Teak Research Articles

The Impact of Varying Levels of Tectona grandis Leafmeal on the Performance of Broiler Chickens

This study assessed the impact of varying levels of Tectona grandis leafmeal (TGLM) dietary supplementation on the performance of broiler chickens. A basal diet divided into four portions designated diet 1 (the control) and diets 2, 3 and 4 supplemented with 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6%, respectively. One hundred and forty four broiler chicks were randomly assigned to the four experimental diets (36 birds per diet; 9 birds per replicate) using a Completely Randomized Design. At the finisher phase the body weight gain and feed conversion ratio of the birds fed 0.2 and 0.6% TGLM supplemented diets was better (P<0.05) than those fed control diet and 0.4% TGLM supplemented diets. Serum cholesterol concentration was significantly (P<0.05) lower in the birds fed 0.4 and 0.6% TGLM supplemented diets compared to control diet. The catalase concentration in the birds fed 0.4 and 0.6% TGLM supplemented diets were (P<0.05) higher than those birds fed control diet and 0.2% TGLM supplemented diets while the glutathione peroxidase concentration in the birds fed 0.4% TGLM supplemented diets was higher (P<0.05) than those fed control diet, 0.2 and 0.6% TGLM supplemented diet. The lipid peroxidation in the birds fed 0.6% TGLM supplemented diets was (P<0.05) significantly lower compared to the control diet, 0.2% and 0.4% TGLM supplemented diets. The live-weight of the birds fed 0.4 and 0.6% TGLM supplemented diet was higher (P<0.05) than those fed control diet and 0.2% TGLM supplemented diets. The colour score of birds fed 0.4% TGLM supplemented diets was higher (P<0.05) than those fed other diets. The overall acceptability score thigh meat of birds fed 0.4% TGLM supplemented diet was significantly (P<0.05) higher compared to other experimental diets. It was concluded that TGLM supplementation in this study has phytochemicals of health benefits and possess antioxidant properties.

New Understanding of Meta-Topolin Riboside Metabolism in Micropropagated Woody Plants.

Topolin cytokinins have emerged as valuable tools in micropropagation. This study investigates the metabolism of meta-topolin riboside (mTR) in three distinct tree species: Handroanthus guayacan and Tabebuia rosea (Bignoniaceae), and Tectona grandis (Lamiaceae). Employing labeled N15 mTR, we unraveled the complex mechanisms underlying cytokinin homeostasis, identifying N9-glucosylation as the principal deactivation pathway. Our findings demonstrate a capacity in T. rosea and H. guayacan to reposition the hydroxyl group on the cytokinin molecule, a previously unexplored metabolic pathway. Notably, this study reveals remarkable interfamilial and interspecies differences in mTR metabolism, challenging established perspectives on the role of callus tissue in cytokinin storage. These insights not only illuminate the metabolic intricacies of mTR, a cytokinin with interesting applications in plant tissue culture, but also enhances our understanding of cytokinin dynamics in plant systems, thereby enriching the scientific discourse on plant physiology and cytokinin biology.

δ18O of Marine‐Influenced Tectona grandis L. f. From Equatorial Indonesia: A Local Rainfall Amount and Remote ENSO Indicator

AbstractThe hydroclimatic response of the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) to external radiative forcing remains controversial and difficult to project with confidence for the 21st century. Annually resolved paleoclimatic reconstructions spanning the pre‐ and post‐industrial eras from the Indonesian maritime continent may provide hindcasting and diagnostic targets. Here we report δ18O observations from dendrochronologically dated teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) α‐cellulose samples collected at Muna Island, Sulawesi (5.3°S, 123°E, elevation 10 m), for November‐April growing seasons during the period 1969/70–2004/5. Age‐modeled, annually averaged α‐cellulose δ18O anomalies are significantly correlated with simulated α‐cellulose δ18O at the study site. We show that the correlation is largely explained by the amount effect in local and regional precipitation δ18O. Significant correlation with SST anomalies over the study period suggest that replicated multicentury α‐cellulose records from this archive may be interpreted as ENSO indicators.

LEAF ANATOMICAL ADAPTATIONS OF FOURTEEN TREE SPECIES GROWING IN LAGOS STATE UNIVERSITY, OJO CAMPUS. LAGOS, NIGERIA

Plants growing in different locations exhibit various anatomical adaptations which make them survive in their various habitats. Therefore, this study examined the leaf anatomical adaptations of fourteen tree species namely Acacia auriculiformis, Albizia lebbeck, Anacardium occidentale, Azadirachta indica, Carica papaya, Delonix regia, Gmelina arborea, Lagestroemia speciosa, Mangifera indica, Polyalthia longifolia, Tectona grandis, Terminalia catappa, Terminalia ivoriensis and Yucca gigantea growing in Lagos State University, Ojo Campus.. The leaf epidermal layers were isolated using nail polish; and were observed under the light microscope to determine the stomata features, epidermal cell and trichome types. The results showed that all the species were hypostomatic, with the exception of Acacia auriculiformis and Terminalia ivorensis that were amphistomatic. Eight stomatal complex types such as anomotetracytic, staurocytic, anisosytic, brachyparacytic, paracytic, pericytic, brachyparatetracytic and anomocytic were observed among the species. The stomatal density ranged from 46.05 mm-2 342.11 mm-2 on both leaf surfaces. The stomatal index ranged from 16.17% - 91.23% on both leaf surfaces. Trichomes were found in Albizia lebbeck, Delonix regia, Gmelina arborea, Polyalthia longifolia, Tectona grandis and Terminali aivorensis. The anticlinal cell wall patterns observed were round, curved, wavy and straight; while the epidermal cell shapes were irregular, isodiametric and polygonal. This study revealed that leaf anatomical adaptations such as amphistomatic leaf type, presence of stomatal complex types (anomocytic, anomotetracytic, brachyparatetracytic, staurocytic and anisocytic) with many subsidiary cells; high stomatal density and index; absence of trichomes; and wavy anticlinal cell wall pattern might be responsible for survival of the species in their locations.

The Development of Teak Leaf Cookies for BUMDes Gajah Mada, Pokdarwis, and PKK in Kebontunggul Village, Mojokerto

Kebontunggul village (Gondang district, Mojokerto, East Java, Indonesia) is abundant in teak (Tectona grandis L.) leaves, but their utilization is still lacking. Based on this potential, supported financially by Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi (The Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology/Kemendikbudristek) University of Surabaya (UBAYA) and Widya Mandala Surabaya Catholic University (WMSCU) collaborated with Badan Usaha Milik Desa (Village-owned Enterprise/BUMDes) Gajah Mada, Kelompok Sadar Wisata (Tourism Awareness Group/Pokdarwis), and Organisasi Pemberdayaan Kesejahteraan Keluarga (Family Welfare and Empowerment Organization/PKK) Kebontunggul village in Pemberdayaan Desa Binaan (Community Engagement Program/PDB). The program aims to produce cookies from teak leaves to increase the economic activity of the Kebontunggul residents. The methods used are community education, consultation, training, science and technology transfer. The focus of this specific program was before-after knowledge assessment, skill development, and community participation in teak leaf-based cookies innovation. There was an increase in the knowledge and skills of the Kebontunggul people, as indicated in the pre-test and post-test results. The training output was the procedure and formulation development of teak leaf powder and teak leaf cookies to support its production scale and increase the residents' economic activity.

Distribution and Conservation Status of Plants’ species in the Botanical Garden and Arboretum domiciled in University of Uyo, Nigeria

This research assessed the plant species composition, distribution and International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) conservation status of plants in University of Uyo botanical garden and arboretum using systematic sampling technique. The species were sampled in 10 x 10 m quadrats spaced at least regular intervals of 20 m from each quadrat. Thirty-one and thirty-eight species were encountered in the arboretum and botanic garden respectively. In terms of the frequency, Chromolaena odorata and Nauclea diderichii had the highest values (75%), while Acanthus montanus, Anthocleista djalonensis, Anthonotha macrophylla, Baphia nitida, Barteria nigritiana, Carpolobia lutea, Ceiba pentandra, Cnestis ferruginea, Entandrophragma utile, Hura crepitans, Lonchocarpus griffoneonus, Rauvolfia vomitoria, Senna siamea, Tamarindus indica, Tectona grandis and Treculia africana had the least frequency (25% each). For the density, Nauclea diderichii had the value of 250±15.30 st/ha. In the botanic garden, Ageratum houstonianum, Alchornea cordifolia, Chromolaena ordorata and Croton hirtus had the highest frequency (100%) while Allamanda cathartica, Asystasia gangetica, Bambusa vulgaris, Caladium bicolor, Centrosema virginianum, Cnestis ferruginea, Culcasia scandens, Cyathula prostrata, Desmodium scorpiurus, Emilia sonchifolia, Heliconia psittacorum, Ipomea involucrata, Lagenaria sphaerica, Mimosa pudica, Nephrolepis bisserata, Panicum sp., Pentaclethra macrophylla, Plumeria rubra, Polyalthia longifolia, Pteridium aquilinum, Scoparia dulcis, Senna siamea, Sesamum radiatum and Sida acuta had the least frequency (33.33%). The vegetation of both sites indicated variation in composition of trees, shrubs, herbs, climbers and ferns. These heterogeneities may be a pointer to their varying adaptation levels and differential responses of plant species to pedological and anthropogenic influences.

Unraveling of Tectona grandis reduced palladium nanoparticles decorated on Mg-Al layered double hydroxide as an efficient nanocatalyst for cross-coupling reactions and azo dye degradation

An eco-friendly approach for encapsulating active noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) onto inert support materials and utilizing these nanocatalysts with confined approaches is paving the way for betterment. This paper provides a brief explanation for implementing a biogenic protocol for fabricating palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) onto Mg-Al layered double hydroxide (Mg-Al-LDH) using Tectona grandis leaves extract (TGLE) as capping and reducing agents to develop Mg-Al-LDH@TGLE Pd nanocatalyst. The structural and chemical features of the developed nanocatalyst are well characterized by different spectroscopic and analytical techniques. Owing to the significance of Pd NPs in cross-coupling reactions, the Mg-Al-LDH@TGLE Pd nanocatalyst was examined for its catalytic performance in the Hiyama and denitrogenative cross-coupling reactions for the formation of biaryls. Further, the nanocatalyst demonstrated great proficiency in the degradation of the azo dye methyl orange (MO). The Mg-Al-LDH@TGLE Pd nanocatalyst gave pronounced results with good stability and selectivity for both reactions with recyclability up to four cycles. This study presents a greener approach avoiding complicated methodologies for support materials and their advances in catalytic reactions.

Ground-penetration radar detection of Root-mass in a Tree Groove in Southwestern Nigeria

In this study, we present the results of a ground-penetrating radar (GPR) survey aimed at imaging the lateral root systems of a section of a tree groove lined by the Tectona Grandis (Teak) species. This was to set the basis for deploying a multi-frequency GPR system for the non-invasive monitoring of rootmass development and evaluation of plant development and health. The survey involved a single GPR Transect with a total length of 60.1 m established along the middle of a line of matured Teak trees. Data was collected at 250 MHz, 500 MHz and 1000 MHz, simultaneously using a wheel-triggered Utsi Trivue system. Data processing involved a dewow, static corrections, gain application and background removal. A root zone consisting of two layers was delineated and a total of 159 hyperbolae were interpreted as roots. The roots were limited to the shallow subsurface, the upper 1.1 m of a potential root zone 1.6 m deep. Imaged roots generally occur in clusters that create much disturbance of the otherwise continuous reflections in the root zone. Often, roots may be laterally offset from the location of tree bases on the Transect. We further identified a potential set of laterally migrating roots in a zone of undisturbed ground outside the main groove indicating the lateral reach of the usually shallow roots of the Teak tree. The results set the basis for further work in root-mass estimation and monitoring tree health within our team.

Characteristics of teak trees and stands driving infestations by Xyleutes ceramica (Walker, 1865) (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) in plantations in Thailand

AbstractThe teak bee‐hole borer (Xyleutes ceramica (Walker, 1865)) is widespread in northern Thailand and is considered the most serious pest of teak (Tectona grandis) in the country. The present study investigated the factors affecting the infestation of teak trees by this species in three plantations in northern Thailand at different spatial scales, including the tree, plot and stand levels. At each plantation, 48 plots evenly distributed in three different young stands (1–10 years), three medium‐aged stands (11–20 years) and six old stands (exceeding 20 years) were sampled. At the plots, the number of current entrance holes of X. ceramica per teak tree was counted, and the characteristics of the trees and stands were assessed. A total of 1952 teak trees were sampled, 22.7% of which were infested by X. ceramica. According to our results, infestation was much more strongly affected by stand characteristics than by the characteristics of individual trees. Above all, understorey cover exhibited substantial effect with the infestation level being strongly limited in stands with dense understories. Additionally, young and medium‐aged stands on better quality sites were found to be the most susceptible to infestation, and well‐growing and/or damaged trees were preferred by the pest species. In conclusion, major recommendations for suppressing damage caused by X. ceramica include (a) promoting and maintaining the understorey above 30% cover, (b) planting mixed stands of commercial forest trees and (c) intensively monitoring the pest in young and medium‐aged stands, especially those growing at good‐ and medium‐quality sites.

POLA TANAM DAN SISTEM SILVIKULTUR PADA SKEMA PERHUTANAN SOSIAL DI KULON PROGO, D.I. YOGYAKARTA

Social forestry is a scheme chosen by the government to improve community welfare by providing legal access to communities to manage forests. One of the social forestry schemes implemented in Kulon Progo is Community Forestry. This scheme has great potential to be developed with a multi-use forestry management model. Therefore, a review of the silvicultural aspect is needed to understand the forest management model currently implemented. This research aims to identify tree species, planting patterns and silvicultural systems implemented by Community Forestry at Production Forests in Kulon Progo. The research was conducted from August to October 2023 in Plot 17 and Plot 19 of RPH Kokap, BDH Kulon Progo-Bantul. Observations were made by making measurement plots of 20 m x 40 m of each plot and then recording the name of tree species, coordinates, height, diameter, height without branches, and canopy width. The data were then analyzed using Spatially Explicit Individual-based Forest Simulator (SexI-FS) software version 2.1.0. to see the projected planting pattern. The results of the research showed that tree species planted in the Community Forestry were teak (Tectona grandis), acacia (Acacia mangium), mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus sp.), paperback (Melaleuca leucadendron), and jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus ). These species were planted using a mixed planting pattern with the silviculture system of selective logging with artificial regeneration.

Synthesis of gamma irradiated acrylic acid-grafted-sawdust (SD-g-AAc) for trivalent chromium adsorption from aqueous solution

Water pollution caused by chromium released from tannery is a serious concern to the environment and public health. Chromium removal from tannery effluent is a crying need before discharging to the surface water. In this study, acrylic acid-grafted sawdust was prepared by Tectona grandis sawdust grafting with acrylic acid employing gamma irradiation in the presence of air and Mohr's salt. It was treated with NaOH and the characterization of surface morphology and functional groups of modified sawdust was studied by SEM and FTIR.. The effects of solution pH, adsorbent dosage, adsorption time, and initial Cr(III) ion concentration were investigated by batch sorption studies. The process was found to be pH, temperature and concentration dependent. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were applied to realize the adsorption process in depth, and it was found that the Langmuir isotherm model fitted well with experimental data (R2 value of 0.983). The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of acrylic acid-grafted sawdust for Cr(III) from aquous solution was found to be 21.55 mg g-1 at 25 °C. Pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models were employed to analyze the kinetics of the process, and it was found that the experimental process followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, i.e. chemisorption. This study revealed that acrylic acid-grafted sawdust has a decent potential for the removal of Cr(III) from tannery effluents.

Enhancement on physicomechanical properties of short-rotation teak woods by non-biocide chemical and thermal treatments

Enhancement on physicomechanical properties of short-rotation teak woods by non-biocide chemical and thermal treatments

Electrical Properties at Multi-Frequencies for Analysis of Physical and Anatomical Properties of Fast-Growing Standing Teak Trees at Various Ages

Fast-growing teak trees are cultivated extensively in Indonesia to meet the growing demand for teak wood. However, it is necessary to assess the conditions of teak stands throughout their growth period. The nondestructive testing of wood utilizing dielectric spectroscopy approaches based on electrical properties is currently under development, particularly for evaluating tree stands. This study aimed to analyze the dielectric values of fast-growing teak tree stands within a frequency range of 250 kHz to 60 MHz and to understand the relationship between their physical and anatomical properties. A capacitance measurement system was employed to collect dielectric spectroscopy data directly from trees aged 4, 5, and 7 years. Simultaneously, physical and anatomical samples were obtained using a 0.5 cm diameter increment borer. The results revealed significant differences in the fiber length, lumen diameter, and wall thickness at each age. The optimal dielectric frequency for distinguishing wood properties in standing trees was identified to be within a range of 18 MHz to 23 MHz. In the linear model, a moderate relationship was observed with a correlation coefficient of (r)0.403, although the coefficient of determination (r2) was weak at 0.162 for green density. However, a robust relationship was observed in the linear model for specific gravity with r = 0.826 and r2 = 0.682. A weak but significant relationship was also identified with r = 0.2, a coefficient of determination of r2 = 0.04, and a significance level < 0.05 in the predictive model of wood anatomy properties (vessel diameter and fiber wall thickness). Models with low r2 but high significance indicate that the independent variables still noticeably contribute to explaining the dependent variable. Further analysis and data processing can be enhanced by identifying the crucial variables in the capacitance measurement system.

Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under Teak (Tectona grandis) Based on Agroforestry

At the research field of the College of Forestry, SHUATS, Prayagraj, UP, a field experiment was carried out in the Rabi season from November 2022 to March 2023 to determine the impact of integrated nutrition management on Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). The experiment is set up using a randomized block design (RBD), with seven treatments that are duplicated three times using different treatments. The results showed that the highest plant height was 19.80 cm at the 30 DAS (days after sowing) interval, 46.43 cm at the 60 DAS interval, and 52.51 cm at the 90 DAS interval. At 30 DAS maximum number of branches (4.33), 60 DAS maximum number of branches (8.67), and 90 DAS maximum number of branches (12.33), maximum test weight (100 seed, hundred seed weight) (gm) (28.00), greatest grain output q/ha (14.51), highest DAS to flowering (79.14), highest number of pods per plant (no.) (32.27), and highest number of seeds per pod (no.) (2.23). Following the best straw yield per hectare (18.33), the highest harvest index percentage (44.18) and the highest benefit-cost ratio (2:91) were harvested. Maximum net return of 115,255 and maximum gross return of 154,855 respectively. The Treatment T7 outcome with the highest recorded result was 100%VERMICOMPOST + 0%FYM + 0%NPK.

Induction and characterization of induced tetraploid, mixoploid and control diploid teak seedlings (Tectona grandis L.f.) from shoot cultures treated with oryzalin*

Teak, known for its high-quality timber and economic value, holds significant potential as the major component of an agroforestry system to combat climate change and support sustainable development goals. The challenge of slow teak growth can be addressed by introducing fast-growing teak varieties amenable to vegetative propagation. Furthermore, the improvement of teak through somatic cell genetics, such as inducing polyploidy, can result in more vigorous, faster-growing, and drought-tolerant trees. While a report exists on a tetraploid teak accession with enhanced less water tolerance, information on the induction and characterization of tetraploid teak is lacking. In this study, we report the induction of polyploid teak by immersing 1 – 1.5 cm nodal stem segments and shoot tips obtained from teak shoot cultures in a modified MS liquid medium containing 5 − 30 µM oryzalin for one week, followed by subculture for 6 passages. The resulting shoots were acclimatized and grown in the nursery for 10 months. Based on flow cytometry for ploidy analysis of pre-selected plants having morphologies typical of polyploid followed by chromosome counting, we identified two tetraploid plants from one accession and 18 mixoploid teak plants from four accessions. Chromosome counting analysis confirmed that a diploid plant had a chromosome number of 2n = 2x = 36, tetraploid plant had a chromosome number of 2n = 4x = 72, and mixoploid plant exhibited both chromosome number of 2n = 2x = 36 and 2n = 4x = 72 in root tip cells. Morphological characterization revealed that tetraploid and mixoploid teak plants displayed typical polyploid characteristics, such as larger, thicker, and greener leaves, increased root diameter, increased cell size in root tip region, and larger stomata size but with reduced density. The development of tetraploid teak holds the potential to provide faster-growing and more drought-tolerant varieties, facilitating breeding efforts, including the development of triploid varieties.

Tree carbon stock analysis in education forest KHDTK Wanadipa UNDIP, Semarang

Global warming occurs due to increased gases from human activity. Efforts that can be made to minimize global warming are through the forestry sector. Trees play an ecological role, namely as carbon sinks and biomass storage throughout the plant body. The purpose of this study was to analyze the estimated value of carbon stocks in tree biomass in the Special Purposes Forest Area (SPFA) Wanadipa UNDIP Semarang Regency. The sampling method used for measuring tree biomass is the non-destructive method. The non-destructive method is a method that is carried out without destroying or taking all parts of the plant. Data analysis used was the calculation of tree biomass and carbon stocks, and statistical tests of the effect of tree diameter and tree height on carbon stocks in tree biomass. The research station that has the highest carbon stock value is the conservation block of 213,621.25 kg/ha or 213.62 tons/ha. The species that have the highest carbon stock value are Tectona grandis (Jati) and Swietenia mahagoni (Mahoni) in the research block. The amount of carbon that is increasing in the atmosphere at this time must be balanced with the amount of absorption, one of which is by conserving forests, namely through regular tree planting and paying attention to their regeneration, so that trees in carrying out their ecological role can be maintained.

Pengaruh variasi campuran serbuk kayu jati (tectona grandis l.) dan sekam padi pada pembuatan material komposit kampas rem

Brake pad composite materials are made from organic materials and are harmless to the environment. In this study, the brake pad composite material was made using teak wood powder, rice husk and aluminium. Comparison of variations A (23.5 grams of teak wood powder, 18.5 grams of rice husk and 7 grams of aluminium powder) B (27 grams of teak wood powder, 15 grams of rice husk and 7 grams of aluminium powder) C (30.5 grams of teak wood powder, 11.5 grams of rice husk and 7 grams of aluminium powder) and the addition of 21 grams of polyurethane resin then compressed for 30 minutes at 100 0C for 20 minutes. The test results of density, hardness, flexibility and wear were compared with SAE J661. Based on the test results, it was found that samples A, B and C met the SAEJ661 standard only in the flexure test with a value of 490.33 - 529.55 N/cm2. Teak wood powder can increase the value of flexibility while rice husk is used to increase the value of density, hardness and wear due to its silica content.

Impact of different smoke flavors on the quality of hermetically sealed green chili paste (Nam Prik Num)

This research examined how various smoke flavors such as powdered smoke, teak, and longan wood affected the quality of hermetically sealed green chili paste (Nam Prik Num). Teak and longan wood smoking produced a darker green color than the control and smoke powder samples. The smoky aroma had no impact on yield, pH, water release, or chemical composition. However, it did influence moisture content, lightness (L*), redness (a*), yellowness (b*), and water activity (aw) compared to control and smoke-flavored samples. The attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) showed structural changes, control with C-H groups at 2924 cm−1, and smoking introduced –COOR at 1744 cm−1, signifying flavor-induced alterations. The heightened peak hinted at a distinctive smoke aroma, deepening our understanding of molecular transformations. Sample smoke flavor compounds studied using a solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS), included hydrocarbons, alcohol, aldehydes, ketones, esters, acids, and sulfide compounds, with sulfide compounds, alcohol, hydrocarbon, and alcohol compounds as the predominant volatiles. Nam Prik Num with smoke powder scored higher in appearance, color, aroma, taste, and texture than the control. Flavoring with smoke powder is more effective than charcoal grilling for adding smoky taste to Nam Prik Num.

Sixty Years of UGM Forestry Faculty’s Work in Preserving Indonesia’s Forests and Environment

Given a mandate to preserve the Indonesia tropical forest through its education, research, and community service activities, the Faculty of Forestry Universitas Gadjah Mada (FoF UGM) has reached broad stakeholders to support sustainable forest management and climate mitigation (SDG 13 and 17). FoF UGM supports basic and applied research contributing to forestry industrialization (SDG 9), such as improved planting materials for Tectona grandis and Eucalyptus sp. In collaboration with the community (SDG 1 and 2), FoF UGM also diversifies kajuput essential oil produced in Wanagama and UGM teaching forests. Technology innovations such as glue and cross-laminated timber, biodiesel, information systems, and drone technologies for land rehabilitation and carbon accounting represent the institution's commitment to improving Indonesia's forest, forestry, community, and national economy (SDG 13 and 15).

Impact of Different Substrates on Growth and Yield of Schizophyllum commune Fr.

Schizophyllum communeFr. is an edible medicinal mushroom also known as white rot fungus that develops naturally on dead woods which belongs to the phylumBasidiomycota, order Agaricales, family Schizophyllaceae.To find out most suitable growing substrates, mushroom was cultivated on 6 locally available substrates including different saw dust i.e.Babool (Vachellianilotica),Bija (Petrocarpus marsupium),Sal (Shorea robusta),Sagwan (Tectona grandis) and different strawi.e. Paddy straw(PS) and Wheat straw(WS). Among the different substrates,on an average,WS took shortest time for mycelial run (6.50 days), longest time(8.62 days) taken by Bija (P. marsupium). Pinhead initiation was fastest (8.50 days) in WS while, Bija (P. marsupium)took more time period(10.62 days) for pinhead initiation. The Maximum yield was obtained from WS (148.37gm) with biological efficiency (29.6%) followed by PS(116.12 gm) with biological efficiency (23.2%). The lowest yield was obtained from saw dust of Bija (P. marsupium)(60.50gm) with biological efficiency (10.40%).There was significant difference in yield when supplement (wheat bran)was mixed with substrates, however there was no significant difference observed in mycelial run and pinhead initiation.