Tear Film Stability Research Articles

Analyzing The Efficacy Of Conservative Versus Surgical Treatment Of Chronic Mixed Blepharitis Via Laser Doppler Flowmetry And Interferometry

Objective — To analyze and compare the efficacy of conservative vs. surgical treatment of chronic mixed blepharitis via laser Doppler flowmetry and interferometry. Materials and methods — We enrolled 42 patients (the sample of 84 eyes) with chronic mixed blepharitis in the study. Laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) was used to assess the microcirculation in the eyelid skin; interferometry was employed to evaluate the lipid layer of the tear film. Patients in the treatment group were treated by meibomian gland probing (MGP) and by artificial tears with a lipid component, introduced 4 times a day for 30 days. Subjects in the control group had their eyelid massaged in addition to administration of artificial tears. Treatment efficacy was monitored at 1 week, 1.5 months and 3 months. Results — MGP demonstrated a statistically significant positive effect, which persisted for 3 months after the procedure: specifically, the restoration of the tear film stability by increasing the thickness of its lipid layer by 0.27-0.5 μm. When comparing the interferoscopy results, an increase in the area of the lipid layer absence was detected in the control group. Analysis of LDF results showed a decrease in neurogenic and myogenic rhythms, as well as in the blood flow coefficient of variation in both groups. The lymph flow coefficient of variation remained stable in the treatment group, while it tended to decrease in the control group. Conclusion — The obtained data analysis on the basis of objective instrumental assessment of the eyelid morphofunctional state by the methods of interferoscopy and LDF suggested that conducting MGP was more effective in chronic mixed blepharitis treatment, compared with performing an eyelid massage.

Does continuous wear of a face mask affect your tear film?

The study's objective was to assess the effect of type of mask wear and duration, including short-term wear of mask on TBUT. This was a cross-sectional, comparative study. A total of 90 subjects were categorized into three groups, each comprising 30 subjects. Either the groups were given a surgical, cloth, or N95 masks to wear. Baseline TBUT was collected after 30 mins without mask wear; subsequently after 1 min of mask wear and after every 30 mins for 3.5 hours among all the three groups. TBUT changes within the groups and between the groups were compared using Friedman ANOVA and the Kruskal Wallis test. TBUT was stable among N95 wearers for first 30 minutes and declined among cloth & surgical mask users. A continuous significant difference was evident only from 2 hours among surgical and cloth mask users and at 3.5 hours within N95 users. N95 wearers have a higher TBUT, and surgical having the least. Surgical mask wears significantly influence tear film stability, followed by cloth mask wear because of air leak from nose wire. TBUT is minimally affected by N95 wear.

Effects of Calf Blood-Deproteinized Extract Ophthalmic Gel Combined with Sodium Hyaluronate Eye Drops on Conjunctival Hyperemia Score and Tear Film Stability in Patients with Dry Eye.

Objective The aim of this paper is to research the impact of calf blood-deproteinized extract ophthalmic gel combined with sodium hyaluronate eye drops on conjunctival hyperemia score and tear film stability in patients having dry eye. Methods 144 patients having dry eye disease who were hospitalized from July 2018 to July 2021 were chosen as the research targets, which were composed of the control group and research group on the basis of the sequences of hospitalization, and each has 72 cases. The sodium hyaluronate eye drops were gained in the control one. In accordance with the control one, the study ones were given the combined treatment with eye drops of sodium hyaluronate. Treatment of calf blood-deproteinized extract ophthalmic gel, the scores of conjunctival hyperemia, tear film stability, visual function, curative effect, and their adverse reactions were observed and made comparisons among the two groups. Results After the treatments of 2 weeks and later 1 month, the numerical values of the conjunctival hyperemia were fewer in the categories which had been mentioned above, and in contrast with the control one (P < 0.05), the numerical values of the conjunctival hyperemia in the study one were distinctly fewer. The data of SIt, BUT, and the heights of the central tear river of the lower eyelid were higher than those before cure. In comparison with the control one, the FL of the study one was distinctly lower, and the heights of SIt, BUT, and the central tear river of the lower eyelid were obviously better than the control one (P < 0.05). After therapy, the visual contrast sensitivity of the patients in two categories at 6.4 c/d and 12c/d increased in comparison with those before treatment, and the visual contrast sensitivity of the study group at 6.4 c/d and 12c/d was apparently higher than the data of control one (P < 0.05); the effective rate of treatment in the study one was 97.22%, which had a higher situation than the control one, 88.89% (P < 0.05); the probability of occurrence of the negative events in the study one after treatment was 4.17%, which was distinctly below the control one, 15.28% (P < 0.05). Conclusion In order for the treatments of patients having dry eye disease, the use of calf blood-deproteinized extract ophthalmic gel having the combinations with eye drops of sodium hyaluronate can enhance the extent of visual impairment and conjunctival hyperemia with effect and improve the stability of tear film, with significant safety and high efficiency.

Comparison of two questionnaire for subjective symptoms of dry eye in patinents with schizophrenia

IntroductionPsychiatric disorders may be one of considerable contributing factors for dry eye symptoms and the severity of subjective symptoms of dry eye are often related to psychological factors.ObjectivesThe aim of this research was to determine which of two chosen questionnaires for subjective symptoms of dry eye (Ocular Surface Disease Index and Schein questionnaire) is more reliable in the assessment of dry eye in patients with schizophrenia.MethodsOur research included 80 patients of both sexes with schizophrenia ranging between the age of 25 and 55 who have been taking antipsychotics (clozapin, olanzapin, quetiapin) for five years and were in remission. All participants were required to satisfy all included and excluded criteria. They all filled out the Schein and OSDI questionnaires for assessment of subjective symptoms. Tear break-up time test (TBUT) for objective evaluation of tear film stability was also performed. In order to determine the correlation between two subjective and objective tests we calculated Spearmans correlation coefficients.ResultsA analysis shows that there are no statistically significant differences between the correlations. Both subjective questionnaires are statistically significantly and negatively related to the TBUT test, showing that an increase in the results on the OSDI and Schein’s questionnaires led to the decreases in the results on the TBUT test.ConclusionsIn patients with schizophrenia the OSDI and Schein questionnaires are equally reliable in the assessment of subjective symptoms of Dry eye disease. Considering that, OSDI is more common in clinical practice, it is recommended for use in patients with schizophrenia.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Potential combined ocular effects of mask wear and digital device usage during COVID-19 pandemic

Purpose: This study aimed to subjectively identify the potential combined visual effects of using face masks and digital devices during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Methods: A survey was conducted using google forms through different social media platforms. The questions were framed about knowing the type of mask used, duration of mask wear, and digital device usage. In addition, OSDI and SPEED questionnaires were used. Results: Overall, 471 responses were analyzed; n=271 (57.5%) were females. Males tend to have more eye fatigue and difficulty in driving than females. There is no statistically significant association between dry eye symptoms or OSDI and SPEED scores among double mask users. N95 and cloth masks are closely associated with dry eye symptoms among single mask wearers. Among the combined effects of mask wear and digital device usage assessed, mask worn for at least three days, with less than 4 hours of duration and less than 4 hours of digital device usage, have ocular symptoms. Conclusion: Overall, mask usage negatively influences tear film stability, causing dry eye. Double mask wear is recommended to prevent mask-associated dry eye.

The Potential Role of SP-G as Surface Tension Regulator in Tear Film: From Molecular Simulations to Experimental Observations.

The ocular surface is in constant interaction with the environment and with numerous pathogens. Therefore, complex mechanisms such as a stable tear film and local immune defense mechanisms are required to protect the eye. This study describes the detection, characterization, and putative role of surfactant protein G (SP-G/SFTA2) with respect to wound healing and surface activity. Bioinformatic, biochemical, and immunological methods were combined to elucidate the role of SP-G in tear film. The results show the presence of SP-G in ocular surface tissues and tear film (TF). Increased expression of SP-G was demonstrated in TF of patients with dry eye disease (DED). Addition of recombinant SP-G in combination with lipids led to an accelerated wound healing of human corneal cells as well as to a reduction of TF surface tension. Molecular modeling of TF suggest that SP-G may regulate tear film surface tension and improve its stability through specific interactions with lipids components of the tear film. In conclusion, SP-G is an ocular surface protein with putative wound healing properties that can also reduce the surface tension of the tear film.

The Impact of Noncontact Tonometry and Icare Rebound Tonometry on Tear Stability and Dry Eye Clinical Practice.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible effects of the noncontact air puff tonometry (NCT) and Icare rebound tonometry (ICT) on the tear film stability by using the tear stability analysis system (TSAS) and dry eye parameters. Fifteen eyes from fifteen normal healthy subjects were investigated in this study. All subjects underwent TSAS surface regularity index (SRI) examinations, TBUT, and IOP measurements. The mean IOP results measured with NCT were 13.3 ± 1.86 mm Hg, and the mean IOP results measured with ICT were 15.88 ± 3.09 mm Hg (p > 0.05). The mean values of baseline, 5 min, and 10 min of the NCT-SRI and ICR-SRI were tested. There were statistically significant differences between NCT-Baseline SRI, NCT-5 min SRI, and NCT-10 min SRI values (p < 0.05). SRI values significantly increased after NCT. The mean values of the baseline, 5 min, and 10 min of the ICT-SRI were also assessed. There were no statistically significant differences between ICT-Baseline SRI, ICT-5 min SRI, and ICT-10 min SRI values (p > 0.05). The mean TBUT values exhibited a significant decrease at 1 min, 5 min, and 10 min compared with baseline values for the NCT and ICT (p < 0.01). NCT-TBUT and ICT-TBUT values were also compared with each other in the same time period. There were no statistically significant differences between NCT-Baseline and ICT-Baseline TBUT values (p > 0.05). In conclusion, intraocular pressure measurements in routine ophthalmology clinical practices by either NCT or ICT cause deterioration in the tear film stability which might affect tear stability testing when performed soon after IOP measurements. It is best to wait at least for 20–30 min after the IOP measurement before evaluating the tear film and the corneal surface or perform tonometry after the tear film-ocular surface evaluation tests.

Investigating the diagnostic utility of non-invasive tear film stability and breakup parameters: A prospective diagnostic accuracy study

Investigating the diagnostic utility of non-invasive tear film stability and breakup parameters: A prospective diagnostic accuracy study

Effects of Kohl Application on the Eye and Its Related Parts – Reviewed Medical Journals

Studies show various harmful effects of Kohl on the eye and its related parts which leads to several eye problems as well as the harmful effect on the human body. The use of Kohl causes tear film contamination and severe ocular discomfort. Usage of Kohl increases the debris on the lipid layer of the tear film causing meibomian gland blockage. This results in reduced stability of tear film. Its use also results in external eye infections in children. Application of Kohl in children leads to asymptomatic lead poisoning. Tear film destabilization occurs due to particles migration across the eyelid margin causing poor tear film stability and dry eye symptoms. There are microbial pathogens and toxic metals in Kohl that prove harmful to the human body. The poisoning caused due to the use of Kohl affects the general health and causes different problems like anxiety and irritability, abdominal cramps and anemia, etc.

Lipid layer thickness decrease due to meibomian gland dysfunction leads to tear film instability and reflex tear secretion

Purpose To determine the clinical effects of ocular surface and Meibomian gland parameters on tear film stability among individuals with Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD), those with aqueous deficient dry eye (ADDE), individuals with both conditions and normal controls. Methods Patients were divided into four groups: normal controls, patients with ADDE, patients with MGD, and patients who fulfilled diagnostic criteria for ADDE and MGD (Mixed Group). Data for ocular symptom score, lid margin abnormality, ocular staining, tear break-up time, meiboscore, and lipid layer thickness (LLT) measured by a Lipiview interferometer, Schirmer test, and MGD severity score were collected. Results A total of 109 patients (109 eyes) were evaluated. In patients with MGD, LLT was significantly lower than the ADDE patients. However, the Schirmer test value was the highest in the MGD group. The LLT negatively correlated with meiboscore and MGD severity score in the MGD group. Significant correlation between Schirmer test value and meiboscore was definite in the MGD group. Conclusions Tear fluid secretion is more increased and lipid layer thickness is more decreased in MGD patients than in ADDE patients. Decreased lipid layer thickness caused by MGD-related tear film instability may stimulate reflex tear secretion. The obstructive MGD is more prevalent than hypersecretary MGD. Key messages The tear film stability is affected by Mebomian gland dysfunction (MGD). The measurement of the tear film parameters including lipid layer thickness suggests that the obstructive MGD is more prevalent than hypersecretary MGD and the aqueous layer compensates the decreased lipid layer caused by MGD.

Effect of overnight orthokeratology lenses on tear film stability in children

PurposeTo assess the tear film surface quality after orthokeratology using an automated Medmont E300 corneal topographer. MethodsChildren who wore orthokeratology lenses for more than one year were selected in this retrospective study. Tear film disruption (TFD) and central tear film disruption (cTFD) were measured with Medmont E300 corneal topographer at initial and each follow-up visit after fitting with orthokeratology lenses, providing a nominal value from 0 (perfect) to 1 (poor). Tear film surface quality before and after ortho-k treatment was compared. Results145 children using orthokeratology lenses were observed. TFD and cTFD significantly increased at 1-day follow up (TFD, t = -17.3, P < 0.001; cTFD, t = -10.4, P < 0.001). This change remained consistent through to 12-months visit (TFD, F = 51.1, P < 0.001; cTFD, F = 28.0, P < 0.001). A sub-group of n = 11 children were discontinued for 1-month before being refit with OrthoK lenses of a different design. Similarly, there was a significant increase in TFD compared to pre-orthoK scans (0.172 ± 0.161), but this returned to baseline levels after ceasing lens wear (0.084 ± 0.059). A sub-group of monocular OrthoK wearers (n = 23) found that TFD and cTFD values increased in eyes with monocular lens-wearing but remained stable in the lateral eyes. ConclusionsObjective measurements of tear-film quality are reduced in children after fitting with orthokeratology lenses, but return to baseline after 1-month of lens cessation. It is of importance to ensure tear film surface quality is continuously monitored throughout use of orthoK lenses.

An overview on dry eye disease diagnosis: options for new non-invasive testing technologies

This literature review intends to provide an overview of the new non-invasive testing technologies and their role in the diagnosis of dry eye disease (DED). Including imaging technologies of tear volume, tear film stability, meibomian glands morphology and function, corneal morphology, biomarkers and ocular surface temperature, as well as tear osmolarity, optical quality, blinking test and so on. New testing technologies can provide an indirect and objective assessment of the ocular surface, tear condition and visual quality. Testing technologies, such as tear volume, meibography and tear osmolarity have been widely recognized and applied in clinical practice, showing higher specificity and sensitivity than traditional tests. Others, such as strip meniscometry, interferometer, light scattering technology, double-pass system, blinking test and so on, are currently in the stage of clinical research and improvement, and may translate to routine clinical detection techniques in the future. The new non-invasive testing technologies can non-invasively evaluate the ocular surface and tears, and measure the changes of components related to the disease, which play an important role in the diagnosis, classification, clinical management and curative effect evaluation of DED.

Review of the tear film measurements of a multifunctional instrument

Purpose. The aim of this study was to test the measurements of the tear film stability and tear meniscus height of the Visio- nix 120+ (VX; Luneau Technology, Jerusalem, Israel). Material and Methods. In 24 volunteers (mean age = 37.42 ± 14.23 (standard deviation)), the tear film stability (V-NIBUT and V-NIBUT M) and the tear meniscus height (V-TMH) were determined with VX and the gold-standard, the “Tearscope” technique, of the right eyes (control; NIBUT and TMH). The symptoms were observed using the Ocular Disease Index-6 (OSDI-6). The methods were analysed with Cohen’s Kappa and intra-class correlation (ICC), the prediction probability with the Receiver-Operator-Characteristic-Curve (ROC). Results. The average OSDI-6 grade was 8.00 ± 5.75, the average tear film stability, measured with the VX, was 3.92 s ± 1.79 (V-NIBUT) and 7.36 s ± 1.67 (V-NIBUT M), the control was 10.57 s ± 6.84. The mean tear meniscus height, measured with the VX, was 0.31 mm ± 0.10, the control 0.31 mm ± 0.11. The Cohen’s Kappa analysis showed none to slight agree- ment between methods (V-NIBUT - NIBUT: Kappa -0.005, p = 0.708; V-NIBUT M – NIBUT: Kappa 0.035, p = 0.032; V-TMH - TMH: Kappa 0.06, p = 0.051). V-NIBUT to NIBUT gave an ICC of 0.167 (p = 0.332), V-NIBUT M to NIBUT gave 0.296 (p = 0,203) and V-TMH to TMH -0.192 (p = 0.661). While NIBUT was a significant discriminator of OSDI-6, this was not the case with V-NIBUT or V-NIBUT M (NIBUT: area under the ROC (AUC) = 0.832, p = 0.009; V-NIBUT: AUC = 0.547; p = 0.145; V-NIBUT M: AUC = 0.668, p = 0.127). Conclusion. The measurements of the VX differed signifi- cantly from the control measurements. Keywords tear film stability, NIBUT, tear meniscus height, OSDI-6, dry eye

Evaluation of the Ocular Surface and Meibomian Gland in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypopnea Syndrome.

PurposeTo assess the ocular surface and meibomian gland (MG) of patients with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) and to explore the effects of surgery for OSAHS on the ocular surface and MG.MethodsBased on the apnea hypopnea index (AHI), 21 patients with mild OSAHS (Group A, 5/h ≤ AHI < 15/h), 20 patients with moderate OSAHS (Group B, 15/h ≤ AHI < 30/h), 62 patients with severe OSAHS (Group C, AHI ≥ 30/h) were examined. The ocular surface and MG were evaluated using Keratograph 5M. In addition, detailed Ophthalmic examination including visual acuity, refraction, slit-lamp examination of the anterior segment, corneal fluorescein staining (CFS), ocular surface disease index (OSDI) scoring, Schirmer I test (SIT) and serum lipid measurement was performed. For OSAHS patients with dry eye syndrome (DES) who underwent uvulopalatopharyngoplasty for improving AHI, the conditions of the ocular surface and MG were compared before surgery and 3 months after surgery. Only the data of the right eyes were analyzed.ResultsThere were no significantly different in the OSDI score, tear meniscus height (TMH), or loss ratio of the lower eyelid (LRLE) among these groups. The first non-invasive tear film breakup time (fNIBUT), average non-invasive tear film breakup time (avNIBUT), bulbar redness index (BRI), lipid layer grading (LLG), CFS, plugged orifices and distortion in MG, the loss ratio of upper eyelid (LRUE), and the incidence of DES, floppy eyelid syndrome (FES) and meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) showed significant differences between Groups A and C (p = 0.015, p = 0.018, p < 0.001, p = 0.022, p = 0.036, p = 0.007, p = 0.019, p = 0.017, p = 0.045, p = 0.013, and p = 0.029, respectively). The SIT in the Group A was significantly higher than in Group B (p = 0.025) and in Group C (p < 0.001). In the correlation analyses, the fNIBUT, avNIBUT, SIT and LLG had negative correlations with the AHI (p = 0.013, p = 0.010, p = 0.003, p < 0.001, and p = 0.006, respectively). The BRI, CFS and LRUE were positively correlated with the AHI (p = 0.006, p = 0.007, and p = 0.046, respectively). Three months after surgery, there were no significant differences in the ocular surface or MG.ConclusionPatients with severe OSAHS have poor stability of tear film and are prone to lipid-deficient dry eye as a result of the loss of meibomian gland. By improving the AHI, the ocular surface damage of OSAHS patients cannot be reversed in a short time.

Effect of wearing a FFP2 mask on tear film and ocular surface temperature during soft contact lens wear and non-contact lens wear

Purpose: To investigate the effect of FFP2 mask use on pre-lens and pre-cornea tear film stability, tear meniscus height, and ocular surface temperature (OST) during soft CL wear and non-CL wear.

A Novel Rat Model of Dry Eye Induced by Aerosol Exposure of Particulate Matter

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to introduce a novel dry eye rat model induced by aerosol exposure of particulate matter (PM).MethodsA total of 30 female Sprague Dawley (SD) rats divided into 3 groups: the control group, the low-level exposed group, and the high-level exposed group. The rats in the experience groups were directly exposed to PM samples in the exposure chamber over 14 days. The clinical observation, including tear volume, corneal fluorescein staining, breakup time (BUT), inflammation index, corneal irregularity score, and corneal confocal microscopy. Eyeballs were collected on day 14 for hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and PAS staining. TUNEL assay, CD45, and Ki67 immunostaining was performed and corneal ultrastructural changes were detected by electron microscopy. IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and NF-κB Western blot analysis were used to observe the possible pathogenesis.ResultsIn the PM-treated groups, the number of layers in the corneal epithelium and corneal nerve fiber length were significantly decreased compared with that of the control group. The number of corneal epithelial microvilli and chondriosome/desmosomes were drastically reduced in PM-treated groups. Confocal microscopy and CD45 immunohistochemistry showed inflammatory cell infiltration in the PM-treated groups. PM caused apoptosis of corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells while leading to abnormal epithelial cell proliferation, meanwhile, conjunctival goblet cells in the PM-treated group were also significantly reduced. PM significantly increased the levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and p-NF-κB-p65 in the cornea.ConclusionsAerosol exposure of PM can reduce the stability of tear film and cause the change of ocular surface, which is similar to the performance of human dry eye, suggesting a novel animal model of dry eye.

Hyperglycemia Induces Meibomian Gland Dysfunction.

PurposePatients diagnosed with diabetes are inclined to have abnormalities on stability of tear film and disorder of meibomian gland (MG). This study aims to explore the pathological change of MG induced by diabetes in a rat model.MethodsSprague-Dawley (SD) rats were intraperitoneally injected with streptozotocin (STZ) to establish a diabetic animal model. Lipid accumulation in MG was detected by Oil Red O staining and LipidTox staining. Cell proliferation status was determined by Ki67 and P63 immunostaining, whereas cell apoptosis was confirmed by TUNEL assay. Gene expression of inflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules IL-1α, IL-1β, ELAM1, ICAM1, and VCAM1 were detected by RT-PCR. Activation of ERK, NF-κB, and AMPK signaling pathways was determined by Western Blot analysis. Oxidative stress-related factors NOX4, 4HNE, Nrf2, HO-1, and SOD2 were detected by immunostaining or Western Blot analysis. Tom20 and Tim23 immunostaining and transmission electron microscopy were performed to evaluate the mitochondria functional and structure change.ResultsFour months after STZ injection, there was acini dropout in MG of diabetic rats. Evident infiltration of inflammatory cells, increased expression of inflammatory factors, and adhesion molecules, as well as activated ERK and NF-κB signaling pathways were identified. Oxidative stress of MG was evident in 4-month diabetic rats. Phospho-AMPK was downregulated in MG of 2-month diabetic rats and more prominent in 4-month rats. After metformin treatment, phospho-AMPK was upregulated and the morphology of MG was well maintained. Moreover, inflammation and oxidative stress of MG were alleviated after metformin intervention.ConclusionsLong-term diabetes may lead to Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). AMPK may be a therapeutic target of MGD induced by diabetes.

Impact of Diquafosol Ophthalmic Solution on Tear Film and Dry Eye Symptom in Type 2 Diabetic Dry Eye: A Pilot Study

Purpose: Diquafosol ophthalmic solution (DQS) stimulates P2Y2 receptors on the ocular surface, which enhances mucin secretion from goblet cells. Therefore, tear film stability and hydration of the ocular surface can be achieved independent from lacrimal gland function. Methods: This prospective, open-label pilot study included 60 eyes of 30 diabetic patients diagnosed with dry eye disease (DED) and were randomly assigned to either DQS (n = 30 eyes) or hyaluronate (HA) group (n = 30 eyes). Participants in the DQS group received 3% diquafosol ophthalmic solution, whereas HA group received 0.1% sodium HA preservative-free artificial tears. The dosage for both drugs was 1 drop, 6 times per day for 4 weeks. Tear film lipid layer (TFLL), noninvasive breakup time (NITBUT), corneoconjunctival staining (CS) score, meibomian gland (MG), conjunctival hyperemia [redness score (RS)], ocular surface disease index (OSDI) was assessed and compared at baseline, day 14, and day 28. Results: Comparing baseline and day 28 measurements revealed that both groups found significant improvements in NITBUT, CS, MG quality, MG expressibility, and OSDI scores significantly (P < 0.05), in addition TFLL improvements were only found in the DQS group. At day 28, the magnitude of change in mean NITBUT was 1.74 (DQS) versus 0.31 (HA), 1.16 (DQS) versus 0.37 (HA) point grade reduction in corneoconjunctival staining score and 9.80 (DQS) versus 4.80 (HA) point grade in mean OSDI score. Conclusion: Three percent diquafosol ophthalmic solution treatment demonstrated the ability to improve the tear film dry eye parameters and clinically reduced sign and symptoms of DED in diabetic dry eye patients. Clinical Trials.gov ID: NCT04980144.

Хвороба сухого ока у студентів з міопією під час пандемії COVІD-19

Актуальність. На сьогодні актуальною проблемою є пандемія коронавірусної хвороби 2019 (COVID-19) в усьому світі. Вжито заходів безпеки, зокрема використання масок, дистанційне навчання. Однак офтальмологи, як і населення в цілому, повинні знати, що маска для обличчя разом із тривалим використанням цифрових пристроїв призводить до збільшення кількості повідомлень про сухість очей у великої кількості пацієнтів. Мета дослідження: вивчити частоту виникнення хвороби сухого ока у студентів з міопією. Матеріали та методи. У дослідженні взяли участь 96 студентів медичного університету, які спостерігались у офтальмолога з діагнозом «міопія», обраних методом випадкової вибірки. Всім пацієнтам, крім стандартного офтальмологічного обстеження, проводилась оцінка стабільності прерогової слізної плівки (CП) за допомогою кератотопографії рогівок, та проба Норна (час розриву слізної плівки (ЧРСП)). Також використовувався стандартний опитувальник, призначений для оцінки вираженості симптомів хвороби сухого ока, «Індекс ураження очної поверхні» (Ocular Surface Disease Index). Результати. Під час проведення кератотопографії в 47 пацієнтів ЧРСП не був знижений. У середньому за часом стабільність концентричних кілець зберігалась тривалий час, 20,2 ± 3 с. Але у 49 пацієнтів спостерігались ознаки нестабільності СП за часом порівняно з 47 пацієнтами без порушення ЧРСП. У 47 пацієнтів без порушень при дослідженні на корнеотопографі даний показник при пробі Норна варіював від 25 до 18 с, тобто також не виходив за рамки вікової норми (у середньому 21,5 ± 3,5 с). У 3 пацієнтів з мінімальним показником ЧРСП за кератотопографією його значення за пробою Норна становило 9 с. У 36 пацієнтів з укороченням ЧРСП, відповідно до обох методів, відзначався слабкий ступінь сухого ока, у 10 — помірний, у 3 — виражений. Найбільш частими скаргами були: відчуття піску в очах, зоровий дискомфорт при роботі за комп’ютером і в вітряну погоду та при тривалому користуванні захисною маскою. Висновки. Серед студентів, які перебували на дистанційному навчанні, в 51,04 % випадків відзначається підтверджена об’єктивними методами хвороба сухого ока. Більш виражений ступінь сухого ока відзначається в користувачів контактних лінз, тому в обов’язковому порядку офтальмологам слід призначати їм зволожуючі краплі.

Effects of aerobic exercise on tear secretion and tear film stability in dry eye patients

BackgroundTo study the effects of aerobic exercise (AE) on tear secretion and tear film stability in dry eye patients.MethodsThis study consisted of two parts, each part included 3 groups, namely dry eye without AE group, dry eye with AE group and pre-clinical dry eye with AE group. In part 1, we studied the variations of Schirmer I test and six tear compositions before and after AE (34 eyes in each group). In part 2, we studied the variations of tear meniscus height, first and average non-invasive tear breakup time (F-NITBUT and A-NITBUT), lipid layer thickness, number of incomplete and complete blinks, partial blink rate (PBR) and visual acuity before and after AE (30 eyes in each group).ResultsIn dry eye with AE group, Schirmer I test at 0 min after AE increased significantly compared to baseline (P < 0.001), the oxidative stress marker 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine after AE decreased significantly compared to baseline (P = 0.035, P = 0.045), F-NITBUT and A-NITBUT after AE prolonged significantly compared to baseline (P < 0.001, P = 0.007, P = 0.036; P < 0.001, P = 0.001, P = 0.044), number of incomplete blinks and PBR at 10 min after AE decreased significantly compared to baseline (P < 0.001; P < 0.001) while number of complete blinks increased significantly (P < 0.001). Besides, significant differences were also found between dry eye with AE group and dry eye without AE group at all above corresponding time point (P < 0.05).ConclusionAE promotes tear secretion and improves tear film stability in dry eye patients. AE may be a potential treatment for dry eye.Trial registrationChinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR2000038673. Registered 27 September 2020,