previous building and structure designs. Additionally, they offer essential information support for the entire investment project life cycle.

Panoramic Perfection: Unveiling Technical Insights from “The Henderson” in Hong Kong

The organic design and seamlessly reflective surface of “The Henderson” establish it as a landmark in Hong Kong. With its all-glass façade and a height of 210 m, the skyscraper designed by Zaha Hadid Architects offers spectacular panoramic views. Particularly noteworthy is the “Banquet Hall” on the top floor, distinguished by its fully glazed roof and engineered by Eckersley O’Callaghan. Large-format, coated and curved glass panes with the best possible technical specification in terms of thickness and minimal dimensional tolerances counterbalance architectural aesthetics and structural resilience. Engineered, manufactured and installed by seele, they serve as effective shields against solar radiation and glare, seamlessly complementing the organic architecture. Collaborative efforts focused on maximizing the transparency of the building envelope as interdisciplinary teams navigated challenges in structural engineering, design aesthetics and compliance with strict regulatory standards of the building authorities in Hong Kong. Thanks to targeted investigations, advancements in glass construction technology and engineering innovation, a procedure was developed that ensured optimum bearing of the panoramic glass panes. This project contributes to the safety and durability of high-rise glass structures to withstand extreme conditions and showcases the transformative potential of bold design concepts, rigorous testing, and international collaboration. The result is a visually stunning and structurally outstanding masterpiece.

A Performance Comparison of 3D Survey Instruments for Their Application in the Cultural Heritage Field.

Thanks to the recent development of innovative instruments and software with high accuracy and resolution, 3D modelling provides useful insights in several sectors (from industrial metrology to cultural heritage). Moreover, the 3D reconstruction of objects of artistic interest is becoming mandatory, not only because of the risks to which works of art are increasingly exposed (e.g., wars and climatic disasters) but also because of the leading role that the virtual fruition of art is taking. In this work, we compared the performance of four 3D instruments based on different working principles and techniques (laser micro-profilometry, structured-light topography and the phase-shifting method) by measuring four samples of different sizes, dimensions and surface characteristics. We aimed to assess the capabilities and limitations of these instruments to verify their accuracy and the technical specifications given in the suppliers' data sheets. To this end, we calculated the point densities and extracted several profiles from the models to evaluate both their lateral (XY) and axial (Z) resolution. A comparison between the nominal resolution values and those calculated on samples representative of cultural artefacts was used to predict the performance of the instruments in real case studies. Overall, the purpose of this comparison is to provide a quantitative assessment of the performance of the instruments that allows for their correct application to works of art according to their specific characteristics.