The Effect of High 2,4‐D Concentrations on Degradation and Carbon Dioxide Evolution in Soils

Abstract

AbstractA laboratory experiment was conducted to determine the degradation of high concentrations of 2,4‐D (2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and CO2 evolution in three soils. Two forms of 2,4‐D, technical grade and formulated, were added to each soil at rates of 50, 500, 5,000 and 20,000 µg/g of soil (ppm). Degradation of the 2,4‐D was measured by 14CO2 evolution resulting from the oxidation of uniformly ringlabeled carbon. At an application rate of 500 ppm, all three soils degraded 2,4‐D. At 5,000 and 20,000 ppm, degradation occurred in the Webster silty clay loam and Terra Ceia organic soil, but not in the Cecil sandy loam during 80 days of incubation. The degradation rate was generally higher for the formulated 2,4‐D than the technical grade material. For the higher 2,4‐D concentrations, 5,000 or 20,000 ppm, when extensive degradation occurred, total CO2 evolution was also greatly stimulated, and the pattern of total CO2 evolution rate exhibited a two‐peak response. Carbon dioxide‐carbon (CO2‐C) from the first peak appeared to be mainly from the formulation materials or from the impurities and CO2‐C from the second peak was mainly from 2,4‐D‐C.