Technical Grade Material Research Articles

Relative toxicity of the technical grade material, isomers, and formulations of endosulfan to the fish Channa punctata.

Technical grade endosulfan (96% pure) was obtained from the National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India. Samples of the two formulations were obtained from the Government Pesticide Testing Laberatory, Guntur (S, India) and the active ingredient was calculated on the basis of colorimetric analysis (MAITLEN et al. 1963) of serial dilutions.

Ionic transport and defect structure of vitreous beryllium fluoride

Vitreous BeF 2 was prepared by two techniques; (1) remelting of a technical grade material, and (2) vacuum distillation/fluoridation. Infrared spectroscopy studies have established that the first material contains about 0.5 wt.% hydroxyl, predicted to be coherently incorporated into the vitreous network as edge-linked [Be(OH) 4] 2− units. The distilled BeF 2 is water-free. The dc electrical conductivity of the remelted BeF 2 was measured as σ = (7.9 × 10 3/ T) exp(−24500 cal/mol/ RT) ω −1 cm −1 and for the distilled BeF 2 as σ = (3.0 × 10 5/ T) exp(−36700 cal/mol/ RT ω −1 cm −1 at temperatures to 280°C. Ionic transport studies utilizing a dc electrolysis polarization technique with N 2−F 2 and H 2−HF gas electrodes have demonstrated that the fluorine ion is the transport species. A general model for fluorine transport is proposed based upon a modified anti-Frenkel defect model. The difference in the fluorine transport process for the undistilled grade of BeF 2 is seen as a consequence of the anti-Frenkel defect pair interaction with the [Be(OH) 4[ 2− groupings.

The Effect of High 2,4‐D Concentrations on Degradation and Carbon Dioxide Evolution in Soils

AbstractA laboratory experiment was conducted to determine the degradation of high concentrations of 2,4‐D (2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and CO2 evolution in three soils. Two forms of 2,4‐D, technical grade and formulated, were added to each soil at rates of 50, 500, 5,000 and 20,000 µg/g of soil (ppm). Degradation of the 2,4‐D was measured by 14CO2 evolution resulting from the oxidation of uniformly ringlabeled carbon. At an application rate of 500 ppm, all three soils degraded 2,4‐D. At 5,000 and 20,000 ppm, degradation occurred in the Webster silty clay loam and Terra Ceia organic soil, but not in the Cecil sandy loam during 80 days of incubation. The degradation rate was generally higher for the formulated 2,4‐D than the technical grade material. For the higher 2,4‐D concentrations, 5,000 or 20,000 ppm, when extensive degradation occurred, total CO2 evolution was also greatly stimulated, and the pattern of total CO2 evolution rate exhibited a two‐peak response. Carbon dioxide‐carbon (CO2‐C) from the first peak appeared to be mainly from the formulation materials or from the impurities and CO2‐C from the second peak was mainly from 2,4‐D‐C.

Chromatographic Methods for Analysis of Some Fluorene-9-Carboxylic Acid Derivatives (Morphactins) in Emulsifiable Concentrates and Technical Material

Abstract Flurenol-methyl, chloroflurenol-methyl, and dichloroflurenol-methyl in emulsifiable concentrates and technical grade material are separated and identified by thin layer (TLC), high pressure liquid (HPLC), and gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). TLC results were unsatisfactory because of interferences and also variations in the quantitation of the active ingredients. HPLC and GLC gave satisfactory results. Both Porasil C400 and Corasil II HPLC columns gave good resolution of the 3 homologs, with ultraviolet detection at 254 nm. Standard curves had correlation coefficients of 0.990 or better. Analysis by GLC was quantitative with flame ionization detection and a 5% DC-200 column. Response was linear from 200 ng to 2 μg and the coefficient of variation was 2.4%. The mass spectral analysis of the formulated product is also discussed.

Determination of Ancymidol in Formulations and Technical Material

Abstract A method for the determination of the plant growth regulator ancymidol (α-cyclopropyl-α-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidinemethanol) in formulations and technical grade material is presented. Technical grade material or the 4.5% emulsifiable concentrate formulation is dissolved in chloroform and the ancymidol is measured, using a gas-liquid chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector. The 0.026% aqueous concentrate formulation is extracted with ethyl acetate and purified by Florisil column chromatography; the ancymidol is measured with a gas chromatograph. The recovery of ancymidol from a Florisil column averaged 100.1%.

Testing of some benzidine analogues for microsomal activation to bacterial mutagens

Analogues of benzidine were assayed for mutagenic activity towards Salmonella typhimurium TA 1538 in the presence and absence of a liver enzyme preparation. Purified 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine and the technical grade material had some direct mutagenic activity, but this was increased over 50-fold by addition of a liver mixed function oxidase preparation. In the presence of the liver preparation, 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine was approximately 10 times more active than benzidine, while 3,3',5,5'-tetrafluorobenzidine was of approximately equipotency. On the other hand, 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine had no mutagenic activity alone or in conjunction with a liver preparation. 3,3'-Dianisidine had slight mutagenic activity in the presence of liver but none in its absence.

Determination of the Herbicide Isopropalin in Technical Grade Material and in Formulations

Abstract Two methods are described for the determination of isopropalin (2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylcumidine) in technical grade material (a concentrate in xylene) and emulsifiable concentrate formulations. Samples measured spectrophotometrically are purified by Florisil column chromatography. Samples measured gas chromatographically are dissolved in chloroform, mixed with the internal standard, and then injected into a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector.

Purification and characterization of pesticidal synergists : I. Piperonyl butoxide

Piperonyl butoxide in greater than 99% purity could be obtained from technical material after a single chromatographic separation on Florisil. Among the identifiable impurities in technical grade material were diethyleneglycol monobutyl ether, dihydrosafrole, 6-methyl dihydrosafrole, 6-propyl piperonyl methoxide, 6-propyl piperonal, 6-chloromethyl dihydrosafrole, 6-propyl piperonylic alcohol, 2-propyl-4,5-dimethoxybenzyl n-butyldiethyleneglycol ether, bis(2-propyl-4,5-methylenedioxyphenyl) methane and di(2-propyl-4,5-methylenedioxybenzyl) ether.

Control of Forest Insects by Ultra‐low Volume Spraying

AbstractUltra‐low volume spraying calls for special insecticide formulations. Technical grade material is sprayed, at rates of only 500–1,500 c.c./ha., by mistblower, fixedwing aircraft, or helicopter, using special nozzles or the rotary atomizer system. There are a number of advantages in the use of technical grade materials, particularly in forestry: the need for solvents and carriers is eliminated, mixing is unnecessary, storage and transport costs are greatly reduced and aircraft payloads provide for greater coverage.Trials carried out in the period 1967–69 against 11 forest insect pests, including sucking species, beetles, and larvae, gave good results with ULV concentrates of malathion, dimethoate, and bromophos‐ethyl. Motorized knapsack sprayers were used for the work, but a trial helicopter spraying with 1,500 c.c. malathion against larvae of Coleophora laricella (Hb.) was also made in August 1968, producing the result required: protection of trees from significant defoliation.

The Toxicity of Organic Phosphorus Insecticides to Different Species of Warmwater Fishes

Bioassays were conducted with thirteen organic phosphorus insecticides to determine their relative toxicity to four species of fish. An extremely wide range in toxicity was found with 96-hour TLm (median tolerance limit) values ranging from 0.0052 to 610 p.p.m. Bluegills were generally the most sensitive fish, followed by guppies, fathead minnows, and then goldfish. The maximum sensitivity of the different species to particular compounds ranged from 4 to as high as 900 times the minimum. Additional experiments were conducted with some of the compounds. Larger bluegills (10 grams) were slightly more tolerant than smaller bluegills (2 grams) to Delnav, parathion, and malathion; green sunfish of similar size and largemouth bass (5 grams) were not greatly different in sensitivity from the larger bluegills. Tests of five compounds revealed that the toxicity of emulsible concentrates or wettable powders was similar to that of the technical grade material. Fathead minnow fry from 2 to 30 days old were about ten times as sensitive to Delnav as adults. However, when exposed to TEPP there was little difference in sensitivity between the fry and adults. During exposure for 15 days the toxic effect of Delnav increased about fivefold over that shown in 96 hours, but there was no additional fish mortality between 15 and 30 days.

Toxicologic studies on 2,2-bis-(chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethanol (kelthane)

1. 1. Kelthane (2,2-bis-(chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethanol), referred to below as K, was studied from the standpoints of its acute, subacute, and chronic toxicity, its storage in body fat when fed in the diet, and its effect on the ability of the adrenals to elaborate 17-hydroxycorticosteroids in response to ACTH administration. 2. 2. Oral LD 50's (mg/kg) of the technical grade material were: male and female rats, 809 ± 33 and 684 ± 16, respectively; male rabbits, 1810 ± 350; dogs of mixed sex, >4000. 3. 3. Percutaneous LD 50's in male rabbits were: technical grade K, 30% in dimethyl phthalate, 2.1 ± 0.3 g/kg; K emulsion concentrate (18.5% active ingredient), >10 ml/kg. 4. 4. Subacute percutaneous toxicity (minimal lethal dose) in male rabbits, as indicated by deaths occurring after the inunction of the test materials once daily, 5 days a week for 13 weeks, was found to be: technical grade K, 30% in dimethyl phthalate, 1.0 ml/kg; K emulsion concentrate, 18.5% active ingredient, 0.1 ml/kg; K wettable powder, 18.5% active ingredient, mixed with 2 parts of water, 0.5 g/kg. Technical grade K in dimethyl phthalate and the K emulsion concentrate were both irritating to the skin, the latter being markedly more destructive than the former. The K wettable powder was only mildly irritating. 5. 5. In the dog, K in sufficient dosage depresses the ability of the adrenals to elaborate 17-OH-corticosteroids in response to ACTH stimulation. 6. 6. Dogs fed 300 ppm or less of K in their diets for one year were unaffected. Deaths occurred at a dietary level of 900 ppm, but no signs of toxicity were observed in other animals which survived this feeding level. 7. 7. When rats were fed various concentrations of K in their diets for three months, survival was affected at 1250 ppm in both sexes. Growth was inhibited at the 100 ppm and higher levels in females, but only at 1250 ppm and higher in males. 8. 8. When rats were fed K in their diets for longer periods up to two years, survival was unaffected at levels below 1000 ppm. Females fed 250 ppm and higher levels and males 500 ppm and higher levels suffered a depression of growth. 9. 9. Lesions in the liver constituted the only treatment-related histopathologic changes seen in rats fed K containing diets. These changes varied in frequency and intensity with the dietary levels fed, with only a scattered incidence at levels below 1250 ppm. Increased liver-body weight ratios were observed. No histopathologic changes were seen in the dogs. There were no significant variations in hematological findings in treated animals as compared with controls. 10. 10. K is stored in the body fat of rats, but disappears after cessation of administration.