Technical Norms Research Articles

Control Analysis of Building Under Construction from Indoor Mobile Mapping Systems

Abstract. During the execution phase of construction projects, quality defects arise due to various factors such as human intervention, technical aspects, logistical issues and environmental influences. Early detection of these defects is imperative to minimize their impact and prevent possible delays, increased costs and safety hazards. This paper explores the effectiveness of indoor mobile laser scanners for geometric quality control, adhering to established European technical norms and Spanish standards. Our developed approach presents a simple method for rapid assessment, capable of identifying vertical deviations in columns and walls, axis deviation in columns, flatness deviation in horizontal planes and level deviation using LIDAR data from Mobile Mapping Systems. This methodology has been validated through a real-world case study, demonstrating its practical applicability.

Steam quality monitoring as a strategy to reduce wet packs and sterilization failure

Hospital articles processed by steam are widely used in the Central Sterile Supply Department (CSSD), responsible for due sterilization. Steam sterilization is discussed worldwide, aiming to protect patients. If steam is outside the specified requirements, the sterilization process may fail, resulting in the wet packs at the end of the sterilization cycle. The present study evaluated the steam quality at Santa Catarina Hospital (São Paulo, SP, Brazil) from 2016 to 2022. Saturated steam containing noncondensable gases, excess condensate, or even superheat was characterized using the methodology indicated in the European Standard EN 285:2015. From 2016 to 2020, qualification tests showed that the saturated steam quality does not achieve standardlimit parameters. Infrastructural maintenance actions were taken to adjust the saturated steam quality. In 2021, the steam quality followed technical standards, and its adequacy was confirmed in 2022. The points developed by the hospital's maintenance department, the adoption of appropriate devices for this purpose, and the correct preventive maintenance in the autoclaves, together with the correct qualification of the equipment and proof of the steam quality, contributed to improve the safety of the hospital sterilization process and reduce the incidence of wet packages.

Co przychodzi po końcu władzy symbolicznej?

The question of symbolic power is taking on a special importance today, when the purely symbolic means of legitimisation of power are being transformed, weakened and replaced by new forms of governance that refer to economic and technical norms. Pierre Bourdieu’s account of symbolic power, so influential in contemporary sociology, equates its operation with symbolic violence. Contemporary societies are manifesting multiple symptoms of crisis in the structures of symbolic power — and this crisis is leading not to the easing of violence but to the emergence of new forms of suffering. A different theoretical portrayal of symbolic power is therefore needed, one that would explain what we are losing with the crisis and weakening of this power. This article presents such a take, which refers predominantly to Lacanian psychoanalysis. Its first section lays out the main problem and provides a short reconstruction of Pierre Bourdieu’s account. The second part presents the sources of the notion of symbolic power, in the works of the Durkheimian school and structuralism, while the third introduces the psychoanalytic account. The fourth tackles the crisis in symbolic power, the fifth — new forms of suffering in the new, “post-symbolic” social situation, and the last part offers a summary of the arguments by referring to the issue of the relationship between symbolic and post-symbolic power.

A Historical Perspective on Romania’s Military Infrastructure: The Evolution of Construction Regulations and Prospects for Updating

The article presents the evolution of the military infrastructure in Romania from the 19th century to the present, focusing on the transformations in military construction regulations and the organization of design and construction activities. With the establishment of the standing armed forces, the technical norms for the construction of buildings and the principles for the barracks layout were defined and architects developed standard projects to speed up construction and minimize costs. The regulations have been adapted over time, following the evolution of the armed forces and military technologies. In the context of the significant increase in the Ministry of National Defence real estate investments in recent years, in order to align with the best international practices, updating the technical infrastructure norms with specifications regarding all types of spaces in the barracks has become timely and necessary. This study is based on the analysis of military regulations and specialized literature to investigate the evolution of the military infrastructure in Romania, thereby contributing to a better understanding of the current context. In conclusion, the article proposes an action plan for updating the technical norms, as well as a list of objectives regarding the content of these norms.

O perspectivă istorică asupra infrastructurii cazărmilor din România: evoluția și actualizarea normelor de construcție

The article presents the evolution of the military infrastructure in Romania from the 19th century to the present, focusing on the transformations in military construction regulations and the organization of design and construction activities. With the establishment of the standing armed forces, the technical norms for the construction of buildings and the principles for the barracks layout were defined and architects developed standard projects to speed up construction and minimize costs. The regulations have been adapted over time, following the evolution of the armed forces and military technologies. In the context of the significant increase in the Ministry of National Defence real estate investments in recent years, in order to align with the best international practices, updating the technical infrastructure norms with specifications regarding all types of spaces in the barracks has become timely and necessary. This study is based on the analysis of military regulations and specialized literature to investigate the evolution of the military infrastructure in Romania, thereby contributing to a better understanding of the current context. In conclusion, the article proposes an action plan for updating the technical norms, as well as a list of objectives regarding the content of these norms.

Using Digital Financial Assets as Investments: Problems of the Legal Regulation

Introduction: the paper examines the problems with the legal regulation of using digital financial assets as investments. The emerging problems, according to the authors, are primarily related to the legal means inherent in the mechanism of the legal regulation of emerging legal relations, as well as to the significant specifics of relations arising on the Internet and other information and communication networks. Purpose: the purpose of the work was to identify the specific features of this relationship concerning the impossibility of geographically determining the residence of the party to the relationship and, as a result, determining the national law to be applied in relation to investing digital financial assets. Methods: the specifics of legal relations arising in the information and communication network between investors in digital financial assets and other entities have led to the use of special research methods. Among the general scientific tools, along with analysis, synthesis, deduction, and induction, the empirical method of legal modeling was used. Specific scientific methods were also used: dogmatic (formal-logical) and formal-legal, as well as the methods of legal forecasting, legal analogy, and technical-legal. Results: the paper substantiates the complex composition of legal relations, the parties to which are both “legal” and “technical” entities. The interrelationship between the actions of the parties causing legal consequences is shown. It is proposed to classify the parties to legal relations arising in the virtual network in the process of investing digital financial assets into the main ones, whose actions generate legal consequences, and the auxiliary (additional) ones, whose actions provide the possibility of legal consequences. It is argued that the process of emerging legal relations is influenced by the actions of all parties, both basic and auxiliary. An important problem of interaction in the virtual network in the process of investing digital financial assets is the identification and authentication of the parties. This complexity is directly related to the definition of the nationality of the party to the legal relationship and the definition of national law to be applied. It is indicated that in the Russian Federation, this issue has been practically resolved with the creation of a Unified identification and authentication system. However, in international and interethnic relations, it still needs to be worked out. Several ways to solve the problem of unified legal regulation of relations involving the investment of digital financial assets are analyzed. There are four main models that currently exist. First of all, it concerns the convergence of the national laws of different states. The disadvantages of this approach are indicated. The second model is related to the creation of a unified international regulation. The arguments “for” and “against” are given. The problem of creating a polycentric or decentralized law is considered. The third model is related to the use of technical norms in the regulation of relations along with the legal ones. The fourth approach justifies the existence of two levels of regulation: external and internal. Conclusions: the authors have proposed the fifth model of the legal regulation of relations for the investment of digital financial assets, characterized by the legal regulation of individual objects of digital communication, a combination of external state regulation with self-regulation, as well as the possibility of creating an information platform for its own legal regulation within the system (the intra-system regulation or platform law). The problem of the existence of internal local regulation of legal relations for investing digital financial assets is analyzed. The conclusion is made about the formation of a local platform law. The polycentricity of the supra-platform law is substantiated. The problem of prohibiting the counter-provision of a digital financial asset is solved. It is proposed to replace this ban with a ban on the use of a digital financial asset as a means of payment.

Review on mechanism and remediation strategies of dissolved oxygen abnormal in surface water.

Dissolved oxygen (DO) is an important index to evaluate the quality of surface water environments. In recent years, anomalies in DO level have emerged as a major contributor to the decline of surface water quality. These anomalies have triggered several ecological and environmental challenges such as biodiversity loss, the degradation of water environmental quality, intensification of eutrophication, and an exacerbation of the greenhouse effect. Understanding the mechanisms underlying DO anomalies and devising targeted remediation strategies holds paramount importance in the scientific pursuit of water pollution control and aquatic ecosystem restoration. We explored and summarized the fluctuations and abnormal mechanism of DO concentration in surface water, focusing on factors like oxygen solubility, reoxygenation rates, and oxygen consumption by water bodies. We compiled a range of approaches for addressing DO anomalies, including pollution source management, artificial oxygenation, and the reconfiguration of aquatic ecosystems. Ultimately, we underscored the emerging significance of monitoring and regulating DO level in surface waters. Future research in this realm should encompass the establishment of distinct quality standards for surface water, the development of a comprehensive real-time spatial monitoring system for DO levels across watersheds, and the formulation of standardized procedures and technical norms.

Scientific Ethos and Knowledge Management

The development of knowledge creation theory (Nonaka and Takeuchi, 1995) took into account the values shared by the members of an organization, later generating an extended concept of "Ba" (Nonaka and Toyama, 2005), understood as shared context. Matsuadira (2010) defined the complex of organisational values (the ethos) as knowledge (intangible) assets for knowledge creating companies. I suggest that this leads us back to R.K. Merton’s theory of the normative structure of science and the ethos of science. The challenge is to ask whether we can we talk about the applicability of the norms proposed by Merton to the case of knowledge management in knowledge creating companies, or rather there will be some evident deviations and counter-norms. It is well known that the value of universalism is contested by particularism or that of “communism” by the secrecy of research. My hypothesis is that at methodological level the technical norms of knowledge testing and evaluation are universal and globalizable, but in the practical context of the action the guiding values and the mores of knowledge production are local and particular, i.e. depending on various social and cultural factors. The principle of glocalization (“think globally and act locally”) should, therefore, be applied.

Polyphenols: Natural Preservatives with Promising Applications in Food, Cosmetics and Pharma Industries; Problems and Toxicity Associated with Synthetic Preservatives; Impact of Misleading Advertisements; Recent Trends in Preservation and Legislation.

The global market of food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products requires continuous tracking of harmful ingredients and microbial contamination for the sake of the safety of both products and consumers as these products greatly dominate the consumer's health, directly or indirectly. The existence, survival, and growth of microorganisms in the product may lead to physicochemical degradation or spoilage and may infect the consumer at another end. It has become a challenge for industries to produce a product that is safe, self-stable, and has high nutritional value, as many factors such as physical, chemical, enzymatic, or microbial activities are responsible for causing spoilage to the product within the due course of time. Thus, preservatives are added to retain the virtue of the product to ensure its safety for the consumer. Nowadays, the use of synthetic/artificial preservatives has become common and has not been widely accepted by consumers as they are aware of the fact that exposure to preservatives can lead to adverse effects on health, which is a major area of concern for researchers. Naturally occurring phenolic compounds appear to be extensively used as bio-preservatives to prolong the shelf life of the finished product. Based on the convincing shreds of evidence reported in the literature, it is suggested that phenolic compounds and their derivatives have massive potential to be investigated for the development of new moieties and are proven to be promising drug molecules. The objective of this article is to provide an overview of the significant role of phenolic compounds and their derivatives in the preservation of perishable products from microbial attack due to their exclusive antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties and the problems associated with the use of synthetic preservatives in pharmaceutical products. This article also analyzes the recent trends in preservation along with technical norms that regulate the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical products in the developing countries.

Идея отмирания права в раннесоветской теории права (1917–1930 гг.)

In the legal literature, the traditional idea is that Soviet legal scholars until the early 1930s rationally expected the withering away of law as socialism was being built. In this regard, this article aims to critically review the views on this problem that existed in the USSR and to check if such a theory (group of theories) really existed. To do this, the author checked the internal logic and detailing of the views of some leading Soviet legal philosophers (P. I. Stuchka, E. B. Pashukanis, M. A. Reisner, and I. P. Razumovsky). Their views on the problem of the withering away of the law were also compared with other elements of their scientific theories and with the provisions of classical Marxism. It has been established that none of the considered works contains a full-fledged scientific theory of the withering away of law. P. I. Stuchka never supported this idea, and in his works, he wrote about the “withering away” of only certain liberal legal doctrines (freedom of contract, the autonomy of will, etc.). E. B. Pashukanis, known as the most influential Soviet legal nihilist, argued that the law would be completely replaced by technical norms, but did not provide any explanation for this statement. In many contemporary phenomena of politics and economics, he saw signs of the degradation of law but did not explain in any way how this would lead to the withering away of law itself. The replacement of law by technical norms was also predicted by M. A. Reisner, but his view was even more general — the law should have disappeared by itself when universal equality and justice would have been established in society. The philosopher I. P. Razumovsky also described the withering away of law only in general and, apparently, saw it as nothing more than an ideological stamp. The inability to formulate a detailed theory of the withering away of law, we believe, demonstrates the stability of the Western tradition in the face of many years of determined attempts to deconstruct it.

Specialised Software Application of the HS Management System for the Management of Activities with Entertainment Pyrotechnic Articles MR-PYRO.EXE 01

Abstract The development of the system document models in the field of MR-PYRO was done taking into account the adaptation of the application requirements of this management system, to the organizational and work process particularities specific to the pyrotechnic field, but also with the requirements of the legislation in force in the field of occupational health and safety, namely Law 319/2006 on safety and health at work and the methodological rules for its application, as well as specific legislation (Law 126/1995 on the regime of explosive materials and the Technical Norms of application with subsequent amendments and additions). The scientific article offers an original perspective of solving the problem in the field of management system of pyrotechnic articles (MR-PYRO). The MR-PYRO.EXE 01 software application ensures the operational and procedural development of the MSSM system documents based on the analysis and evaluation of the particular way of occurrence of all aspects of occupational safety and health managed at the level of economic operators working in the field of pyrotechnic articles.

The digital rise and its economic implications for China through the Digital Silk Road under the Belt and Road Initiative

This research, based on a review of secondary information, explores how the government of China and the country's leading technological enterprises are working together to develop infrastructure for next-generation digital technologies, e.g. artificial intelligence, cloud computing, quantum computing, 5G networks, navigation satellites, and fiber optic cables; to establish technical norms and standards; and to provide services and digital content, e.g. digital messaging applications, mobile payment systems, and e-commerce platforms, to emergent markets; as well as how digital corporate giants of China like Alibaba, Huawei, Baidu, ZTE, China Telecom, China Mobile, China Unicom, and Tencent have been challenging the prevailing status quo. Beijing seeks to assert its dominant role in world affairs through the Digital Silk Road (DSR) to globally influence and control a sizable part of the digital economy. The DSR has significant potential for enhancement of digital interdependence with the underdeveloped and some advanced economies by bridging the gap created by the absence of a critical infrastructure of global digital technology. There is no viable competitor to the DSR's exciting and long-term vision of a globally connected digital future for facilitating mutual growth and collaboration that will ultimately push for a dependency of other countries on DSR under the Belt and Road Initiative.

Analysis and Enlightenment of Methane Emission Reduction Control in Oil and Gas Industry

Methane is the second largest greenhouse gas in the world after carbon dioxide. In order to cope with the warming impact of methane emissions on climate issues, major oil and gas producing countries in the world have implemented methane emission control policies, supervising technical norms, emission reduction performance or results, economic means and information management. Through comparative analysis, the current problems of methane emission reduction control in China's oil and gas industry are summarized, and the enlightenment and guidance suggestions for methane emission reduction control in Daqing oilfield are further proposed.

PROBLEMS OF EXHIBITING RARE AVIATION EQUIPMENT IN MUSEUMS OF KYIV

The article gives a brief description of technical museums, which, along with historical, artistic, military, and local lore, are an element of preserving the people’s cultural heritage. It is noted, in particular, those technical museums are divided into multidisciplinary and sectoral (which are more common). In addition, the development of military equipment is reflected in military history museums. A brief description of the first technical museums of Kyiv and the most famous aviation museums in the world is given. In particular, the attention paid in the West to the planes of the Second World War and their participation in air shows, which gather thousands of spectators, is described. As an example of the restoration and the difficulties that arose during its implementation, which was due to the lack of technical documentation, the process of restoration of the WB bomber is given. It turns out that the stamp «secretly» extended to all drawings of it. That is why after the removal of this model of the bomber from production, all the documentation for the aircraft was destroyed, even though the operation of the machine in civil aviation continued for several years. The way of ANT-7 production of the end of 1920s to the exposition in the hangar of the 11th building of NAU is considered in detail. The exhibit was collected from three planes that crashed in different parts of the North and Siberia in the 1940s. It is noted that the restoration of the engines was the most excellent part of the process, as the manual for their operation and highly qualified specialists were found. Attention is also paid to the reasons for deviations from the technical norms of the late 1920’s – early 1930’s models in the process of the restoration of the aircraft. Attention is also paid to the opening of the State Aviation Museum of Ukraine and the expansion of its exposition. In addition, the prospects of searching for World War II aircraft in Ukraine are considered and the need for state involvement, in this case, is emphasized.

Integrating ESG matters into suitability: EU and Swiss legislative concepts and implications for product governance and organisation

ABSTRACT This paper reviews approaches to include ESG matters into different levels of statutory provisions and technical norms. The discussion includes a comparison of how the European Union (EU) and Switzerland approach this task. In the EU, the ‘Green Deal’ represents a strong foundation for integrating ESG into financial markets laws since it represents an official strategy that aims to reorient capital flows towards sustainable investments to achieve sustainable and inclusive growth. We argue that such a strategic objective broadens the legal basis linked to investor protection to permit introducing more comprehensive rules that touch on all aspects of providing financial services, including product governance and organisational requirements.

European energy partnership on sustainable energy potential

The study analyses the energy development of Ukraine in terms of energy integration into the EU single energy market within the framework of the concept of sustainable development. For the Ukrainian energy industry, problems have been identified that prevent it from reaching the modern level of requirements for sustainable energy development. The dynamics of changes in indicators that characterize the level of development of modern energy in the EU-Ukraine relationship to ensure the guarantee of the level of energy security are analysed. The key factors in the development of the integration processes between Ukraine and the EU are noted, which relate to the political aspect, technical norms and requirements, as well as international economic activity. A mathematical calculation of the level of risks of energy integration processes between the EU and Ukraine during the period of military operations on the territory of Ukraine was carried out. It was noted that there is a high probability of the threat of termination of the existing integration processes due to the stochasticity of events of a military and political nature.

The Conceptual Foundations of the Sociology of Law by Pitirim Sorokin and Max Weber

The socio-legal theories of P. A. Sorokin and M. Weber are common in belonging to the normativist trend in the sociology of law. To determine the limits of their applicability to the analysis of the operation of legal norms, it is necessary to clarify the reasons for their differences. The notable differences between both theories are connected not only with the general differences in corresponding sociological systems, but also with fundamentally different conceptual foundations of socio-legal doctrines. The Russian-American sociologist P. A.Sorokin, in developing the ideas of L. I. Petrażycki, considered law as a set of norms with a certain content which indicates the permitted and proper behavior by means of the distribution of rights and obligations, which are always thought to be inextricably linked. This understanding of legal norms allows us to meaningfully separate them from the norms of morality, etiquette, technical norms, and rules of fashion. A key feature of law as a special kind of legitimate order for Weber is its coercion, ensured by the staff, i.e., a group of people specifically aimed at forcing compliance with the order. In contrast to Sorokin, Weber believed that law and other related phenomena are distinguished not at the level of individual norms, but at the level of normative systems (orders). Sorokin focused on organized groups, the skeleton of which are the norms that both determine the behavior of group members and create its structure. Contrary to Sorokin, Weber believes that normative motivation is only able to influence human behavior, but not to determine it. The difference in the researchers’ perceptions of the importance of normative motivation may be related to the focus on active duties in the case of Sorokin and on the framework model of the behavior of the empowered person in Weber’s case.

Building structures of thermal power plants: analysis of fire resistance limits

Introduction. The author analyzes real-life fire resistance limits of metal structures for one building of a thermal power plant. Experimental and computational methods were applied to identify the fire resistance limits of building structures. The temperature setting of the research, conducted to solve the problem, was the same as that of a real fire.Research goal and objectives. The purpose of the analysis is to identify the fire resistance limits of structures comprising the building of a thermal power plant using the method of heat-mass exchange analysis that takes account of conditions of a real fire. The following objectives are to be attained in compliance with the pre-set goal:to analyze the principal provisions of technical norms and regulations in terms of the fire safety of building structures of thermal power plants;to justify the principal provisions for the method of heat-mass exchange analysis, taking into account real-life fire conditions;to justify the need to improve the real-life fire resistance limits by fire-proofing agents with account taken of the most dangerous scenario of the real fire development.Methods of research. The heat-transfer equation is analyzed to identify the distribution of temperatures inside a building structure for a one-dimensional case. The field-based method of analysis is applied to solve this problem. This method is generally applied to premises having complex geometric configuration, if one geometric dimension exceeds the others.Results and their discussion. The authors have analyzed the most dangerous fire scenario characterized by the most dangerous impact on metal structures, such as the furnace oil fire spill in a boiler room.The authors also address the most dangerous fire propagation scenario in terms of the heating of bearing metal structures: the combustion of furnace oil spills in a boiler room. The computations have proven that in case of the selected fire development scenario maximal temperatures of bearing metal structures are much lower than the critical temperature of 500 °С fifteen minutes after the onset of fire.Conclusions. Having analyzed the fire resistance computations of thermal power plant structures, including their metal constructions, the have found that in case of emergency, resistance to the most dangerous manifestations of fire exceeds the required R15 value. No fireproofing of bearing metal structures in the boiler room is needed.

Marketing techniques, health, and nutritional claims on processed foods and beverages before and after the implementation of mandatory front-of-package warning labels in Peru.

In June 2019, mandatory front-of-package warning labels (FOPL) were implemented in Peru. The aim of the study was to describe changes in marketing strategies on packaging: marketing techniques (MT), health claims (HC), and nutritional claims (NC) on the packaging of products frequently consumed by children before and after the FOPL implementation. Product photos were taken pre- (March 2019) and post-implementation (March-October 2020) in three supermarkets in Lima, Peru. Following INFORMAS protocols and Peruvian Technical Norms, the presence of MT, HC, and NC was assessed on all package sides. Products were classified as "high-in" and "not high-in" based on the regulation threshold for critical nutrients. Differences in the proportion of products with each strategy in both periods were evaluated. Also, a subsample of products was matched according to the barcode and exact McNemar test was used to compare proportions of strategies pre/post-implementation. We included 883 and 1,035 products in pre- and post-implementation, respectively. In both periods, MT appeared on almost 70% of all products. The presence of HC increased significantly only for beverages (24.5-38.1%, p < 0.001). In both phases, NC were commonly used on beverages (>80%). Overall, the prevalence of "high-in" products using MT increased (73.6-82.1%, p = 0.007), while use of HC increased among "not high-in" products (32.9-41.6%, p < 0.001). There is a high frequency of MT on all products and NC on beverages. The increase in MT in "high-in" products may be an industry response to minimize the impact of the FOPL on food choices and sales. New regulatory aspects regarding labeling should be implemented to strengthen the current policy.

Socio-economic dynamics of Magdalenian hunter-gatherers: Functional perspective.

The beginning of the Middle Magdalenian is marked by an increase in the density and geographic extension of evidences of human occupation across western Europe. The Early Middle Magdalenian (19,5–17,5 ka cal. BP) thereby extends from Poland to Spain, and the sharing of the flint-knapping concepts and the circulation of raw materials show the existence of networks active over this wide area. In parallel, part of the production of art, ornaments, microliths, bone industry, and the proportions of hunted ungulates vary regionally and allow to identify distinct technical traditions. Departing from a palethnographic approach at a regional scale, this paper aims at participating in renewing our understanding of the mechanisms of regionalisation during the period, and among past societies of hunter-gatherers. The reflection is based on the techno-functional analysis of stone tools from two cave sites of west-central France that are at the heart of the definition of two technical traditions: La Marche (Magdalenian with Lussac-Angles points) and the Blanchard cave (Magdalenian with navettes). Inter-site comparisons of the functioning and management of stone tools, and of subsistence strategies show the sharing of techno-economical norms, expressing the adhesion to a wider community of practice. The long-term occupation of at least part of the caves and the high density of sites in the Vienne, the Creuse, the Gartempe, and the Charente Valleys, indicate the strong regional implantation of human societies. This strong territoriality (effective and symbolic) is likely a major factor to understand the specificity of the EMM expressions in the area, as well as the sharing, in the same economic territory, of technical norms and of part of the system of symbolic representation.