Technical-economic Indicators Research Articles

Использование компьютерной программы «ПРОЕКТ ВПУ» для проведения технологического расчета и анализа технологий обессоливания воды на ТЭС и АЭС

There are many viable options of desalination schemes that allow us to obtain purified water of the required quality. To conduct process design of a water treatment plant, thermal power plants and nuclear power plants use special software provided by manufacturers of ion exchangers and membrane elements. However, these software programs consider individual water treatment technologies and are attached to filter and membrane materials of a specific manufacturer. They do not provide the ability to calculate complete water desalination schemes, as well as determine the performance indicators of the water treatment plant. It is relevant to develop a software program that allows us to conduct process design of complete water treatment schemes, which include various water treatment technologies, and to determine technological, environmental, and technical-economic indicators. Multivariate calculations with different initial data will allow us to identify the advantages and disadvantages of scheme solutions and determine areas of their rational use. The method of mathematical modeling of chemical and technological processes of water treatment at thermal power plants and nuclear power plants has been used. An application software program “PROJECT WTP” has been developed. It is designed for process design of various water treatment schemes, which are visually assembled from individual elements, and allows one to determine the technological, environmental, and performance indicators of the operation of water treatment plant. Computation data on the auxiliary need coefficient has been obtained for the main water desalination schemes and under condition of different mineralization of the source water. The developed software program can be used for process design of various water treatment schemes and assessment of the degree of improvement of water desalination technology.

Concerns and Achievements Regarding the Increase of the Open Pits’ Economic Efficiency

Abstract Starting from the remark that in the 20th and early 21st century open pits have experienced an unprecedented expansion, the paper analyzes the current and future concerns related to the open pits of useful mineral substances and highlights with concrete data and notable achievements all the activities carried out in an open pit, finally presenting the technical-economic indicators obtained in Romanian open pits.

ჭაბურღილების ბურღვა ბოლნისის მუნიციპალიტეტის პოლიმეტალურ საბადოში არსებული ძვირფასი ლითონების მოსაპოვებლად

Wells for the extraction of precious metals at the poly deposit of Bolnisi municipality are drilled with EPIROC Christensen 140 Crawler Tier III and Atlas Copco Christensen CS 140 drilling rigs. In order to reduce the time required for lowering and removing the drill pipes and to remove the core qualitatively, without loss, and quickly, the Canadian detachable coring gun is used. Drilling wells is produced with CR-650 polymer powder (polyacrylamide) based drilling polymer solution, which, along with the removal of the drilled rock particles, lubricates and cools the drilling tools, and also prevents muds from hardening and, therefore, narrowing of the wellbore and jamming of the drill pipes. When drilling a well in fractured rock, a buffer solution is used to prevent absorption of the drilling fluid. The use of the above-mentioned modern methods has significantly improved the working time balance and technical-economic indicators of drilling.

Enhancing operational characteristics and technical-economic indicators of vessels through the application of new toothed coupling designs

This study demonstrates the potential for improving the operational characteristics and technical-economic indicators of vessels operating under conditions of misalignment of the axes of connecting shafts of marine power plants and their elements by using toothed coupling constructions with enhanced operational characteristics. The proposed couplings are designed in a way that makes them almost insensitive to the misalignment of the axes of connecting shafts, thus operating like an ideal hinge. The application of toothed couplings allows reducing the likelihood of unscheduled docking of the vessel, which, in turn, helps save significant costs for realignment and payment in case of the loss of the vessel’s transit capacity.

Subsidies’ Impacts on Technical–Economic Indicators in Large Crop Farms

The objective of the analysis is to quantify the impact of subsidies on the activity of two large farms of 600 ha and 3000 ha, respectively. The innovative solution from this analysis is to create a model that can be used at the macroeconomic level, showing the possible ways in which these large farms can secure their incomes. To study the use of these subsidies, the methods of technical–economic analysis, economic–financial analysis and statistical analysis of the data were used. Descriptive statistics, visual inspection and basic comparative methods were used to determine the statistical patterns of subsidy impact and variation for each crop. In this context, this is evidence of the possibility of probable expansion of crop income and profitability. The results were different for the two arable farms studied. The results for the 600 ha arable farm suggested that the statistical model was inconclusive due to the annual adjustment of the cropping plan and the impossibility of making viable forecasts, especially since the ecological performance fluctuated (in 2020 the farm was on the verge of profitability), although the positive impact of subsidies was evident in loss-making years. For the 3000 ha arable farm, the statistical model was relevant because it highlighted crops (corn and soybeans) that consistently contributed to good and increasing income and economic performance, as well as highlighting the significant impact of subsidies. The conclusions of the study emphasize the indispensability of subsidies for large farms and the contribution of crops to income generation. These conclusions provide a valuable source of information for relevant policy decisions and can guide future research aiming to increase the profitability of these farms and allocate resources appropriately and efficiently in the agricultural sector.

Evaluation of the Impact of Different Types of Uncoupling on the Processing Capacity of Hump Yards

The paper considers the issue of evaluating the impact of different types of uncoupling to increase the processing capacity of hump yards to ensure high technical-economic indicators in the conditions of limited capital funds. Moreover it describes the mathematical formulation of the sorting slide. For the mathematical formulation, the sorting slide is taken as a surface that is uniquely projected onto a horizontal plane. Based on the results of calculations, more accurate data on the speeds of movement along the downhill part of the slide are determined. This data is compared with experimental results.

Economic Viability of Alternative Bedding Material in Broiler Chicken Farming

The aim of this paper is to assess the economic viability of two different bedding materials used in broiler chicken farming processes. The materials considered are wood shavings and slice-dedusted straw. The slice-dedusted straw is considered an alternative type of bedding material produced by a company from Slovenia. While the technological and economic assessment of this type of bedding material has already been researched in the case of horse breeding, it is something new in the case of broiler chicken farming. Data collection is structured from two trials. Trial one (T1) is also known as daily observations, and trial two (T2) involves obtaining input data at the end of the fattening period. During T1, daily observations are focused on collecting data from technical characteristics, and in T2, the percentage of death proportions and average increments are observed, calculated, and considered as economic input data. The cost calculation model is used for the calculation of several different technical-economic indicators, which denote the influence of different bedding materials no economic production viability. Favorable economic results were found for slice-dedusted straw, which shows that this kind of alternative bedding material could be the better option.

ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ТЕОРИИ ГРАФОВ ПРИ ФОРМИРОВАНИИ ОПТИМАЛЬНЫХ КОМПЛЕКСОВ МЕЛИОРАТИВНЫХ КАНАЛООЧИСТИТЕЛЬНЫХ МАШИН

Purpose: to consider the principles laid down in the graph theory for solving problems on formation of optimal complexes of machines for cleaning and restoring reclamation canals. Materials and methods. To form an optimal complex of machines for cleaning reclamation canals, materials that were obtained during studies of the state of the elements of both the irrigation and drainage networks of reclamation systems, which require sequential implementation of technological operations were used. To select the optimal set of canal cleaning machines from the list of existing or new ones, elements of graph theory and Dijkstra's algorithm were used. Results. The presence of a large number of various types and sizes of canal cleaners helps to solve problems tied with the removal of sediment, silting and vegetation from canals. However, from an economic point of view, the more machines are in one complex, the more expensive it is to clean the canals. At the same time, there are no complexes of machines containing a minimum of machines (one or two) capable of performing all operations for cleaning and restoring the canals of reclamation systems. Taking into account the fact that the canals can be both with a fixed bottom and without its fixing, the cleaning can be carried out using a canal cleaner with a rigid guide bucket. For the first case, it is advisable to use a rectangular bucket, and for the second – a trapezoidal profile. Such a design makes it possible to provide the design dimensions of the bottom and the canal slopes adjacent to the bottom. Conclusions. The task of forming the optimal composition of a complex of machines based on their technical-operational and technical-economic indicators can be solved by graph theory. Dijkstra's algorithm, which is most often used in finding the shortest paths in logistics, is applicable to solving problems of cleaning canals with canal cleaning systems at the lowest cost.

Application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process for selection of alternative solutions for domestic wastewater treatment

Choosing the best form of domestic sewage treatment requires analyses that allow decision-making on the ideal solutions for implementation, according to the particularities of each regionality, especially when it comes to rural and isolated areas dependent on decentralized solutions. Thus, through this study, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used from a data collection on simplified treatment systems existing in temperate municipalities without a dry season, to evaluate priority systems in different scenarios considering environmental, social, and technical-economic indicators. Among the results for the scenarios performed, the compact upflow anaerobic reactor, the septic tank and anaerobic filter, and the septic tank and built-in flooded system of vertical subsurface flow were the solutions that proved to be the most indicated following the indicators used and the existing information. It is noteworthy that the results refer to the study area in question, and new applications of the method are needed in different climatic regions. From the application of the methodology, the AHP tool indicated that it is a viable method to assist in decision-making regarding the selection of sewage treatment systems in rural areas, which, being tied to municipal planning in basic sanitation, assists in the optimization of existing resources. The sensitivity of the method showed the importance of its application with data collected on site, in addition to the incorporation of public and experts opinions in the contribution of the degree of importance of the criteria and indicators used.

К вопросу влияния вибраций на эксплуатационную надежность поворотного механизма портальных и башенных кранов

Impacts of vibration on operational reliability of turning mechanisms of gantry and rower cranes are considered. Besides that, the structural features of kinematic chain of drive, including gear transmission with internal large module teeth, roller bearing without retaining ring, excitement of torsional, bending low-frequency vibrations at operation in nominal mode of cargo lifting that causes the origination of of increasing friction moment and stop of turning mechanism are researched in this article. Moreover, the technological and structural solutions aimed on decreasing of excited vibrations are proposed, and the supporting-rotating rolling bearings without retaining ring with improved technical-economic indicators are considered.

Increase the functionality of vibration feeders with electromagnetic vibration

Under modern conditions vibrating hopper feeders with electromagnetic drive are irreplaceable when it comes to production processes in mechanical engineering and instrument making optimization processes. They are used to download small, medium or miniature details to automated technological equipment, such as automatic machines, automatic lines and automated complexes, or any other flexible automated production. The vibrating hopper loading devices are most commonly used in transportation and loading of details on working positions of assembly automatic machines and assembly automated complexes. In this case the details must be issued in a clearly oriented state. For this purpose, the stationary automated orienting devices, or the orienting devices located directly on the working vibrating feeders` bodies are used. Low compressed air pressure is often used in these devices. Apart from this, in some cases the low compressed air pressure is used in vibrating feeders to increase the maximum lifting angle when vibrating transportation of details on a transport tray of the feeder. We already know the designs of vibrating feeders, whose transport tray is equipped with channels and openings for the supply of compressed air, whose jets affect the parts that are transported in order to increase the maximum possible lifting angle or the speed of parts transportation, as well as to ensure the guaranteed gap between them at the download position. We also know the vibrating feeders` constructions equipped with jet pneumatic devices, which are set exactly on the vibrating feeder hopper and serve for non-contact orientation of details that are issued. All of these devices use the low compressed air supplied by means of the flexible pipeline from a workshop pneumatic network. But the fact that such network is simply absent in many enterprises` workshops makes it impossible to use the vibrating feeders like these, this way decreasing their use. For expanding their use it is necessary to have vibrating feeders with individual low pressure compressed air source. Modern production manufactures new models of machines with high technical economic indicators, so functionality increase of the existing one equipment and the development of new schemes of machines is an important task for designers and technological equipment manufacturers, because minimal improvement of its technological and performance can lead to a significant economic effect. The set of elements affecting the performance and efficiency of vibrating bunker feeders with electromagnetic drives that have a directional elastic system are presented in this paper. The additional structural elements increasing the functionality of such feeders are offered.

The advanced rational process flowsheets for cropping spiked cereals

The highly-effective process flowsheets for cropping spiked cereals have been proposed, representing the operation sequence and cycle performed, interconnected with the effective operations technical support, supported by highly productive technical-economic indicators. Cultivation sheets are based on many years of research in machine technologies for grain crop cultivation, a scientifically grounded farming system, working knowledge of serial equipment design features produced by the machine-building industry in Russia and the Republic of Belarus, as well as the climatic conditions of the Krasnodar Krai. The proposed process flowsheets consider a new scientific direction for the creation of multifunctional machine units that perform several types of farming operations in one pass through the field, due to which high efficiency is ensured. A labor productivity doubles in field husbandry, a metal consumption in production process performance is reduced 1.3 times, an energy consumption – 1.6 times compared to the basic process flowsheets for grain farming, contributing to the growth of the product competitiveness.

Features of calculations for arc quenching reactors with non-magnetic gaps in core of magnetic circuit

This article presents the results of comparative studies of existing methods to calculate the inductance of dynamic and static single-phase reactors of arc extinguishing by double-rod and armored magnetic circuits with non-magnetic gaps in terms of the geometric parameters of the device. There are proposed expressions to correct the determination of the effective area of the winding of reactors by the shunting magnetic flux. On the basis of numerical calculations, the significant influence of the correct calculation of the effective area of the reactor winding by the shunt magnetic flux on the result of calculating the inductance is shown, it undoubtedly affecting the accuracy of the operation of both many digital devices of existing substations in particular, and new digital substations being introduced in general. It was also found in the work, that carrying out the correct calculation will improve both electrical characteristics of the device, and technical economic indicators of capacitive current compensation systems as part of digital substations, when setting the inverse problem of determining the geometric dimensions of the electrical part of the reactor according to the known inductance value, which depends and is calculated on the parameters of the given network, including capacitive currents.

Smelting of steel semi-product in BOF and EAF under magnesian slags

Basics for the development of a rational composition of the main magnesian slags and technological methods for their formation according to the periods of BOF bath blowing and the periods of smelting in EAF are the results of fundamental studies of the slags physicochemical properties. Implementation in the converter shop of OJSC “EVRAZ NTMK” of a developed set of technological methods of magnesian slags formation in the main period of blowing and a wearresistant skull on the basis of magnesian final slags ensured record durability of converter linings. These slags have low aggressive effect on the lining of converters, while maintaining high refining properties. The durability of the converters’ lining exceeds 7000 heats, while maintaining high technological and technical-economic indicators of the process. During heats of low manganese cast irons in 350-metric ton heavy converters of JSC “EVRAZ ZSMK” under magnesian slags, the features of slag formation and changes in chemical composition of the slag were studied by the periods of the BOF bath blowing. During the process stage of phosphorous cast irons in 300-metric ton BOF at JSC “ArcelorMittal Temirtau”, a set of technological methods was developed for the formation of magnesian slags of the recommended chemical composition by the periods of phosphorus cast irons blowing and wear-resistant skulls based on final magnesian slags of moderate basicity. The implementation of the developed technological methods ensured the lining stability of BOF of more than 5 000 heats while maintaining high technological, technical and economic indicators of phosphorous process stage. In the EAF shop of PJSC “Seversky Pipe Plant” a technology for the formation of magnesian slags of rational composition was developed over the smelting periods in EAF-135. Introduction of the technology ensured the record resistance of the refractory lining of the furnace up to 1900 heats per campaign and high level of technological and technical-economic indicators of the process.

Improvement of the material and production resources control in the construction industry

Ensuring effective and smooth functioning of construction organizations is impossible without the use in the activity inventory. The lack of effective operations management for the procurement and purchase of materials and accounts payable leads to errors that have a significant impact on execution of plans to completion of construction, the overstatement of the cost of new and previously rendered services, which in turn affect the profit and profitability of a construction company. Delays in delivery of materials leads to the violation of the rhythm of work of the organizations, downtime, requires additional labor costs, affects the quality of the products and degrades the technical-economic indicators of construction, in turn, the rhythm of delivery and accounts payable leads to the need for reform scope of work, failure to fulfil contractual obligations for its surrender, and economic sanctions. The purpose of this article is to study theoretical and methodological aspects of management of material - industrial stocks and their current state in construction organizations. On the basis of the studied materials, the findings for improving the system of control of inventories of construction organizations, including the introduction of modern inventory management systems, which are now very popular in the European market but not yet used by construction organizations of Uzbekistan. The subject of the study was inventory of construction organizations “PARKENTSUVQURILISH”, which is a company with Russian capital. In this regard, the guidelines may be used both Uzbek and Russian organizations in the construction industry.

Estimation of Sport Facilities by Means of Technical-Economic Indicator

Abstract This paper is concerned with early cost estimation of sport facilities. Sufficiently precise cost estimation is essential for investors in the pre-investment stage where they decide on whether to pursue an investment and choose a suitable technical solution for the development of the project. Through a detailed analysis of the technical and economic documentation pertaining to seven sport facilities projects assembled using concrete prefabricated beam parts, as well as evaluation of the data thus obtained, three types of technical-economic indicators were set in relation to the enclosed building area, the number of spectator seats and the sports playing area. The results achieved indicate that evaluation of relations between these three indicators could contribute to a more effective use of investment funding on the part of the investor. Other conclusions include the finding that available indicators published by private companies active in the area of construction budgeting are not sufficiently accurate for the purposes of investment decision-making; specifically, these indicators greatly overestimate the costs of sport facilities, which can potentially lead to these projects being rejected. This contribution brings know-how for a more accurate early cost estimation of sport facilities in the Czech Republic which can, thanks to a generally applicable methodology, be used in other countries as well.

Optimal energy management strategies to reduce diesel consumption for a hybrid off-grid system

Although climate change is a reality, many off-grid communities continue to use diesel generators for electricity supply. This document presents a strategy to reduce diesel consumption in an out-of-grid system formed by renewable sources (PV-HKT-WT-DG). Three energy dispatch strategies have been proposed to verify the impact on diesel consumption and generator operating hours. In addition, different energy storage technologies (acid lead, lithium-ion, vanadium redox flow, pump storage and supercapacitor) have been considered. The HOMER software has been used to calculate the optimal size of the systems through technical-economic indicators.
 The results show that it is possible to reduce diesel consumption progressively; however, the cost of energy increases. On the other hand, when using lithium-ion batteries under charge cycle control, the penetration of the diesel generator has been greatly reduced without affecting the cost of the system. Finally, sensitivity analyzes have shown that when demand increases, diesel consumption does not increase significantly by using redox vanadium flow batteries, whereas the diesel generator operating hours decrease significantly in all systems.

Возможность применения пластометра Брабендера для изучения пероксидной сшивки полиэтилена. Часть 2. Применение смеси 1,3- и 1,4-бис(трет-бутилпероксиизопропил)бензола для сшивки полиэтилена

The paper shows the possibility of using the mixture 1,3- and 1,4-bis(tert-butylperoxyisopropyl)-benzene as a cross-linking agent in the production of polyethylene foam. Most often, cross-linked polyethylene foam, which has high performance properties, is obtained by pressing, using azoicarbonamide as a foaming agent and dicumyl peroxide as a cross-linking agent. Dicumyl peroxide has a significant drawback: high toxicity of decomposition products. Using the soxlet extratctor, the optimal degree of crosslinking (57-62%) required to obtain foam with optimal performance properties was determined. Using the brabender plastograph, which allows you to study, in a wide range of values, the crosslinking kinetics. It was found that the degree of crosslinking 57-62% corresponds to the torque in the range of 1700-2500 g∙m. a comparative characteristic of two crosslinking agents is given: traditional (dicumyl peroxide) and the studied peroxide. It was found that the crosslinking rate in the presence of the mixture 1,3- and 1,4-bis(tert-butylperoxyisopropyl)-benzene is significantly lower, but the final degree of crosslinking is at the same level as when using dicumyl peroxide. The dependence of the maximum torque on temperature is studied. There are restrictions on the Use of the brabender plastometer for studying the crosslinking kinetics. When the degree of crosslinking is more than 70%, the composition goes into a non-melting state, and the device's performance drops sharply. For practical use of the mixture 1,3- and 1,4-bis(tert-butylperoxyisopropyl)-benzene, the degree of crosslinking in the presence of the foaming agent azodicarbonamide was studied. It is shown that the introduction of a gas-forming agent (azodicarbonamide) into the composition significantly reduces the degree of crosslinking of polyethylene foam only in the case of the mixture 1,3- and 1,4-bis(tert-butylperoxyisopropyl)benzene. The optimal concentration of new crosslinking peroxides, allowing to foam, density 80-100 kg/m3, not inferior to original compositions by main technical-economic indicators have been determined.

Development of principles to control the processes of continuous casting of alloys using magnetodynamic equipment

A new principle to control the temperature and mass flow rate of metal melt at its continuous casting has been proposed. It has been established that such control can be executed based on continuous monitoring of the mass of a liquid alloy in casting and metallurgical assemblies and at appropriate adjustment by the equipment systems. Using electromagnetic fields and magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) factors to influence a liquid-metal environment is an effective means to ensure the required technological and technical-economic indicators for the process of continuous casting. We have proposed an appropriate principal structural-functional circuit for the automated control system (ACS) over the process of continuous casting of alloys, based on the application of a magnetodynamic tundish (MD-T) and a magneto-weighting system. Their basic design features and functional capabilities have been defined that are related to the processes of continuous casting, compared both with existing equipment and systems for similar purposes. It has been proposed to implement MD-T in the form of a two-chamber assembly, which separates the functions of receiving the melt from a steel-casting ladle, heating the liquid metal, releasing it into the crystallizer of a continuous casting machine (CCM). Stabilization of the flow rate mode of casting, including low-head, is achieved by permanently controlling the mass of melt in the system and by tracking its level in the release chamber of MD-T and in the crystallizer of CCM.The devised technique and created assemblies, the system, as well as auxiliary devices, would make it possible to significantly improve modern technologies of continuous casting

Fuel Utilization Monitoring Techniques for Large-Capacity Combined-Cycle Power Plants

A technique for calculating the standardized indicators characterizing the thermal efficiency of combined-cycle power plants (CCPPs) using correlation equations linking the values of these indicators with different external conditions is proposed. The correlation equations were written using the results from measuring the outdoor air and cooling water temperatures; air barometric pressure and humidity; fuel (natural gas) flowrate, heating value, and density and load in steady-state operation modes of the CCPPs and their equipment. It is usually sufficient to have a sample with three groups each representing 15–20 operating modes: under winter conditions at an outdoor air temperature of –20 to –30°С, under summer conditions at an outdoor air temperature of above 20 to 30°С, and at an intermediate temperature of ±5 to ±7°С. In each group, it is sufficient to have two operating modes each with loads close to 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, and 0.9 of the maximal value, and 5–10 operating modes with a close-to-nominal load. It is shown, taking a single-shaft 400 MW CCPP as an example, that the correlation equations adequately (with errors equal to approximately 1%) describe the results obtained experimentally in the normal operation modes. The developed technique opens the possibility to determine, in a more accurate and simple manner, the standardized heat rates and other technical-economic indicators of fuel utilization without using an excessive number of corrections able to distort the result. The technique can also be used for estimating the changes of CCPP indicators as a result of taking some or other measures in them.