Technical Norms Research Articles

Coding sexual violence as love – choreographed heteronormative gender performances in Latin American competitive dancing

ABSTRACT Ballroom dancing, nowadays a multibillion-dollar industry, has emerged and developed within western, (post-)industrial, (post-)modern societies. As such, its representations rely heavily on heteronormative gender performances, most of which – as shown in this paper – reiterate rape culture codes. To do so, focusing on how heteronormativity is staged and performed in Rumba, the challenging situation that dancers face is first identified. Embodying DanceSport’s aesthetic and technical norms disrupts dancers’ adequacy to the gendered symbolic order, resulting in the dire need to overstate their genders, in order to achieve a subject position. Second, the ways through which male dancers perform dominance is brought into focus. With a close textual analysis of the performance of the six best couples from the World Championship 2019 with methods such as Feminist film theory, semiotics or nonverbal communication, a range of signs, from non-reciprocal gaze and touch, through polarizing positions emphasizing male dominance and female submission, to abstracted physical violence, are identified. Here, a comparison of two couples shows how these signs are used in different manners and, most importantly, various intensities by the dancers, drawing finally, like a photo negative, a possible subversive performance, in which the partners would be equal and these signs obsolete.

Development of the transport system in line with a systematic approach: legal opinion

The relevance of the research topic is caused by the role and importance of transport in human life. The development of integration processes leads to the need to create in the near future a unified transport model of a planetary scale, managed at a fundamentally new level reflecting the digital nature of modern public relations. The object of the study is the social relations that arise in the process of functioning of automobile transport, although many conclusions are fully applicable to the problems of developing a unified transport model that covers all types of vehicles. The purpose of scientific research is to prove that the successful development of the transport model and transport as its component element is possible only from the position of a systematic approach. During the study, dialectical and materialistic, systemic, logical methods were used, as well as methods of interpreting law and forecasting. It is concluded that the reform of the transport model should be carried out through the prism of the meaning of human life. The regulation of relations in society is carried out through a variety of rules of behavior, among which technical norms have gained particular importance in recent years. Life, health, and fate of man depend on their observance or non-observance. Therefore, the development of transport is unthinkable without improving technical standards. The main regulator of behavior is law, the specification of which is faced with many difficulties. Legal support of the transport model is an essential component of its successful functioning. The modern transport model is classified as inorganic. Its transformation from the perspective of a systematic approach, taking into account the need to improve the person himself, social and technical norms, objects, primarily transport and technology, will allow moving to a qualitatively new level - to become organic. Considering the ratio of the transport model and the person, it should be borne in mind that, on the one hand, a person acts as its creator, and on the other - an indispensable element. Therefore, the transformation of transport and the transport model in general into an organic whole is possible only when the person himself, his competence changes.

Embedding Values in Artificial Intelligence (AI) Systems

Organizations such as the EU High-Level Expert Group on AI and the IEEE have recently formulated ethical principles and (moral) values that should be adhered to in the design and deployment of artificial intelligence (AI). These include respect for autonomy, non-maleficence, fairness, transparency, explainability, and accountability. But how can we ensure and verify that an AI system actually respects these values? To help answer this question, I propose an account for determining when an AI system can be said to embody certain values. This account understands embodied values as the result of design activities intended to embed those values in such systems. AI systems are here understood as a special kind of sociotechnical system that, like traditional sociotechnical systems, are composed of technical artifacts, human agents, and institutions but—in addition—contain artificial agents and certain technical norms that regulate interactions between artificial agents and other elements of the system. The specific challenges and opportunities of embedding values in AI systems are discussed, and some lessons for better embedding values in AI systems are drawn.

Analysis of public policy formulation and its effect on the technical and professional work of the community psychologist: A case study.

The academic and professional relationship between Community Psychology and public policy is increasing, especially as pertaining to social issues. An important discussion is to be had regarding the complexity, degrees of complementarity, and contributions of this link, as well as its risks for the discipline of Community Psychology. In this context, this study asks the following question: What are the dynamics of public policy formulation for extreme poverty in Chile and its effect on the technical definition of the psychologists' work, and what alternatives this opens up for a discussion on the relationship between Community Psychology and public policies? A qualitative and idiographic methodological approach is used, based on Grounded Theory by Strauss & Corbin (2002) and the Case Study by Coller (2000), to analyze semistructured interviews with 10 policymakers of the Chile Seguridades y Oportunidades policy and nine legislative and technical documents that support this policy. The results show that the technical work of the psychologist who participates in public policy towards extreme poverty is affected and configured by the mechanisms and dynamics of the connection between the various frameworks of meaning of policy formulation. These frames of meaning affect the configuration of technical norms that, in a dynamic of reciprocal influence between notions of reference, notions of problem and notions of solution, affect and configure the professional tasks of the psychologists, in terms of the focus of their work, their objectives, levels of intervention and interdisciplinary work.

Influence of Water Treatment Plants on the Ecological Situation in Industrialized Regions

The article investigates the most effective methods of water purification necessary for its application in power generating systems. The need for this is due to the need for water purification, bringing it to a quality state that allows it to be used in industry. The most effective modern method of purification is the method of using of ion-exchange resins, since water purified from the mineral elements contained in it (desalting) is mainly used. One of the effective methods of desalting, from an ecological and economic point of view, is ion exchange, based on the removal of inorganic substances, heavy metal ions and other substances from the water. The essence of this method is the ability, with the help of ion-exchange resins, to sorb unwanted elements and their compounds from water. This technology allows to achieve water quality which corresponds to standards (technical norms) in various spheres of consumption. The authors show the influence of various parameters on the efficiency of the ion exchange process in order to improve the quality of desalination and reduction of wastewater. The stages of desalination of process water are considered in order to determine the state of wastewater at different stages. Proposed alternatives is economically and environmentally beneficial solutions to problem with wastewater and analysed ways of regeneration, as well as advantages and disadvantages of switching from once-through regeneration in countercurrent. In the presented designs, when using filters with different regeneration options, positive characteristics of monodisperse resins necessary for water purification in accordance with the requirements of environmental standards are determined.

Quality of Energy, Energy Access and Law within the Cuban Hydropower Context

Abstract This article deals with the quality of energy generated in the autonomous mini and micro hydroelectric plants located in the mountainous regions of Cuba, where they are the only source of energy supply. The quality of energy generated and its availability are a right to the inhabitants of these communities, on an equal footing with those whose supply is through the electricity grid. In this sense, the legal and technical norms existing in Cuba, while defining equality of rights, also impose unviable technical and economic conditions.

Ethics Events and Conditions of Possibility: How Sell-Side Financial Analysts Became Involved in Corporate Governance

ABSTRACTMobilizing Foucault’s genealogy, this article investigates how an “ethics event”—the involvement by some sell-side financial analysts in the United States and United Kingdom across the past two decades in corporate governance—emerged. It is found that the complex relations formed between specific historical precedents, normative discourses, and fields of power rendered certain issues in financial markets morally problematic and constructed analysts’ corporate governance work as a potential solution. Contributing to research in finance ethics, this article develops a novel perspective to conceptualize the rise of ethically relevant practices in financial markets, focusing on how ethical problems and their solutions are outcomes of discursive construction and power relations. This article also revises our understanding of the boundary between technical norms and moral norms in financial markets. When ethical crises occur, it is argued, transforming technical practices and revising the technical norms adopted by financial professionals has the potential to tackle ethical concerns.

Openness and trust in data-intensive science: the case of biocuration

Data-intensive science comes with increased risks concerning quality and reliability of data, and while trust in science has traditionally been framed as a matter of scientists being expected to adhere to certain technical and moral norms for behaviour, emerging discourses of open science present openness and transparency as substitutes for established trust mechanisms. By ensuring access to all available information, quality becomes a matter of informed judgement by the users, and trust no longer seems necessary. This strategy does not, however, take into consideration the networks of professionals already enabling data-intensive science by providing high-quality data. In the life sciences, biological data- and knowledge bases managed by expert biocurators have become crucial for data-intensive research. In this paper, I will use the case of biocurators to argue that openness and transparency will not diminish the need for trust in data-intensive science. On the contrary, data-intensive science requires a reconfiguration of existing trust mechanisms in order to include those who take care of and manage scientific data after its production.

THE PLACE OF NORMS OF FAMILY LAW IN THE SYSTEM OF SOCIAL NORMS

The content of social relations is the relationship and interaction of subjects. Such interconnections and interactions take place in accordance with the rules and regulations in force in society in particular, the norms of customary law, morality, religious norms, corporate and technical norms, and, most importantly, the norms established by the state. Social norms are not able to exist in a vacuum, separated from each other. In the process of regulating social relations, the active role of one group of social norms complement, infl uenced by other groups. The interaction of specifi c norms and their groups in a single system of social norms reveals the complex properties of the components of its internal structure that make up the system. The eff ectiveness of existing social norms is expressed in maintaining social harmony in civil society, proper public order, an atmosphere of equitable social partnership, universally binding rules of social responsibility, obtaining norms of conscious behavior of citizens, etc.The question on interrelation and interconnection of social and legal norms, in particular family law, is not new, but modern scholars undertake its study infrequently, unfortunately.The perception of family law as an extremely important social instrument for regulating social relations is impossible without an understanding of its place and interconnection in the general system of social norms. It is the need to rethink the place of family law norms in the system of social norms, their interaction with other social norms and led to our appeal to the stated topic.Based on the prevailing position in the theory of law that the system of social regulators consists of religious norms, customs, moral norms and legal norms, it was concluded that social norms do not exist in a vacuum and are not separated from each other, but are integrated into the general system of social relations and endowed with their characteristic features. Law regulates social relations not in isolation, but in a system with other social norms – morals, customs, religious and other regulators, with legal norms occupying a dominant and integrating position in this system. And hence the conclusion that other social norms along with legal norms are components of the mechanism of legal regulation of social relations.

Ethics Events and Conditions of Possibility: How Sell-Side Financial Analysts Became Involved in Corporate Governance

Mobilizing Foucault’s genealogy, this article investigates how an “ethics event,” that is, the involvement by some sell-side financial analysts in the US and UK across the past two decades in corporate governance, emerged. It is found that the complex relations formed between specific historical precedents, normative discourses, and fields of power rendered certain issues in financial markets morally problematic and constructed analysts’ corporate governance work as a potential solution. Contributing towards finance ethics research, this article develops a novel perspective to conceptualize the rise of ethically relevant practices in financial markets, focusing on how ethical problems and their solutions are outcomes of discursive construction and power relations. This article also revises our understanding of the boundary between technical norms and moral norms in financial markets. When ethical crises occur, it is argued, transforming technical practices and revising the technical norms adopted by financial professionals has potential for tackling ethical concerns.

Restrictions and boundaries in the Russian information law

The subject of this research is the system of legal norms of the Russian Federation that regulates public relations within the process of restriction of the constitutionally recognized information rights and liberties of a human and citizen, as well as establishment of the boundaries of their realization in the current conditions of development of the information society and digitalization. The goal of this work is to develop theoretical foundations for information law through demarcation of boundaries and restrictions of the information rights and liberties, which would also contribute to improvement of information legislation and the practice of its application. The scientific novelty of research is reflected in the acquisition of scientific knowledge required for development of legal regulation of the information sphere in the conditions of digitalization, among which are the original definition of the concepts “boundaries of exercising rights in the information sphere” and “restrictions of information rights and liberties”, obtained based on the conducted analysis of the forming public relations within information sphere and their legal regulation. The following conclusions were made: 1) there is absence of research on the issues of boundaries of rights, including boundaries in information law; 2) there is a need for determination of boundaries of exercising right in the information sphere and restriction of information rights and liberties in implementation of legal regulation, as well as consideration of the legal nature of technical norms in their inclusion into a normative legal act.

The Relation between Society, State and Law

The state and right cannot be explained outside social categories, and have legal relations within them, where with the help of legal norms we know the rights and obligations of subjects of the right. Legal subjects become carriers of rights and obligations in their relations, related to the realization of legal norms, where with the creation of legal relations, different social relations are disciplined. The term ‘right’ (in French Droit, in German Recht, in Portugal Direitoo, in Spanish Derecho) originates from the Latin word – directus, from which a number of Latin terms originates, such as rex, region etc. With other words respectively in the main Indo-European languages: right, law, jurisprudence etc. The function of the state contains those functions that are related to the general social interest. The state is an independent, strong social organization, protects public health, traffic and many other activities. The state and right are state activities for the protection of state interest and this is realized through the monopoly of physical force. The state and right protect and realize political, economic or property relations. The function of state and right on the other hand is presented as a function of state obligation, that is realized in case it is necessary, through the monopoly of physical force, with other words through coercion, as an organized state power. For the function of state we will stop and analyze its two elements: the element – internal function and the element – external function. The essential element of the legal norm is the behavior of the subject of rights, as required by the legal norm. In this context we are talking about cases when the subjects of law behave based on law, respectively subsidiary acts, issued by authoritative state bodies, respectively other legal persons. Norms, as a rule, can be divided in these two groups: natural laws, technical norms and social norms. Here we have to deal with social norms that contain the social sanction. Based on this we can classify social norms in three groups: a. Social norms that constitute in their selves sanctions that are used by the unorganized society; b. Social norms that constitute of sanctions that are used by a social organization, enterprise or similar; c. Social norms that constitute of sanctions that are used by a special social organization called state.

Norms as a Political Weapon? Sanitary, Phytosanitary, and Technical Norms as Russia’s Foreign Trade Tool

ABSTRACT The paper explores the use of sanitary, phytosanitary, and technical norms for achieving political aims on the example of Russia. Even Russia’s entry to the WTO in 2012 did not alter the policy due to the general wording of these agreements together with the GOST (State Standard) norms valid in the post-Soviet space allow Russia to misuse these norms. Russia holds their nonfulfillment in reserve and activates them only if a political clash occurs. Such cases are usually not taken to the WTO organs by the impacted states because of the weaknesses of the WTO appeal process.

“From Each according to Their Ability, to Each according to Their Need”

Two wage systems designed to improve productivity among Hungarian workers are compared. The first, calorie money, was a short-term solution to keep workers properly nourished and hard at work in a capitalist economy in the midst of inflationary chaos at the end of World War II. The second, technical norms, was a long-term project initiated by the socialist state to design norms based on workers’ physical capacity in order to extract the greatest amount of effort most efficiently. In both cases, wages were set according to the level of exertion expended by the worker, not by output, which is commonly understood to be the measure of productivity. The purpose of this article is twofold: (1) to situate the early socialist project in Hungary within a longer history of rationalization and scientific management in the first half of the twentieth century; and (2) to explain how different conceptualizations of labor generate distinct approaches to determining wages and establishing norm rates. This approach draws attention to two central questions: the structural character of the transition to socialism in 1940s Hungary and the historical contingencies of the definition and assessment of work.

Research on Project Approval Evaluation Index of Highway Engineering Metering Technical Specification Based on Delphi Method

As the standard and basis for metrology, testing and calibration, highway engineering metrological technical specifications play a key role in promoting highway metrology. It is an important part of the national metrological technical norms, and it is of great significance to evaluate it in the project approval process. Based on the literature research and Delphi method, this paper aims to find out the project evaluation indicators of the highway engineering metrological technical specification project, and provide decision makers with a scientific evaluation method for reviewing projects.

Assessing the Current State of Curl Type Improvement for Karakul of Botoşani Breed in Relation to the Color Variety

The curl’s form and type has always been an important objective of improving the Karakul of Botoşani sheep because some traits such as length, degree of closure, width and height are reflected in an original way over the general aspect of the pelt, influencing the aesthetic and commercial value of them. In pelt’s performance-specific control activities, for quality analysis is insisted mainly on the main traits that influence the expression with a certain type or curl form. In order to create conditions for genetic expression of the desired curl shape, it is necessary to follow the improvement of the following parameters: length, height, width, degree of closure, circumferential direction, contour and layout of the pelt surface curls. The used method in the assessment of the objectives was based on the technical norms specified in Section 1.4 and 1.5 of the MADR Order no. 22 / 20.01.2006, and the statistical processing of the data was based on the use of S.A.V.C. The assessment of the type of curls in long and medium tubes shows a considerable improvement in this character since the type was identified in 65.11% of cases in 2005 and increased to 66.66% in 2015. On the respective interval, the proportion of the desired lambs increased by more than 1.5%, the difference being statistically significant for p<0.01. The proportion of lambs where the curl was predominantly of the flattened type and with a low degree of closure, respectively wave or smooth, was kept within relatively constant limits placed around 20%, with relatively reduced variations from one generation to the next.

Strategy for Cadastre development in Poland in 1989–2019

The modernisation of the Land and Property Register (Poland Cadastre), going on for many years, yields no intended results, and cadastral data are occasionally of a poor quality. The cadastral model being developed in Poland should make use of information from the existing land surveying, legal, and planning databases. This model should be consistent with the current technical norms and standards applied worldwide. This paper summarises, in chronological order, the most important cadastre modernisation projects undertaken in recent years in Poland, the latest of which is the Integrated System of Real Estate Information, still under development.

On the Road to Maidan: Russia's Economic Statecraft Towards Ukraine in 2013

The events preceding the 2013 Maidan protests exemplified Russia's use of its economic power over Ukraine. In trying to prevent Kyiv leaving its orbit, Moscow threatened economic rupture and closed borders, used phytosanitary and technical norms to impose import bans, and demanded swift payment of Ukraine's debt to Russia. Accompanying these negative measures were incentives: Russia promised Ukraine significant concessions in the form of loans or preferential trade treatment. As a result of this pressure, President Viktor Yanukovych, against his own preferences, refused to sign the Association Agreement with the European Union. Nevertheless, Moscow's pressure did not succeed in compelling Yanukovych to join Russia's Eurasian Economic Union.

Socialization through stories of disaster in engineering laboratories.

The initiation of novices into research communities relies on the communication of tacit knowledge, behavioral norms and moral values. Much of this instruction happens informally, as messages subtly embedded in everyday interactions. Through participant-observation and interviews, I investigate how engineers socialize future engineers. Specifically, I study how undergraduate students who work in an engineering laboratory learn their research community's social and technical norms. I found that a key method of conveying knowledge about social behavior and technical practices is the narration of the experience of mistakes and failures. As a powerful tool of socialization, these 'disaster stories' contain messages of self-deprecation, humility, teamwork and mutual learning. They are most often told by the principal investigator or a graduate student to an undergraduate student, thus generously offering novices the opportunity to learn vicariously through more experienced engineers' errors. Disaster stories can reduce hierarchy, normalize learning through mistakes and build relationships among workers through the sharing of humbling personal struggles. The stories promote collaboration, a sense of belonging and the value of continuous learning for all the community's members. They demonstrate the power of storytelling in the acquisition of tacit social and technical knowledge.

Technical specification of expert consensus statement in developing clinical practice guidelines of traditional Chinese medicine

The formation of expert consensus statement is an indispensable part in the process of developing clinical practice guidelines. The Guidelines International Network believes that experts make group decisions for different stages and issues,and the process of gathering expert opinions is the process of reaching the consensus. GRADE system also requires that recommendations should be formed based on expert consensus in consideration of the risk and bias,patients' preferences and values,resources and other factors. At present,the main method for reaching consensus is the formal consensus method. According to the published clinical guidelines,most of them failed to report the specific methods and process of reaching expert consensus. Therefore,it is impossible to obtain an objective evaluation. This phenomenon is more common in the field of clinical practice guidelines of traditional Chinese medicine( TCM). There are two main reasons for this phenomenon. For one thing,the developers of the guidelines neglect the importance of transparency and objectivity in the implementation of expert consensus. For another,they know little about the methods and technical specifications for the formation of expert consensus. To solve them,based on the internationally recognized consensus-building methods,as well as the specific stages in the process of developing clinical practice guidelines of traditional Chinese medicine,it is of great significance to put forward the technical norms for TCM researchers to develop the expert consensus. This guide will provide detailed guidance for forming the expert consensus for TCM clinical practice guideline. This guideline has been approved and published by the Chinese Association of Traditional Chinese Medicine( No. T/CACM 1049-2017).