Residues Of Tebuconazole Research Articles

Determination of Pesticide Residues in Strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch.) from Upper Punjab Districts of Pakistan

Strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) is grown from mid-October to the end of April in Lahore, Sheikhupura, Sialkot and Gujranwala Districts of the Punjab. A huge amounts of pesticides especially fungicides are sprayed on it indiscriminately to protect it from different diseases and fungal attacks. Present experiment was planned for determination of pesticide residues in strawberry. For this purpose, 40 samples of strawberry were collected from Sheikhupura, Lahore, Sialkot, and Gujranwala districts of Punjab, Pakistan for determination of residues of Malathion, Chlorpyrifos, Profenofos, Atrazine, Carbofuron, Tricyclazole, Difenoconazole, Azoxystrobin, Tebuconazole and Cypermethrin in strawberry. The accuracy, precision, specificity, linearity, limit of detection and quantification were measured. The recovery ranged from 89.3 % to 108% with RSD ranging from 1.66 % to 14.2 %. The linearity showed reliable range (0.995–0.999). The limit of detection ranged from 0.006 to 0.04 μg g-1. Data showed that all the samples contain multi-residues of different pesticides. Among these 40 samples pesticide residues were most often found. All the samples contained multiresidues of different pesticides. The percentage of samples having pesticides residues are , Carbofuron (50 %), Malathion (37.50 %), Profenofos (32.50 %), Chlorpyrifos(25 %), Cypermethrin (20 %), Difenoconazole in (47.50 %), Tricyclazol in ( 52.50 %), Tebuconazole in (50.00 %), and Azoxystrobin in (20 %) of the samples analyzed.

Analysis of tebuconazole residues in coconut water, kernel and leaves using LC–MS/MS

A method was validated for determining tebuconazole residues in coconut water, kernel and leaves using Liquid chromatography-Mass spectrometry/Mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) with electro spray ionization in positive ion mode. Samples were extracted with acetonitrile and subsequent clean-up was done using dispersive solid phase extraction. Recovery ranged between 70 and 114.39 % and the RSD was between 0.64 and 10.24 %. Root feeding studies with tebuconazole @ 5 and 10 mL/100 mL of water/tree revealed the presence of tebuconazole residues in coconut leaves until three days after treatment but dissipated to below quantifiable limit on 5th day at single dose while the residues went below quantifiable limit after 10 days at double the dose. Residues were below quantifiable limit in coconut water and kernel until three days. Data obtained from the study were used for estimating the risks associated with the exposures to tebuconazole residues in coconut.

Levels of residues and dietary risk assessment of the fungicides myclobutanil, penconazole, tebuconazole, and triadimenol in squash.

Triazole fungicides may potentially harm human health. The 'quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe' approach has become popular for extraction and cleanup during pesticide residue analysis. We aimed to (a) validate a method for the simultaneous determination of myclobutanil, penconazole, tebuconazole, and triadimenol in squash using LC-MS/MS and (b) determine the pre-harvest intervals (PHIs) and assess the related risk of consuming squash cultivated under open-field conditions in Saudi Arabia. Using acetonitrile as the extraction solvent and fourfold dilution in deionized water led to weak signal suppression (<-6.1%). The limits of quantitation ranged from 10 to 40 μg/kg. Mean recovery and relative standard deviation ranged from 81.7 to 96.3% and from 3.6 to 11.4%. The half-lives ranged from 2.22 to 3.83 days, and the dissipation followed first-order kinetics. The terminal residues of myclobutanil, penconazole, tebuconazole, and triadimenol were <0.771, <0.307, <0.459, and <0.954 mg/kg, respectively, 7days after two or three applications of recommended dosages. The PHIs of 7.1-11.4, 8.7-13.1, 3.8-5.3, and 11.3-14.3days are suggested after the application of the recommended dose and double the recommended dose. A consumer risk assessment based on estimated dietary intake indicated that the consumption of squash treated with the recommended doses does not pose a significant health risk.

Distribution of fluopyram and tebuconazole in pomegranate tissues and their risk assessment

Residue distribution of fluopyram and tebuconazole was assessed in pomegranate whole fruit, aril, outer peel (pericarp), inner peel (mesocarp) and leaves. The method LOQ of fluopyram and tebuconazole were 0.01 and 0.02 mg kg−1, respectively. Both fungicides remained in fruit peel and residues in edible aril were < LOQ. In fruit peel major portion of the fungicides remained on pericarp with minimal movement to mesocarp. In mesocarp fluopyram was 5.7–14.2%; tebuconazole, 7.5–14.4% of the residues in pericarp. Terminal residues of fluopyram and tebuconazole in pomegranate whole fruit were 0.037–0.094 and 0.036–0.096 mg kg−1. Half-life of fluopyram in pomegranate fruit and leaves were 7.3–9.1 and 15 days; tebuconazole, 8–10.3 and 11.2–12.6 days, respectively. Pre-harvest intervals for treatment of combination formulation of fluopyram and tebuconazole, were 47–59 days in fruits, 158–173 in leaves. Dietary risk assessment demonstrated that consumption of peel and leaves may pose risk to human health, whereas fruit consumption was considered safe.

Simultaneous determination, dissipation and decontamination of fungicides applied on cabbage using LC-MS/MS

A method for simultaneous determination of carbendazim and tebuconazole residues in cabbage was developed and validated in LC-MS/MS. Samples were extracted and purified following the modified QuEChERS procedure, which enabled the elution of carbendazim and tebuconazole at 0.96 and 5.31 min, respectively. LOD and LOQ were 0.0005 and 0.0015 mg kg−1, respectively. Mean recovery was in the range of 78.94 to 104.89% for carbendazim and 76.07 to 98.62% for tebuconazole. The field samples recorded residues of 0.274 and 0.481 mg kg−1; and 0.194 and 0.392 mg kg−1 at single and double dose for carbendazim and tebuconazole, respectively. Half-life values were 2.17 and 2.99 for carbendazim and 2.74 and 2.81 for tebuconazole at single and double dose, respectively. Decontamination with saltwater wash followed by cooking and lemon water wash found superior in the removal of residues more than 90%.

Dissipation Kinetics of Trifloxystrobin -Tebuconazole mixture in Brinjal and Cowpea and their Risk Assessment

A method for estimation of residues of tebuconazole, trifloxystrobin and its metabolite in brinjal and cowpea was validated using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry with coefficient of determination (R2) ≧ 0.99. The untreated samples fortified with tebuconazole and trifloxystrobin, its metabolite in three levels 0.05–0.25 and 0.5 μg g−1, showed an acceptable recovery in the range of 72 to 118 per cent with relative standard deviation, RSD ≦ 14.25. Nativo 75 WG, was applied thrice at the normal and double dosages at 7 d interval in brinjal from fruit setting, and applied at 7 d interval starting from pod formation stage in cowpea. Half-life of total trifloxystrobin at lower and higher doses was 0.44 and 1.02 d on brinjal, 0.85 and 1.22 d on cowpea, respectively. The half-life of tebuconazole on brinjal was 1.38 and 1.17 d, whereas in cowpea, the corresponding values were 0.99 and 1.61 d. The calculated waiting periods were 1.57 and 3.39 d for total trifloxystrobin and 5.15 and 4.90 d for tebuconazole in brinjal; while in cowpea the values were 3.01 and 6.09 d (total trifloxystrobin) and 3.96 and 6.88 d (tebuconazole). The risk assessment of the residues revealed that the combination product applied at lower and higher doses in brinjal and cowpea did not pose any risk to humans, even on the same d of application and hence can be safely recommended for management of pest complex in brinjal and cowpea under Indian conditions.

Dissipation behavior of the fungicide tebuconazole in strawberries using liquid chromatograph tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), a dryland ecosystem–based study

ABSTRACT Fungal diseases like downy and powdery mildews are a risk of high importance for strawberry cultivation in Egypt. In the current work, the dissipation behaviour of tebuconazole, a triazole fungicide widely used worldwide, was studied and the safety to the consumers from the terminal residues in the fruits was estimated. Supervised trials on open field strawberries were concluded using the authorised and more critical agricultural practices. Residues were measured at several PHIs using an LC-MS/MS methodology with an extraction procedure based on the QuEChERS protocol. The method was successfully validated with an LOQ of 0.001 mg kg−1. In all PHIs investigated a consumer risk was not identified. A decline of tebuconazole residues in fruits fit a first-order decay process with a degradation of 81% after 14 days and a calculated t1/2 of 6.3 days

Residues, dissipation and risk assessment of triazole fungicide tebuconazole in green onion (Allium fistulosum L.)

ABSTRACT The dissipation and residues of tebuconazole in green onion (welsh onion and chive) in China were firstly investigated based on a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe method (QuEChERS) combined with high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UV). In the method validation, the fortified recoveries ranged from 96% to 100% with relative standard deviations of ≤10%. The dissipation rate of tebuconazole follows the first-order kinetics, with the half-lives of 9.4–9.9 days. Based on the terminal residue test, a risk quotient (RQ) for dietary exposure assessment was carried out on green onions. The RQs for tebuconazole at pre-harvest interval (PHI) 7, 10 and 14 days were all less than 100%, which is acceptable for human consumption. The present study can provide a reference that establishes maximum residue limits (MRLs) of tebuconazole in green onion, which is not currently established in China.

Effect of processing on the reduction of pesticide residues in a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)

ABSTRACT The behaviour of residues of tebuconazole, prochloraz, and abamectin in rehmannia during rehmannia decoction processing was systemically assessed. The pesticides were determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) after each processing step including washing, steaming and drying, carbonising, and boiling. Results showed that the pesticide residues significantly decreased after the steps of washing, carbonising, and boiling. Washing reduced pesticide residues by 41.2%–60.0%; carbonising reduced pesticides by 27.1%–71.1% in both prepared rehmannia and unprepared rehmannia. After boiling, the concentrations of tebuconazole and prochloraz were 0.0002–0.0022 mg kg−1 in decoctions. Abamectin was not detected in rehmannia after carbonising, and it was not detected in decoctions either. The processing factors (PFs) were less than 1 during food processing, indicating that the full set of processing can reduce the residues of tebuconazole, prochloraz, and abamectin in rehmannia decoction.

Residue dissipation and dietary risk assessment of trifloxystrobin, trifloxystrobin acid, and tebuconazole in wheat under field conditions

ABSTRACT The dissipation and residues of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole in wheat under field conditions were investigated using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) after QuEChERS extraction. The method was validated using blank samples spiked at different treatment levels. The recovery rates of trifloxystrobin, trifloxystrobin acid, and tebuconazole in wheat grains, wheat plants, and straw ranged from 82% to 109%. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) ranged from 0.4% to 14%. The half–lives of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole in wheat plants were 5.8–7.6 and 6.1–8.9 d. A terminal residue analysis showed that a dose of 144 g a.i. ha−1 applied twice at an interval of 7 d resulted in the maximum residue levels for trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole in wheat grain samples 28 d after the last application (i.e. 0.023 mg kg−1 and 0.047 mg kg−1, respectively). The median residue levels were 0.02 mg kg−1 and 0.01 mg kg−1, respectively. The risk quotients (RQ) for trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole in wheat grains were 0.0011 and 0.00073, respectively, which were significantly lower than RQ = 1. The total RQ values for trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole in all registered crops were 0.10415 and 0.36859, respectively, which were also lower than RQ = 1. Based on this analysis, trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole residues in wheat grains would not affect the health of the general population in China.

Simultaneous Determination of Ternary Mixture of Carboxin, Chlorpyrifos, and Tebuconazole Residues in Cabbage Samples Using Three Spectrophotometric Methods

Three simple precise and accurate spectrophotometric methods are developed for simultaneous determination of ternary mixtures of carboxin, chlorpyrifos, and tebuconazole residues in cabbage grown in the experimental field. The first method is a double divisor-ratio spectra derivative that relies on the derivative of ratio spectra and attained through dividing the absorption spectra of the ternary mixture by the sum of standard spectrum of a mixture of two from three components, using methanol as a solvent and measuring CAR at 242 nm, CHL at 236 nm, 276 nm, and 300 nm, and TEB at 226 nm. The second method is a successive derivative of ratio spectra which determined CAR at 256 nm and 258 nm, CHL at 290 nm and 292 nm, and TEB at 226 nm and 228 nm. The third method is a mean centering of ratio spectra where CAR, CHL, and TEB were measured at 306 nm, 280 nm, and 240 nm, respectively. These procedures do not involve any previous separation. The extraction of analytes was carried out by using acetonitrile, and the procedure of purification was fulfilled by dispersive solid-phase extraction with a primary-secondary amine (PSA). The proposed methods showed excellent linearity range for three spectrophotometric methods over the concentration ranges of 1–30 μg/mL, 1–50 μg/mL, and 1–45 μg/mL for carboxin, chlorpyrifos, and tebuconazole, respectively. The analytical characteristics such as detection limit, determination limit, relative standard deviation, and accuracy of the three methods were performed. The limits of detection were in the range of 0.153–0.260 μg/mL for carboxin, 0.137–0.272 μg/mL for chlorpyrifos, and 0.109–0.205 μg/mL for tebuconazole with limits of quantification lower than 0.790, 0.824, and 0.621 μg/mL for CAR, CHL, and TEB, respectively. The recoveries ranged from 87.02% to 94.53% for carboxin, 92.32% to 108.53% for chlorpyrifos, and 87.19% to 98.00% for tebuconazole with relative standard deviations less than 5.91%, 5.99%, and 5.53% in all instances for carboxin, chlorpyrifos, and tebuconazole, respectively. The results obtained from the proposed methods were compared statistically by using one-way ANOVA, and the results revealed that there were no significant differences between three different spectrophotometric methods. The suggested methods can be applied with great success to the simultaneous estimation of carboxin, chlorpyrifos, and tebuconazole residues in cabbage samples.

Persistence and dissipation kinetics of tebuconazole in apple, tomato, chilli and onion crops of Himachal Pradesh, India.

Tebuconazole is a broad-spectrum fungicide extensively used worldwide for the control of many diseases such as powdery mildew and scab in apple, early blight of tomato, anthracnose of chilli, white rot and purple blotch of onion etc. Maximum residue level of this compound has not been worked out on these crops in India; the persistence and dissipation kinetics of tebuconazole on apple, tomato, chilli and onion were studied following three foliar applications of the formulation Folicur 430 SC at a standard dose (X) 322, 268.75, 215 and 215g a.i./ha and at double dose (2X) 645, 537.5, 430 and 430g a.i./ha, respectively, to work out the safe waiting periods and half-life period of tebuconazole. Extraction was done using QuEChERS method and cleanup by using dispersive solid-phase method. Tebuconazole residues were estimated on gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The recovery of tebuconazole in fortified matrix was above 90% with a limit of quantification (LOQ) at 0.05mgkg-1. The initial deposits of tebuconazole on apple at two locations under study ranged from 1.986-2.011mgkg-1at X dose to 3.698-3.843mgkg-1 at 2X dose. The initial deposits in tomato, chilli and onion were 1.129, 1.760 and 1.169mgkg-1 at X dose and 2.213, 2.784 and 2.340mgkg-1, respectively at the 2X dose. Dissipation of the fungicide followed first-order of kinetics and the half life of degradation ranged from 1.30-2.25days at X dose to 1.40-2.62days at 2X days on different crops under study. Residues declined below the determination limit (LOQ) of 15 and 20days after spraying, respectively, at X and 2X dose in apple; 7 and 10days in tomato; 10 and 15days in chilli and onion. Waiting periods of 5, 2, 7 and 12days, respectively, are suggested for apple, tomato, chilli and onion at 2X dose.

Determination of pesticides in dried minor tropical fruits from Colombia using the Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe method-gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

The AOAC 2007.1 quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe official method, together with gas chromatography coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer was applied for the analysis of 38 multiclass pesticides from dried fruits typically cultivated and exported from Colombia: uchuva (Physalis peruviana), lulo (Solanum quitoense), guanabana (Anona muricata), and pitahaya (Hylocereus undatus). The whole method was validated in terms of matrix-matched calibration, matrix effect, and recovery using atrazine-d5 as internal standard, triphenylphosphate for quality control of the injection, and a proper mixture of analytes protectants. Matrix-matched calibration data were found satisfactory for all pesticides and dried fruits, reporting R2 values above 0.99. Matrix effect values evidenced the existence of such effect in most cases. The applied procedure gave satisfactory recovery percentages (70-120%) and relative standard deviation values(<20%) for 92% of the 456 combinations pesticide/fruit studied (spiked levels of 25, 200, and 400µg/kg). Finally, 20 real dried fruit samples were analyzed and residues of tebuconazole were found in two samples of uchuva at a concentration below the lowest calibration level of the method for one of them and at 10.8 ± 1.6µg/kg for the other, being below or similar to the general maximum residue level established for monitoring purposes in food applications.

DETERMINATION OF THE PESTICIDES IN WATER USED IN THE CULTURE AND PROCESSING OF POTATOES

The contamination of water bodies by pesticide residues through direct flow, leaching and other methods has motivated the development of analytical methods for the determination of these compounds in water. A vortex-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction method followed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry for the determination of anilazine, linuron, prothiofos, and tebuconazole residues in water samples from the culture and processing of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) was optimized. The complete factorial design and the central rotational compound design combined with the desirability function were used to evaluate and optimize the parameters of the method. The optimized conditions for extracting the pesticides were as follows: 316 µL of toluene, no sodium chloride addition, and a stirring time of 187 s. The method presented an enrichment factor of 142.4 times and good linearity, precision and accuracy, with limits of detection (LOD) of 0.005 - 0.007 mg L-1 and limits of quantification (LOQ) of 0.016 - 0.022 mg L-1. The co-extractives of the wastewater samples caused the suppression of the chromatographic response of linuron and prothiofos by 7.82 and 27.63%, respectively. The analyte concentrations in the wastewater samples from the industrial shing process, manual potato washing, and dam water were either lower than the LODs of the method or were absent.

Effect of soil amendments on persistence of hexaconazole and tebuconazole in soil and its residues in tomato

A study was performed to determine the effect of soil amendments on persistence of hexaconazole and tebuconazole in soil and its residues in tomato. A typical black cotton soil was amended with FYM, gypsum, biocompost @ 5 tonnes/ha. The amended and unamended soils were treated with hexaconazole and tebuconazole at the rate of 2 mg/kg. Analytical protocol adopted for the analysis of residues of these fungicides from unamended and amended soil, and tomato fruits were validated. The linear range of hexaconazole was 0.05-1.0 mg/kg and for tebuconazole was 0.25-5.0 mg/kg on GC-ECD and GCMS-ITD, respectively. The extraction procedure for soil (amended and unamended) and tomato fruits were accurate and precise as the recovery and % RSD of hexaconazole and tebuconazole in amended and unamened clay soil and tomato fruits were in the range of 74.88 -112.98 and 1.56-16.0%, respectively. The LOD and LOQ of analytical method was less than 0.1 mg/kg for all the matrices analyzed. The persistence of hexaconazole was highest in soil amended with gypsum (DT50, 77 days) followed by biocompost (DT50, 68 days), FYM (DT50, 57 days) and without amendment (DT50, 45 days) soil. However, persistence of tebuconazole was highest in bio-compost (DT50, 69.31 days) amended soil followed by FYM (DT50, 66.01 days), gypsum (DT50, 43.87days) and unamended (DT50, 37.46 days) soil. The terminal residues of hexaconazole and tebuconazole in soil and tomato were correlated but impact of hexaconazole residues in soil on its terminal residues in tomato is quite high with respect to tebuconazole.

PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN COW MILK AND DAIRY PRODUCTS FROM THE MAJOR MILK PRODUCING AREA OF SRI LANKA

Nuwara Eliya district is the leading fresh milk producing area in Sri Lanka. In the district, pesticides are widely applied for intensive cultivation of vegetables which leads to contamination of water and material used to feed cows. Contamination and health risk hazards of organophosphorus pesticide residues in milk and dairy products originated in the district were studied. Identification and quantification of eleven commonly used pesticides in 50 milk samples and 12 dairy product samples were performed using standard analytical methods and GC-MS technique. Results revealed that fresh milk contained residues of Prothiofos (0.0568±0.037 mg/kg), Diazinon (0.0378±0.009 mg/kg), Chlorpyrifos (0.0264±0.004 mg/kg), Profenofos (0.196±0.099 mg/kg), Fipronil (0.1906±0.188 mg/kg), Phenthoate (0.1012±0.110mgkg), Dimethoate (0.1196±0.201 mg/kg) and Tebuconazole (0.062±0.069 mg/kg) at higher levels than the recommended maximum residue levels (MRLs) of the World Health Organization. Sterilized milk (0.0115±0.000 mg/kg) and fermented milk (0.022±0.004 mg/kg) contained higher levels of Profenofos than the MRLs. Higher levels of Fipronil than MRLs were observed in pasteurized milk (0.086±0 mg/kg) and fermented milk (0.014±0.000 mg/kg) samples. Phenthoate at higher levels than MRL was reported in pasteurized milk (0.3645±0.402 mg/kg), sterilized milk (0.1405±0.197 mg/kg) and milk powder (0.0055±0.000 mg/kg). Moreover, Dimethoate content in fermented milk (0.087±0.012 mg/kg) was higher than the MRL. Routine monitoring of the above pollutants in food items including fresh milk and value added milk products is essential to prevent, control and reduce the pollution and to minimize the health risks to consumers.

ЭКОТОКСИКОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ МОНИТОРИНГ ФУНГИЦИДОВ ТРИАЗОЛЬНОЙ ГРУППЫ НА ВИНОГРАДНЫХ НАСАЖДЕНИЯХ

Contamination of grapes by stereoisomers of the following organic fungicides effective against fungal diseases determined: Falcon (250 g/l spiroxamine + 167 g/l tebuconazole + 43 g/l triadimenol); Universal (500 g/l tebuconazole); Kolosal (250 g/l tebuconazole); Kolosal Pro (300 g/l propiconazole + 200 g/l tebuconazole). 12 months after the last treatment residues of propiconazole, triadimenol and tebuconazole were found in soil from 2,5 to 4,8 MAC, in grapes — 0,38 mg/kg with MRL 2,0 mg/kg.

Uptake and distribution of fluopyram and tebuconazole residues in tomato and bell pepper plant tissues.

The present study describes the uptake and distribution of fungicides, fluopyram, and tebuconazole in tomato and bell pepper plant tissues from the soil drench application of their combination product fluopyram17.7% + tebuconazole 17.7%. For extraction and cleanup of fluopyram, its metabolite fluopyram benzamide, and tebuconazole samples, the QuEChERS method was used in conjunction with LC-MS/MS. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of the method determined were 1.5μgkg-1 and 0.005mgkg-1, respectively, and recoveries of all analytes from sample matrices remained within the acceptable range of 70-120%. Rapid uptake of the fungicides by tomato and bell pepper plants was observed from the first day onwards. In the tomato plant, the major part of the fungicides accumulated in the roots, whereas in bell pepper plant, it accumulated both in the roots and in the leaves. Accumulation of fluopyram and tebuconazole residues was lowest in tomato and bell pepper fruits which were much below their respective maximum residue limits (MRLs). The highest residue concentration of fluopyram and tebuconazole in tomato fruits was 0.060 and 0.009mgkg-1; the corresponding values in bell pepper fruits were 0.080 and 0.013mgkg-1. In field soil, fluopyram residues were 3.18-3.570mgkg-1 initially which dissipated at the half-life of 36days. Tebuconazole concentration was 1.57-1.892mgkg-1 initially, and it dissipated at the half-life of 44.5-49.5days. The major metabolite of fluopyram, fluopyram benzamide, was detected in plant tissues as well as in soil, and remained within 12% of the parent compound. The results of the study indicated that fluopyram and tebuconazole are less likely of entry into food chain through intake of tomato and bell pepper fruits if these crops are grown on soil contaminated with these fungicides.

An innovative hapten and monoclonal antibody-based immunoassay for determining tebuconazole residues in aqueous samples

ABSTRACTTebuconazole is widely applied for controlling pathogenic fungi of crops and proved hazardous to human being. To better measure tebuconazole residues, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for screening tebuconazole residues in aqueous samples was established using an innovative hapten (hapten1) designed via molecular model. The work concentration of calibration standard curves based on aqueous matrices ranged from 0.51 to 10.71 ng mL–1. The cross-reactivities of other analogs were less than 6%. The detection limits of the assay were in the range of 0.197–0.297 ng mL–1 for tebuconazole in water samples. The average recoveries of tebuconazole in the spiked water samples varied from 76.76% to 107.52% with the variation coefficient scope of 4.54–13.26%. The obtained immunoassay was verified by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with high correlation coefficients (r > 0.9868). Herein, the proposed immunoassay offers a cost-effective, convenient, reliable tool for the determination of tebuconazole residues in aqueous samples.

Persistence, dissipation and GC-MS analysis of Tebuconazole residues in/on Cabbage

Persistence, dissipation and GC-MS analysis of Tebuconazole residues in/on Cabbage