Technical Condition Research Articles

Monitoring of Architectural Monuments

The article presents the main provisions that it is advisable to follow when organizing and conducting monitoring during the operation of cultural heritage sites. It is noted that the existing regulatory documents do not take into account the specifics of monitoring during operation, but are mainly aimed at protecting the monument from neighboring construction.Criteria are proposed to control the technical condition of historical buildings. Among them is the rate of development of long-term precipitation, which is considered as an indicator of the intensity of natural and man-made impacts on the building.Among them is the rate of development of long-term precipitation, which is considered as an indicator of the intensity of natural and man-made impacts on the building. It is noted that for stone structures, critical masonry stretching deformations serve as an effective criterion for the preservation of historical buildings, since in calculating the interaction of structures and foundations they are the primary criterion for calculating the second group of limiting states. In relation to it, the criterion of absolute precipitation and relative difference of precipitation is secondary. It is shown that over time, for buildings built on weak water-saturated clay soils, an increase in the unevenness of precipitation occurs. Special attention is paid to taking into account the accumulated uneven precipitation of buildings of historical development. The article presents the most characteristic types of deformations of buildings, among which in St. Petersburg the bend is most common, which is due to the regularity of building and rebuilding sections of urban neighborhoods.Monitoring is also considered as a reliable means of diagnosing the technical condition of the monument. The monitoring function is considered as a means of controlling the limitations of the monument’s operability, which continues to be operated in conditions of limited operational technical condition.

Installation of a Pit Fence in Cramped Conditions

The construction of buildings and structures in cramped conditions requires a special approach from hydraulic engineers and builders, requiring the preservation of the surrounding development in a working condition. This circumstance requires a geotechnical forecast of deformations of objects falling into the zone of geotechnical influence of the construction of a building under construction at the design stage and then the organization and implementation of geotechnical monitoring of deformations as a result of construction and installation work. It should be noted that the objects of the surrounding development can be in different categories of technical condition. According this circumstance the permissible deformations may be different. In any geotechnical case, there is an urgent need to install excavation fences that perform a dual task: both ensuring the stability of the soil walls, and reducing the impact of the new construction object on existing buildings. The determination of the bearing capacity of the enclosing structures of the excavation, especially the retaining soil anchors themselves, is of great importance in modern geotechnical construction. The engineering method used in this article to determine the bearing capacity of drilling-injection anchors with sufficient accuracy for technical calculations showed the convergence of calculated and real values based on the results of static tests.

The use of geodetic measurements in the assessment of the technical condition of road pavement – case study

Abstract Technical infrastructure is exposed to environmental impacts throughout its entire life cycle. For linear objects, such as roads, additional impacts resulting from their continuous use – vehicle traffic – are distinguished. Due to their communication function, these facilities are subject to ongoing condition monitoring. This procedure allows to identify any damage and indicate appropriate protective measures. Observations of the terrain as well as the road surface can be carried out using commonly used geodetic measurements. Cyclic monitoring applies especially to facilities in mining areas, where impacts in the form of continuous and discontinuous deformations significantly contribute to their damage. The research presents the results of selected geodetic measurements made on a deformed road surface affected by underground mining. The aim of the observations was to use both classic and modern measurement techniques to determine, among others, the shape of the surface or identify damage. The applied measurements included commonly used total station measurements and GNSS satellite positioning. Additionally, low-ceiling photogrammetry using an unmanned aerial vehicle and laser scanning were used to illustrate the shape of the road surface. Finally, a comparison was made of selected methods; their advantages and disadvantages allowed us to determine their usefulness in monitoring the condition of the pavement.

Thermal modernization of historic church with valuable historic facades

The article describes a case study of a collegiate basilica located in northern Poland and listed in the register of monuments of the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship under the identification number 601148. This building dates back to the 14th century and has been rebuilt many times in its history, serving both a sacred and penitentiary function. Currently, the facility is used only for religious purposes. Its owner and user set himself the goal of maintaining the temperature inside at a level of approximately +16C all year round, which required insulation of the external partitions, but this was only possible from the inside due to the historic nature of the façade, which is protected by law. As part of the article, a thermal-humidity analysis of vertical envelopes was carried out regarding the possibility of moisture accumulating in them after thermal modernization and its impact on their technical condition over time. The above-mentioned analysis was carried out with the support of the WUFI 2D program to assess the possibility and amount of moisture accumulation inside the envelopes and on their internal surface, as well as the Physibel Trisco program regarding temperature distribution in the cold season.

ЩОДО ВІДНОВЛЕННЯ ПАРКУ ТУРБОГЕНЕРАТОРІВ ЕЛЕКТРОСТАНЦІЙ УКРАЇНИ

The current state of the electric power system of Ukraine is considered. The basic principles of restoration and modernization of the generating equipment of the country's power plants in the postwar period are formulated. It is proposed to restore generation at a fundamentally new level with the involvement of advanced achievements of the world and domestic electrical engineering. When restoring destroyed power units, turbine generators with improved performance characteristics should be used selectively, taking into account the nature of the load, the geographical location of the plant, the availability of electrical connections, etc. First of all, we are talking about fully air-cooled machines with enhanced maneuverability (including asynchronized ones). The main advantages of such turbogenerators are named and the elements and components of the structure are identified, the technical condition of which is generally a determining factor in ensuring reliable operation. Examples of technical solutions to improve stator reliability are given. Ref. 14, fig. 6, table.

Methods of increasing the efficiency of energy supply to oil and gas industry enterprises

Realization of high-tech designs in gas and oil industry contributes to more efficient functioning of production. Development of quality minerals is not a scientific and technical progress, but a stable level indicator based on the general economic aspect.Therefore, the introduction of high quality updated technologies and additions to production functioning systems always leads to a greater need for their use. To maximize energy efficiency in gas and oil production, it is recommended to use high-quality autonomous power sources. The sets of optimization possibilities on algorithms of systems of distribution of power loads of electric transformer substations taking into account large productivity of producing wells at oil fields are developed. Recommendations on quality utilization, developed on the basis of long algorithms, allow to increase step-by-step nominal level of power loads at pumping units operation. It is proved that to maximize energy efficiency enterprises need to use their own high-quality autonomous power sources. The article considers the efficiency and cost-effective possibilities of production energyconsuming and quality functioning equipment in the oil and gas industry. In addition, taking into account the benefits on the basis of the study was carried out a largescale analysis of data on the characteristics of relative efficiency and reliability to the technical condition of gas turbine and gas piston power plants.

Research on the biological degradation of wood using a resistograph

Assessment of the risk level of timber structures is still a challenge due to the lack of comprehensive in situ research methods. This problem is particularly important in the context of historic buildings, which, despite their seemingly solid construction, may hide significant damage. Many such facilities are used without awareness of the risks associated with material degradation. Invisible damage can lead to serious construction disasters, especially in places where beams lose their support in the walls due to the destruction of the wood at their ends. These are the places where the most serious threats occur, and yet the technical condition of these elements is practically not assessed in these areas. The article emphasizes the need for continuous research on the biological degradation of wood and the use of advanced measurement methods, such as a resistograph, to more accurately assess the technical condition of timber structures and effectively prevent their degradation.

Study of the technical parameters dynamics influence on operational performance of hydraulic single-bucket excavators

Introduction. The development of automobile and road construction is a priority in the Russian economy. Timely putting construction projects in commission increases the requirements for planning of execution mechanized works. The operation of transport and technological machines in construction processes for a long time leads to a decrease in their potential capabilities, including operational productivity. The purpose of the proposed article is to improve the method of calculating the performance of a single-bucket hydraulic excavator (EO), taking into account the operating time.Methods and materials. The performance calculation method takes into account the dynamics of the working pressure in the hydraulic system of the working equipment (GRO), the speed of rotation of the crankshaft (PMVC) from the operating time, regression dependencies were used to describe them. The parameters of the law of distribution of the random value of the working pressure in the hydraulic drive and the rate of its fall for the ‘development and recruitment of soil’ operation were also obtained.Results. Processing of the results of production experiments enables to establish the dependence of changes in the working pressure in the hydraulic system during development and gathering soil, as well as for all technological operations of the working cycle, the rotational frequency of the crankshaft of a single-bucket excavator engine on the operating time. The influence of the working pressure in the hydraulic drive, the rotational speed of the crankshaft of the excavator engine on the supply and hydraulic power, the duration of technological operations is studied. The calculation of the operational productivity of a single-bucket excavator is carried out taking into account the dynamics of parameters reflecting its change over operating time.Discussion and conclusions. It has been established that with an increase in operating time, the operating pressure in the hydraulic drive decreases by an average of 12.7-13.0%, and the decrease in the average operating speed of the crankshaft is 4%. The estimated value of the drop in the average hourly operating performance of the EO, taking into account the deterioration of the technical condition, is 55% in the operating time range from 0 to 10,000 operating hours for the Japanese EO ZX 330 model.

Internal combustion engine acoustic diagnostics

Introduction. To ensure stable performance of transport and technological machines, constant monitoring of their technical condition is necessary. Timely diagnosis is difficult to carry out when working in remote regions, as well as when transporting goods over long distances due to the lack of closely located maintenance centers.Materials and methods. One of the solutions to the above problem is the use of a diagnostic method based on sound parameters. In particular, this method is applicable to power plants. Its advantage is the ability to quickly assess the condition of the engine mechanisms and systems on site using a portable device (without the use of large-sized and low-mobility equipment) by non-destructive testing. Thus, the research and implementation of the acoustic diagnostic method is promising and in demand today. One of the most important areas for improving power plants today is the automation of control processes for their operation based on the use of electronics and microprocessor systems. With a positive effect on the efficiency of the engine, these complex systems expand the range of its potential malfunctions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the fundamental possibility of determining and comparing the acoustic parameters of an engine with and without violations of the operating mode in the event of failures in electronic control systems of its operation. As an example, the Ford Focus passenger car was chosen as the object of the study. A malfunction in the electronic ignition module was used as a test fault. The obtained spectral patterns of the sound radiation of the internal combustion engine (with and without violations of the operating mode) enable to determine the nature of the engine malfunction by sound parameters.Results. A frequency range at which it is possible to identify the spectral pattern of an engine with impaired operation and an engine without impaired operation was obtained. This range was 6,000-6,500 Hz, since in this segment the sound level reaches more than 40 dB.Discussions and conclusions. The conducted experiment is the initial stage of a large-scale experimental study, the result of which will serve as a starting point for the introduction of the acoustic method into the process of diagnosing electronic control systems for internal combustion engines.

Peculiarities of working conditions for employees with a remote form of employment

Today, the problem of improving working conditions and improving their organization is quite urgent, in particular, the issue of working conditions for workers with non-standard forms of employment, in particular remote employment, which is gaining importance today, needs to be resolved. The purpose of the article is to study the peculiarities of working conditions for employees with remote employment, to identify problems and to propose ways to eliminate them. It is noted that with the appearance of non-typical (non-traditional) forms of employment on the domestic labor market, both practitioners and scientists are increasingly questioning the employer’s ability to fulfill the duty assigned to him to guarantee employees whose work does not fit into the traditional framework of labor relations, safe and healthy working conditions. Therefore, the employer using this type of employment should also take care of additional protection of employees, in particular, in matters of occupational health and safety, especially today, when the danger is different, external, military. At the same time, analyzing the current labor legislation, it was established that the employer is responsible only for “the safety and proper technical condition of the equipment and means of production, which are transferred to the employee to perform remote work”, and he does not have the obligation to ensure safe and harmless working conditions for the employee. Therefore, supporting other researchers of this issue, it is suggested that among the special conditions of the labor contract on remote work, there should also be a condition on ensuring labor safety, in order to oblige the employer to ensure the safety of the work of employees of the remote form of employment, in particular, to make sure that the assigned work can be performed safely at home by such an employee, has appropriate equipment and tools for safe work at home, received appropriate information, instructions and training (including in the event of an emergency), and also took measures to ensure the physical and psychological well-being of employees. Since remote work should not entail any restrictions on the scope of labor rights of employees, that is, a remote worker should have the same rights and obligations as other employees.

ТЕСТОВЫЙ КОНТРОЛЬ ТОПЛИВНЫХ НАСОСОВ СОВРЕМЕННОЙ АВТОТРАКТОРНОЙ ТЕХНИКИ

The article presents the results of a study of the energy balance when the technical condition of the fuel pump of agricultural machines changes. Over 30% of internal combustion engine failures occur in the fuel system. Timely diagnostics, repairs and maintenance work (the latter is often not provided for or not performed) of electric fuel pumps can increase the service life and service life. Calculation of the energy balance is a prerequisite for developing a new or upgrading an existing method for diagnosing a fuel pump. The importance of using current strength as a diagnostic parameter (when determining the technical condition) of the pump in the mode of creating maximum pressure in the fuel system is emphasized. Based on the research results, an additional diagnostic parameter can be the rate of increase in the pump supply current. Research has shown that with an increase in the hydraulic resistance of the fuel system by 90%, the average rate of current increase was 7.6 A/s. When the hydraulic resistance of the fuel supply system decreased by less than 10%, the average rate of current increase was 19.2 A/s. Current is a sensitive parameter that increases or decreases depending on the level of increase in hydraulic resistance or leaks in the fuel system. The pump power expended on hydraulic losses did not change significantly due to the constant value of the pump operating voltage. The ideas (methods, techniques) developed in the article are in good agreement with the issues of modeling processes in hydrodynamic tribocouplings of high-pressure fuel pumps, in particular for Common Rail systems. The research was carried out at the expense of the Russian Science Foundation grant No. 23-29-10042, Topic: Numerical modeling of processes in hydrodynamic tribocouplings of high-pressure fuel pumps for advanced high-pressure diesel engines https://rscf.ru/project/23-29-10042/.”

Justifying and Implementing Concept of Object-Oriented Observers of Thermal State of Rolling Mill Motors

Implementing the IIoT concept in industry involves the development and implementation of online systems monitoring the technical state of electromechanical equipment. This is achieved through the use of digital twins and digital shadows (object state observers). The tasks of mastering new rolling profiles and optimizing plate mill rolling programs require improved methods for calculating equivalent motor currents and torques. Known methods are generally based on calculations using smoothed load diagrams, which are assumed to be identical for the upper and lower main drive (UMD and LMD) rolls. These methods do not consider the differences in actual loads (currents or torques) in steady rolling states. Experiments performed on the 5000 plate mill have shown that due to speed mismatches, the UMD and LMD torques differ three times or more. This causes overheating of the more heavily loaded motor, insulation life reduction, and premature failure. Therefore, the problem of developing and implementing techniques for monitoring the load and thermal regimes of motors using digital observers is relevant. The paper’s contribution is the first justification of the concept of object-oriented digital shadows. They are developed for specific classes of industrial units using open-source software. This research justifies a methodology for assessing motor load and temperature by processing arrays of motor currents or torques generated during rolling. An equivalent load observer and a temperature observer were proposed and implemented using Matlab-Simulink resources. The algorithm was implemented on the mill 5000 and tuned using an earlier-developed virtual commissioning methodology with digital twins. Thermal regimes were studied, proving that torque alignment ensures equal motor temperatures. The proposed considerations contribute to the development of the theory and practice for creating digital systems to monitor the technical condition of electromechanical and mechatronic systems and implementing the Industry 4.0 concept at industrial enterprises.

On the Complexity of Symmetric vs. Functional PCSPs

The complexity of the promise constraint satisfaction problem \(\operatorname{(PCSP)}(\mathbf{A},\mathbf{B})\) is largely unknown, even for symmetric \(\mathbf{A}\) and \(\mathbf{B}\) , except for the case when \(\mathbf{A}\) and \(\mathbf{B}\) are Boolean. First, we establish a dichotomy for \(\operatorname{PCSP}(\mathbf{A},\mathbf{B})\) where \(\mathbf{A},\mathbf{B}\) are symmetric, \(\mathbf{B}\) is functional (i.e., any \(r-1\) elements of an \(r\) -ary tuple uniquely determines the last one), and \((\mathbf{A},\mathbf{B})\) satisfies technical conditions we introduce called dependency and additivity . This result implies a dichotomy for \(\operatorname{PCSP}(\mathbf{A},\mathbf{B})\) with \(\mathbf{A},\mathbf{B}\) symmetric and \(\mathbf{B}\) functional if (i) \(\mathbf{A}\) is Boolean, or (ii) \(\mathbf{A}\) is a hypergraph of a small uniformity, or (iii) \(\mathbf{A}\) has a relation \(R^{\mathbf{A}}\) of arity at least three such that the hypergraph diameter of \((A,R^{\mathbf{A}})\) is at most one. Second, we show that for \(\operatorname{PCSP}(\mathbf{A},\mathbf{B})\) , where \(\mathbf{A}\) and \(\mathbf{B}\) contain a single relation, \(\mathbf{A}\) satisfies a technical condition called balancedness , and \(\mathbf{B}\) is arbitrary, the combined basic linear programming relaxation and the affine integer programming (AIP) relaxation is no more powerful than the (in general strictly weaker) \({{\rm AIP}}\) relaxation. Balanced \(\mathbf{A}\) include symmetric \(\mathbf{A}\) or, more generally, \(\mathbf{A}\) preserved by a transitive permutation group.

High-speed trains in Japan in the years 2002–2020

High-speed trains are the most modern and advanced technology for moving passengers in land transport. Their main advantage is that they achieve high speeds, usually from over 200 to 300 km/h, which significantly shortens the travel time in relation to the time needed to cover the same distance by conventional trains. The article presents the development of high-speed rail in Japan, an island country located within the ring of fire of the Pacific. The analysis of the technical condition and the stages of historical development of high-speed railways were preceded by an assessment of the economy and transport as well as a study of transport intensity. The summary of the article includes the effects and benefits of using high-speed rail, as well as methods of financing and plans for further development.

Influence of Wind Power Generation on the Steel Structure Design of Green Buildings

Wind power generation in renewable energy is the current research focus, but the relationship between wind power generation and green buildings is the basis for ensuring the stable operation of wind power generation, so it has become the current research focus. I propose a composite method based on the heat energy limit theory to study the relationship between wind power generation and the steel structure of green buildings, find the weak points of the steel structure in time, and ensure the continuous operation of wind power generation. The simulation results show that there is a negative correlation between wind power generation and green steel structure, and there is a close relationship between the design characteristics of the steel structure, the material and the installation method of wind power generation. The composite method proposed in this paper can monitor the operation effect of power generation at noon in time, and the accuracy of heat energy monitoring of steel structure can reach 80~90%, and the whole monitoring time is less than 15 seconds, which shows that the composite method proposed by us can provide support for the design and analysis of wind power generation and green steel structure buildings, and has theoretical feasibility. Therefore, strengthening the relationship between wind power generation and green steel structure design is the technical condition for the operation and implementation of steel structure, and it is also the guarantee of wind power generation.

Comparison of high mileage LPG cars in different technical condition in Czechia: Particle-bound PAHs

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is represented in the literature as a transport fuel with lower regulated and non-regulated emissions compared to petrol. For the purpose of this paper, real-world emissions measurements were performed on a random sample of four commonly operated passenger vehicles with higher mileage (over 200 thousand km) and on a new one. The aim is to compare the emission factors of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in dual-fuelled passenger cars running on LPG and petrol, or rather to compare the emission factors of the two fuel types. PAH concentrations are determined by gas chromatography based on the analysis of particles captured on a filter during isokinetic sampling of the exhaust gas during driving in real traffic. In terms of the sum of the 8 most hazardous PAHs analysed, LPG fuelling reduced the total (summary) emission factor of only two of the vehicles analysed, by 22% and 26% respectively compared to petrol. For the remaining vehicles, there was an increase in the total emission factor ranging from 4.4 to 68.8%. The results show that in terms of particle-bound PAHs, the benefit of LPG fuel in terms of vehicle emissions may not be so clear-cut in real-world tests and it depends very much on whether a suitable propulsion system is fitted to the vehicle, how it is set up and how the vehicle is serviced (i.e. the vehicle overall condition).

METHOD FOR PREDICTING THE TECHNICAL CONDITION OF GAS WELL TUBING WITH CORRECTION BASED ON IN-LINE DIAGNOSTICS INFORMATION

The article presents a methodology for monitoring and predicting the technical condition of the suspension of pump-compressor pipes (tubing) of gas wells exposed to carbon dioxide corrosion. The tubing suspension as an object of control and diagnostics is considered, the main loads acting on the object in question are determined, as well as the expression for the equivalent value of the loads. An expression has been obtained for determining the permissible reduction in the tubing wall thickness, provided that the facility remains operational, as well as an expression for determining the total and residual life of the tubing hanger.A comparative analysis of the main methods for determining the corrosion rate of a diagnostic object was carried out, and the optimal method was selected. A method for correcting the results of calculating the corrosion rate using tubing wall thickness values obtained during in-line diagnostics is described.

The Efforts to Improve the Seaworthiness at the Port Authority and Harbourmaster Office (KSOP) of Bima Class IV

Seaworthiness is essential because it impacts maritime operations' safety, efficiency, and sustainability. Therefore, the Harbormaster and Port Authority Office (KSOP) ensures ship seaworthiness to maintain naval safety, protect the environment, and ensure smooth port operations. The research employed a descriptive qualitative method to investigate and describe a phenomenon. The data was obtained by observation and a deep literature review of the problems discussed. The research found that: 1) several problems that often arise regarding ship seaworthiness are the ship's technical condition, management and operations, environmental factors, compliance with regulations, market conditions, and competition. 2) efforts to improve seaworthiness carried out by KSOP Bima are routine inspections and certification, increasing human resources, operational supervision, developing port infrastructure, applying advanced technology, collaborating and coordinating with related agencies, strict law enforcement, education, and outreach, and developing emergency procedures. 3) The security and safety conditions of ships entering and leaving the Bima Port KSOP require continued attention and effort. From this study, they implement strict regulations, use advanced technology, improve infrastructure, conduct continuous training, and collaborate strongly with related agencies. KSOP Bima can ensure that ships operating in its area meet seaworthiness standards, supporting safe and efficient port operations.

FORENSIC EVALUATION OF SELF-INFLICTED SUICIDES WITH MULTIPLE GUNSHOT WOUNDS

Suicide is a common cause of premature death and a serious social problem. The use of firearms for suicide is quite common. The infliction of multiple self-inflicted wounds, including a fatal one, is rare among suicides, but it is possible and requires careful investigation. Aim To provide a forensic assessment of the possibility of suicide by multiple gunshot wounds. Methods. Archival material from the Kyiv City Clinical Bureau of Forensic Medicine and the Zhytomyr Regional Bureau of Forensic Medicine (2 "medical examination reports") was used. The objects of the study were: gunshot wounds on the head (wounds, wound channels), elastic bullets up to 9 mm cartridges and 9 mm bullets for pistol "Makarov", shot products, pistol "Makarov-MP 79" converted to shoot elastic bullets. Their characteristics were examined visually and under the stereo microscope. The detection of shot soot layers on skin flaps and gunsmith's grease was carried out in infrared and ultraviolet rays. The study of the elemental composition of shot products in objects of biological and non-biological origin was carried out using the X-ray fluorescence spectrometer "M4 TORNADO". Standard methods of variational statistics were used in the study. Results. The forensic examination of the entry and exit wounds and wounds on the head of the corpses of persons who died as a result of self-inflicted gunshot wounds, as well as of the bullets and weapons that caused bodily injuries, confirmed the possibility of committing suicide by firing double shots from pistols to shoot bullets of the so-called "non-lethal type": elastic bullets up to 9 mm cartridges and 9 mm bullets for pistol "Makarov". It was established that in case No 1 the first injury was non-fatal and the second was fatal, accompanied by damage to the skull and brain. In case No. 2, the first wound was fatal and the second was non-fatal, as it damaged only the soft tissues of the head without damaging the bones of the skull and brain. The wounds were caused by automatic shots due to the poor technical condition of the weapon, i.e. partial damage and wear of the trigger mechanism and the pistol sear. This was facilitated by a one-time partial self-destruction of the weapon, followed by the wedging of the next cartridge with an elastic bullet in the lower part of the barrel. Conclusion. Thus, the cases of double head injuries caused by shots from firearms (pistols) for shooting bullets of the so-called "non-lethal type" (elastic bullets up to 9 mm cartridges and 9 mm bullets for pistol "Makarov") serve as evidence of suicide. In case No. 1, one of the wounds was not fatal, as the wound channel began with an entrance hole in the lower half of the right temporal region, continued on the right through the right mastoid process and the soft tissues of the neck, and ended in the middle with an exit wound in the back of the neck. This wound was the first inflicted. The second wound was final and fatal, as there was damage to the skull and brain, as evidenced by the wound channel which passed through the right temporal cyst, the brain and its membranes, the left occipital bone, and ended with the exit wound in the left occipital region. It was the second in order of entry. In case 2, the first wound was fatal, resulting in damage to the bones of the skull and brain and the presence of an elastic ball in the substance of the brain. The second wound was non-fatal and tangential, injuring only the soft tissues of the head without damaging the bones of the skull and brain. It occurred as a result of automatic (independent) shots due to the poor technical condition of the weapon, namely partial damage and wear of the trigger mechanism and the pistol sear. This was facilitated by a one-time partial self-destruction of the weapon, followed by the wedging of the next cartridge with an elastic bullet in the lower part of the barrel.

МЕТОД ОЦЕНКИ ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК СИСТЕМ ПОЖАРНОЙ АВТОМАТИКИ МНОГОКВАРТИРНЫХ ЖИЛЫХ ДОМОВ

A method is proposed for evaluating the functional characteristics of fire automation systems of apartment buildings based on the use of an electronic database, providing input, storage, structuring, presentation and processing of data characterizing the ability of fire automation systems and their individual elements to perform the required functions. The analysis of data on the operability of fire automation systems in operation beyond their service life in multi-apartment residential buildings in Saint-Petersburg, according to various differentiated characteristics, in order to determine their ability to perform specific functions, as well as the reasons for their failure. The necessity of evaluating the effectiveness of fire protection systems of apartment buildings is substantiated, taking into account the results of the study of functional characteristics at various stages of their life cycle, the task of forming a unified information database on the operability of fire protection systems of apartment buildings in Saint-Petersburg and its subsequent integration with the state information system «Monitoring the technical condition of apartment buildings in Saint-Petersburg».