Technical Execution Research Articles

Средневековые надгробные памятники степного Крыма

There are late eighteenth-century maps of the town of Eski-Krym (Solkhat, Krym, Staryi Krym) which Muslim commune shaped by the last third of the thirteenth century showing a number of significant architectural objects and gravestones with stone-carved decorations. The system of Muslim gravestones developed by O.-N. A. Akchokrakly and A. S. Bashkirov is based on the study of forms and the location of ornamental and epigraphic parts of monuments from the cemeteries of Staryi Krym. Carved decorations of medieval grave monuments of Solkhat show by the high artistic level of carving, the quality of technical execution, and original ornamentation. Their connection of stone carving of the Crimea in the Golden Horde Period with the Asia Minor appeared simultaneously with the development of Muslim architecture. Photographs and drawings made by an academic expedition in 1925 that surveyed ancient Tatar settlements and cemeteries in the Crimean steppe (its western areas close to Yevpatoria, as well as the north of the Crimean Peninsula and its east close to the town of Staryi Krym) show a wide range of gravestones, mostly of geometrical forms like pillars topped with turbans. There is a small group of grave monuments, or the so-called two-horned gravestones, representing a rough form of similar tombstones originating from the Muslim cemeteries of Solkhat as the capital of the Crimea in the Golden Horde Period and other large settlements, such as Eski-Iurt. The two-horned gravestones from the cemeteries of large settlements present elaborate forms and inscriptions; they are covered with ornaments featuring the Seljuk style of the Asia Minor. The two-horned gravestones from the cemeteries in the steppe have a high base, with their pillars following the shape of vertical

The Optimization of the Running Technique using Video Analysis Method

Systematic and continuous monitoring of athletic performance for the purpose of developing incrementally adaptive optimized training solutions is often presented as the future of more efficient training systems. This is a shared view in the specialty literature, with authors such as Lyle J (2005, p. 21) stating that “operational training implies the existence of a continuous monitoring process, not only within a competition but also within the training and preparation”. The periodic analysis of key performance parameters with a great effect on performance during a sports contest is a process based on a coherent, self-adaptive and continuously developing system, being the result of a a systemic analysis mechanism that focuses on the analytical evaluation, data collection and analytics, interpreting, and reporting the information obtained as a result of the research. Our approach is to apply and expand on the video analysis method by focusing on certain key questions: how much, how well, how precise but with what costs, with what effort, with what efficiency. Eliminating the “traditional” methods prompt the conclusions that using advanced mechatronic devices render us capable continuous monitoring, recording, and developing comparison solutions that enable concrete interventions on improving the technical execution of various athletic events and more.

Gráfica fuera de los límites: hacia una xilografía de campo expandido

Printmaking is currently undergoing an unprecedented renewal, as a result of a contemporary printmaking’s updating process, driven not only by new techniques and technologies but also by an interdisciplinary approach. On the other hand, there are some artists working under the purest techniques who are focusing on strategies that question traditional printmaking’s foundations, heading towards an expanded understanding of printing that breaks with the established limits: redefinition of the series, experimentation with alternative supports, overcoming the two-dimensional plane towards graphic installation, hybridization and trans-disciplinarity, etc. Digital technologies have barged into the printmaking field, making new tools and work strategies available to the artist, saving time and achieving greater technical improvement. These qualities are producing changes on how we understand woodblock printing, both in the way of conceiving the artwork and in the technical execution of it.

CURRENT METHODS OF SIGNATURES’ TECHNICAL FORGING WITH THE USE OF TECHNICAL MEANS


 Taking into account a significant scientific and technological progress, use of modern monochrome or multicolor photocopiers in the office administration, and the increase in this regard in the number of signatures received for examination by forensic expert units, relevance for continuing to study signatures as one of the essential requisites of many types of documents and methods of their technical forgery becomes obvious.
 The purpose of the article is to highlight certain issues of current methods of signatures technical forgery.
 Research methods: general (formal-logical methods of cognition: analysis, synthesis, generalization, analogy), general scientific (observation, measurement, description, comparison), special (visual, microscopic, photographic).
 Since the fact of handwritten signature execution possesses legal value, it often becomes the object of forgery. For this purpose, a variety of techniques is used. Criminals often resort to the so-called technical forgery of signatures on documents (performing signatures on behalf of another person using various techniques and technical means which helps to achieve the greatest similarity with the original) along with the usual graphic forgery. The essence of signatures technical forgery usually lies in mechanical copying, instead of imitating features of writing-motor skills and the signature-original. By such a signature, you can not measure the level of writing-motor skills of the performer.
 Each of the methods of signature technical forgery leaves in the signature the signs inherent only to this method. Studying such methods and their features collectively will allow to diagnose the fact of handwritten or technical execution of a signature with a sufficiently high degree of probability.

MINIMALLY INVASIVE LATERAL RETROPLEURAL APPROACH TO THE THORACOLUMBAR JUNCTION – REVIEW & EXPERIENCE

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the minimally invasive technique for the lateral retropleural approach to the thoracolumbar spine and its viability in several affections of the region, demonstrating its indications, potential advantages, and necessary precautions, with an emphasis on the local anatomy, especially the diaphragm. Methods After a review of the literature, the initial experience of the Service is reported, comparing it to the published results. The surgical technique used is described with emphasis on the surgical anatomy of the diaphragm. Results The minimally invasive lateral retropleural approach to the thoracolumbar junction with the application of an expandable tubular retractor was described step-by-step in this study, with emphasis on the crucial points of technical execution, such as preoperative planning, access to the retropleural plane, and an orthogonal approach for adequate discectomy and/or corpectomy and subsequent implant placement. It can be used in the treatment of deformities, degenerative diseases, trauma, tumors, and infections and it allows for adequate interbody arthrodesis fusion rates associated with a smaller skin incision and less soft tissue damage, blood loss, and postoperative pain. Thus, it results in better postoperative mobility and a shorter hospital stay, which can also be observed in the data from initial experience of this Service. Conclusions The minimally invasive technique for the lateral retropleural approach to the thoracolumbar spine with the application of an expandable tubular retractor was shown to be promising and safe for the treatment of several spinal diseases despite the complex and challenging local anatomy and it presents advantages over the morbidity rates observed in the traditional approach. Level of evidence IV; Case series.

Effects of Eccentric Single-Leg Decline Squat Exercise on the Morphological and Structural Properties of the Vastus Lateralis and Patellar Tendon.

The purpose was to examine the effect of 6-week eccentric single-leg decline squat (SLDSe) training with two technical execution times (3 s or 6 s) on changes related to the structural properties of the vastus lateralis (VL) and patellar tendon (PT). Thirty-six physical active volunteers were randomly divided into three groups: control group (CG, n = 13, age = 20.8 ± 1.9 years, no intervention program), experimental group 1 (EG1, n = 11, age = 21.6 ± 2.5 years, execution time = 6 s) and experimental group 2 (EG2, n = 12, 21.1 ± 1.2 years, execution time = 3 s). Participants completed a 6-week SLDSe training program (80% of 1-RM) three days a week. The structural characteristics of the VL and the PT were measured with ultrasonography before and after 6-week SLDSe training and after 6 weeks of de-training. Our results indicate that EG1 increased ≈21.8% the thickness of the PT and EG2 increased ≈15.7% the thickness of the VL after the 6-week intervention program. EG1 and EG2 showed greater values (p < 0.05) of lean mass and lower values (p < 0.05) of fat percentage on the thigh after the intervention program. In conclusion, the SLDSe training carried out with the execution time of 6 s had greater effects on the structural and elastic properties of the PT, and the exercise with the execution time of 3 s caused greater structural adaptations in the VL musculature.

A Swift and Dynamic Strategy to Expand Emergency Department Capacity for COVID-19.

Emergency departments (EDs) worldwide struggled to prepare for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patient surge and to simultaneously preserve sufficient capacity for "regular" emergency care. While many hospitals used costly shelter facilities, it was decided to merge the acute medical unit (AMU) and the ED. The conjoined AMU-ED was segregated into a high-risk and a low-risk area to maintain continuity of emergency care. This strategy allowed for a feasible, swift, and dynamic expansion of ED capacity without the need for external tent facilities. This report details on the technical execution and discusses the pearls and potential pitfalls of this expansion strategy. Although ED preparedness for pandemics may be determined by local factors, such as hospital size, ED census, and primary health-care efficacy, the conjoined AMU-ED strategy may be a potential model for other EDs.

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE WHISTLEBLOWING INTENTIONS VILLAGE GOVERNMENT OFFICIAL

The study investigates the factors that influence village officials to have an interest in whistleblowing. Organizational commitment, rewarding, idealism ethical orientation, relativism and machiavellian ethical orientation are used as factors that influence the interest of village officials to do whistleblowing. The population in this research is the entire officials of the village government who worked in district Kelayang, Indragiri Hulu Regency. The sampling technique in this research is to use incidental sampling. A total of 60 village officialses participated in this study, which consisted of village heads, village secretaries. regional executor and technical executive. The data analysis technique used is multiple regression. The results of hypothesis testing that is: organizational commitment and idealism ethical orientation effect on interest to do the whistleblowing but reward, relativism ethical orientation and machiavellian nature has no effect against the interest to do the whistleblowing.This research contributes to reducing the occurrence of fraud committed by village officials.

The Role of the Prosecutor in Executing the Payment of Replacement Money

This research is about the role of the Prosecutor as an executor in executing the assets of the convicts of corruption, to recover the State financial losses from corruption. Besides that, this research aims to know about the returning of State financial losses through the payment of replacement money. Corruption is an extraordinary crime, veiled and endanger national stability and security and inhibiting Indonesian economic development. This research is a normative legal research with primary, secondary and tertiary legal material supported by data. This research is using statutory, case, and comparative approaches. The legal basis used in this research are Law No. 31 of 1999 in conjunction with Law No. 20 of 2001, Law No. 16 of 2004 and Law No. 8 of 1981 (Indonesian Criminal Procedural Code). The corruption has become systematic and the scope enters into all aspect of life, start with the lower level with State Officers and law enforcers becomes the dominant actors. In imposing the sanction, The Judges are not only charge imprisonment but also charge additional fines and/or penalties to returning the State financial losses and ask the convicts of corruption to pay the replacement money to the State. The problem arises in this research related to the execution of the verdict about returning State financial losses which are the assets of the convicted person is already in the third party hands or have been depleted, dual population administration, the length of the judicial process, the convicted person prefers to take the subsidiary criminal charge and the hollow of norm regarding technical execution for the Prosecutors so that the execution cannot be carried out.

Transjugular liver biopsy and hepatic venous pressure gradient measurement in patients with and without liver cirrhosis

Transjugular liver biopsy (TJLB) and hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) measurement are diagnostic procedures for patients with acute and chronic liver diseases. Technical execution of TJLB and HVPG may be challenging in patients with advanced liver disease. We studied consecutive TJLB and HVPG procedures and investigated technical success, complications, quality of biopsies, indications and treatment changes in patients with and without liver cirrhosis. In the study period from 2010 to 2018, 575 consecutive TJLB and HVPG procedures were analyzed. Demographic characteristics, procedure-related and follow-up data were extracted from medical records. In total, 259 (45%) patients were diagnosed with liver cirrhosis whereas 316 (55%) patients had no evidence of advanced chronic liver disease. Technical success of TJLB was significantly higher in patients without liver cirrhosis (287; 92%) compared to patients with liver cirrhosis [184; 76.7% (P = 0.001)]. Technical success of HVPG measurement was not different between both groups (P = 0.553). Liver biopsy specimens were significantly shorter in patients with liver cirrhosis (P = 0.001). Medical therapy was adjusted in 163 (28.4%) patients. In patients with liver cirrhosis, results of TJLB led less frequently to therapy initiation or adjustment compared to patients without liver cirrhosis (P = 0.001). In multivariate analysis, liver cirrhosis (Exp(B) 1.866; P = 0.012), alanine aminotransferase (Exp(B) 0.248; P < 0.001) and INR (Exp(B) 0.583; P = 0.027) were independently associated with treatment change. Technical success and therapeutic decisions of TJLB are directly linked to presence or absence of liver cirrhosis.

Visualisation techniques in sport - the mental road map for success

Athletes of the highest level in many sports (athletics, football, baseball, tennis, golf, rugby, skiing, gymnastics, swimming, basketball etc.) talk about the importance of visualising technical execution both during the training period and in competition (during warm-ups, during breaks in official games, before throws, jumps, free kicks etc.). Visualisation techniques can improve motor skills, grow muscle strength, increase selfconfidence, attention concentration and decrease anxiety. Through the use of imagery, pain management, endurance, performance motivation and physical performance can also be enhanced in athletes. To achieve the best results, visualisation techniques should include the five major senses (touch, hearing, sight, smell and taste) and should consider key aspects such as perspective, emotion, environment, task and timing. Mental rehearsal (or visualisation) is powerful because the subconscious processes the experience as a real one (by firing those neurons that are responsible for skill acquisition), makes the person calmer and more adapted to stressful situations, and can speed up the learning process in athletes and not only. One hour of mental training a day in 6-10 sequences has a special benefit that cannot be obtained by any other means. By applying both guided imagery techniques and practice, athletes design their mental road maps for success.

Adesão a higienização das mãos por estudantes e profissionais da saúde: revisão integrativa

Objetivo: Pesquisar na literatura científica a adesão a higienização das mãos por estudantes e profissionais da saúde. Métodos: Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática nas bases de dados indexadas à Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS) e no Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo), usando como critério de inclusão artigos originais, publicados no período de 2015 a 2020, nos idiomas inglês e português, e como critérios de exclusão, artigos duplicados e aqueles sem relação com o tema. Resultados: Compõem essa pesquisa 13 artigos, nos quais foi possível averiguar que existem divergências siginificativas quanto a adesão a higienização das mãos por estudantes e profissionais de saúde. Considerações finais: É válido destacar que os estudantes e profissionais de saúde se comportam de forma diferente no tocante as medidas de adesão á higienização da mãos, foi possível identificar que os acadêmicos apresentam certa resistência a aderir e praticar tais precauções, quando comparado com os profissionais de saúde que possuem pelo menos o nível de graduação. Medidas envolvendo formação adequada, treinamento para execução técnica da HM e a realização de campanhas e oficinas periódicas funcionam como medidas para fortalecimento dessa attitude.

Differences in Technical and Tactical Learning of Football According to the Teaching Methodology: A Study in an Educational Context

Football performance requires beginning learners to develop both technical skills and tactical awareness. The aim of this study was to examine and contrast the differences in the learning of football across two different teaching methodologies. A total of 35 students, distributed in two class-groups at the fifth-grade level of primary education participated in the study. Each class group participated in just one of the intervention programs (tactical program, n = 17; technical program, n = 18). The Instrument for the Measurement of Learning and Performance in Football was used to evaluate each student’s actions and in relation to specific performance indicators. For each one of the play actions analyzed, the Performance Index of Decision-Making, the Performance Index of Technical Execution, and the Performance Index of Final Results were calculated and these scores were summed to generate the Total Performance Index. The differences in technical and tactical learning between the class-groups were calculated using the Total Performance Index. For this assessment, various statistical tests were used: the Mann–Whitney’s U and the Wilcoxon’s T (for the non-parametric variables) and the T-test for Independent Samples, as well as the T-test for Related Samples (for the parametric variables). Likewise, a 2 × 2 ANOVA was conducted to determine whether the students’ previous experience had an effect on the level of learning. The results indicated improvements with both intervention programs; however, the tactical program provided a higher level of learning than the technical program between the assessment tests. The experience of the students had an effect on the play actions of dribbling the ball and in marking the player without the ball. Physical education teachers are recommended to implement comprehensive methods for technical and tactical football teaching at school.

RE: Mesocycle Progression in Hypertrophy: Volume Versus Intensity

RE: Mesocycle Progression in Hypertrophy: Volume Versus Intensity

A closer look at Turkish cadastre and its successful completion

Land underpins most social, economic and an environmental activity, because of this, there was an urgent need in Turkey for the completion of a cadastre to be used by government decision-makers, landowners and real estate practitioners. For many years technical, financial, and social problems affected the execution of many land-related projects in Turkey. In 2005, a land cadastre project was designed, called Cadastre Completion Project and implemented over the following three years. This paper presents a review of the Turkish cadastral system in terms of its administration, technical, and organizational structure followed by a critical analysis of the design and development of the Cadastre Completion Project. Findings in this paper draw upon project appraisal documents and data obtained from the cadastre institutions specifically looking at the relationship between the quality and completion of Turkey’s cadastre. Value for Money assessment of the Project is based on a financing model that included costs for surveying the land parcels, the quantity of work, cost recovery, the participation of the private sector, and land disputes. This review demonstrated that the technical execution of the cadastre, undertaken by the private sector speeded up the project and, contrary to general beliefs, it reduced costs. Further, that the cadastre investment could be recovered within approximately 20 years as a result of revolving fund enterprise revenues, noting this excludes taxes and duties paid to the state. Furthermore, the revolving fund could also be a serious resource for corporate finance. Thus, the Cadastre Completion Project highlights the importance of international finance institutions, that do play a significant role in realizing such a large-size cadastre project as described in this paper.

Impact and prevention of errors in endovascular treatment of unruptured intracranial aneurysms.

Preventing errors and complications in neurointervention is crucial, particularly in the treatment of unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIAs), where the natural history is generally benign, and the margin of treatment benefit small. We aimed to investigate how neurointerventionalists perceive the importance and frequency of errors and the resulting complications in endovascular UIA treatment, and which steps could be taken to prevent them. An international multidisciplinary survey was conducted among neurointerventionalists. Participants provided their demographic characteristics and neurointerventional treatment volume. They were asked about their perceptions on the importance and frequency of different errors in endovascular UIA treatment, and which solutions they thought to be most effective in preventing these errors. Two-hundred-thirty-three neurointerventionalists from 38 countries participated in the survey. Participants identified errors in technical execution as the most common source of complications in endovascular UIA treatment (40.4% thought these errors constituted a relatively or very large proportion of all complication sources), closely followed by errors in decision-making/indication (32.2%) and errors related to management of unexpected events (28.4%). Simulation training was thought to be most effective in reducing technical errors, while cognitive errors were believed to be best minimized by abandoning challenging procedures, more honest discussion of complications and better standardization of procedure steps. Neurointerventionalists perceived both technical and cognitive errors to be important sources of complications in endovascular UIA treatment. Simulation training, a cultural change, higher acceptance of bail-out strategies and better standardization of procedures were perceived to be most effective in preventing these.

Análisis de la técnica de tiro libre de jugadores de baloncesto normalizados en contexto formativo

El objetivo fue determinar si la técnica de tiro libre ejecutada por jugadores de baloncesto de entre 9 y 11 años no participantes en ninguna selección autonómica y nacional coincidió con la técnica reportada por la literatura y estudios previos. El trabajo se realizó diferenciando la técnica de tiro antes de la salida y a la salida del balón. Participaron 12 jugadores varones de entre 9 y 11 años (M = 10,43, DT = ,63) que nunca habían participado en ninguna selección autonómica ni nacional. Se utilizó la metodología observacional a través de un diseño puntual/nomotético/multidimensional. Se grabó a los jugadores realizando un test que constaba de 10 tiros libres. Posteriormente, dos observadores observaron la ejecución técnica de cada uno de los tiros realizados por los jugadores. Se realizó la detección de t-patterns mediante el software Theme v.6 EDU. No se detectó ningún t-pattern antes de la salida del balón ni a la salida debido a que los tiros se realizaron siguiendo conductas muy dispares, que no se repitieron de forma regular en el tiempo. En el presente trabajo se utilizó un instrumento de observación que permitió la obtención de información directamente aplicable a la realidad diferenciando lo que ocurre antes de la salida del balón y a la salida del mismo. Se comprobó que los jugadores analizados, los cuales no jugaban en ninguna selección, ejecutaron una técnica de tiro que contrastaba en varios criterios con las recomendaciones propuestas por la literatura y estudios previos. The purpose was to determine whether the free throw technique of under-12 basketball players, who did not participated in any regional and national team, was similar to the technique reported by the literature and previous studies. The analysis differentiated prior to shoot and at ball release moments. Participant were 12 male players between 9 and 11 years old (M = 10.43, SD =, 63) who had never participated in any regional and national team. The observational methodology was used through a point/nomothetic/multidimensional design. The players were recorded performing a test consisting of 10 free throws. Two observers observed the technical execution of each of the shots made by the players. T-patterns were detected using Theme v.6 EDU software. Neither prior to ball release nor at ball release t-patterns were detected because the free throws followed very different behaviours, which were not repeated regularly over time. In the present work, an observation instrument was used that allowed obtaining information directly applicable to reality, differentiating between the free throw technique prior to shoot and at ball release moments. The analysed players, who did not play in any regional and national team, executed a free throw technique that contrasted in several criteria with the literature and previous studies recommendations. O objetivo foi determinar se a técnica do tiro livre executada por jogadores de basquete entre 9 e 11 anos de idade que não participavam de nenhuma seleção regional e nacional coincidia com a técnica relatada na literatura e em estudos anteriores. O trabalho foi realizado diferenciando a técnica do chute antes do início e do início da bola. Participaram 12 jogadores do sexo masculino entre 9 e 11 anos (M = 10,43, DT =, 63) que nunca haviam participado de nenhuma equipe regional ou nacional. A metodologia observacional foi utilizada através de um desenho pontual/nomotético/multidimensional. Os jogadores foram gravados realizando um teste composto por 10 chutes da linha de lance livre. Posteriormente, dois observadores observaram a execução técnica de cada um dos tiros feitos pelos jogadores. Os t-patterns foram detectados usando o software Theme v.6 EDU. Nenhum t-patterns foi detectado antes do início da bola ou no início, porque os chutes foram feitos seguindo comportamentos muito diferentes, que não foram repetidos regularmente ao longo do tempo. No presente trabalho, foi utilizado um instrumento de observação que permitiu obter informações diretamente aplicáveis à realidade, diferenciando o que ocorre antes da saída da bola e da saída da bola. Verificou-se que os jogadores analisados, que não jogaram em nenhuma seleção, executaram uma técnica de chute que contrasta em vários critérios com as recomendações propostas pela literatura e estudos anteriores.

A Teaching Games for Understanding Program to Deal With Reasons for Dropout in Under-11 Football

ABSTRACT Young players report that they dropout of organized football due to excessive emphasis on technical execution, low success, and the lack of autonomy and motivation experienced by players during training sessions. Purpose: To determine whether a TGfU intervention during a youth football program led players to improve in variables related to dropout. That means tactical-technical competence (decision-making, skill execution), success (successful game performance), autonomy (number of decisions made, player autonomy, number of game involvements, player participation), and motivation (enjoyment, intention to be physically active). Method: Twenty under-11-players and two coaches were recruited from 17 clubs. A pretest-posttest design with a multi-method approach was used. Coaches were trained and mentored in TGfU. Data were collected using Game Performance Assessment Instrument, enjoyment and intention to be physically active scales, and two focus groups with the players and the coaches. Results: Players improved in decision-making, skill execution, successful game performance, number of decisions made, number of game involvements, and intention to be physically active (p < .05). Participants attributed the results to the TGfU pedagogical features emphasized during the coaches’ training and mentoring. Conclusion: Considering the reasons for dropout in football, in terms of excessive emphasis on technical execution, low success, and the lack of autonomy and motivation experienced by players, TGfU could be a useful pedagogical approach for teaching-learning organized youth football. The TGfU pedagogical features emphasized during coaches’ training and mentoring could be crucial to obtain these results due to the fact that they were the sub-themes highlighted during the focus groups.

Design and Validation of the Instrument for the Measurement of Learning and Performance in Football.

The assessment of tactical-technical knowledge of football is essential to develop optimal and integral teaching processes for students. Therefore, the aim of this study was to design and validate an instrument so that teachers, coaches, and researchers can observe and codify both the tactical behaviors and technical skills performed by the students in the game of football. The design and validation of the instrument were carried out in four phases: a) review of the literature and previous instruments; b) design of the Instrument for the Measurement of Learning and Performance in Football (IMLPFoot). It assesses all the offensive and defensive play actions, with and without the ball, as well as their three components (decision-making, technical execution, and final result); c) sample selection of experts (N = 12); and d) quantitative (Likert-type scale from 1 to 10) and qualitative assessment of degree the pertinence, unambiguity, and importance of each of the 33 items included in the IMLPFoot. Aiken’s V coefficient was used to determine content validity. Likewise, internal consistency was calculated using Cronbach’s α coefficient. The results showed demanding levels of validity (V ≥ 0.77), internal consistency (α = 0.983), inter-rater, and intra-rater reliability. Therefore, it is a valid and reliable instrument that makes possible a complete assessment of football in physical education classes and/or in the sports context (out-of-school football).

Osteotomies for the Management of Medial Compartment Defects of the Knee.

For nearly three-quarters of a century the proximal tibia osteotomy has been used as an effective treatment for cartilage injuries of the knee. Over this same timeframe several advancements have been made in our diagnostic, preoperative planning, and technical execution of this procedure. As such, good-to-excellent short-, mid-, and long-term outcomes have been reported. Since its inception, the most important step in deciding on this procedure is identifying the ideal candidate. This candidate should be a young patient (<55 years old), active, with isolated medial compartment arthrosis without significant comorbidities. With appropriate patient selection and careful preoperative planning, the patient should achieve excellent results and high satisfaction.