Taxi Operations Research Articles

PKM Pengembangan Usaha Ojek Online PAPAJEK dengan Pemanfaatan Teknologi Aplikasi Berbasis Android

Papajek is one of the businesses that operates in online motorcycle taxi and courier services in Polewali Mandar, West Sulawesi Regency since 2018. However, until now the effectiveness of Papajek's management is still lacking, including the location of couriers and consumers being difficult to track, making it difficult for the delivery process. In addition, the pricing given to customers is still adjusted to the region, has not been determined according to the actual distance so that sometimes locations that are far enough away give the same price. To overcome this, we need an application that can be used to minimize things that are still obstacles in the operation of Papajek's online motorcycle taxis. Procurement of the Papajek application provides convenience for both drivers and consumers in using the application so that with the Papajek application it can increase the income of business actors both Papajek and Papajek's partners and can increase public knowledge about the use of technology in everyday life.

Analysing taxi customer-search behaviour using Copula-based joint model

Abstract The drivers of vacant taxis tend to cruise the road network searching new passengers, which leads to additional traffic congestion, air pollution and other problems. This study introduces a Copula-based joint model to analyse destination selection and route choice behaviour in the customer-search process. A multinomial logit model is used to analyse the destination selection behaviour, and a path size logit model is used to explore the routes choice behaviour. Accordingly, the joint model applied Copula function is then established to analyse the correlation between these two behaviours. The destination customer generation rate, destination distance, route customer generation rate, path travel time, cumulative intersection delay, path size and route length are selected as explanatory variables. The taxis trajectory data were collected by global positioning system in Xidan District of Beijing City from September 2014 to February 2015. Using the log-likelihood, Bayesian information criterion as evaluation indexes to measure the fitting result, the joint model applied Copula function has the highest goodness-of-fit. The effect of explanatory variables on customer search behaviour is discussed based on the parameter estimation results. The results of this study are helpful to understand the customer-search behaviour of taxi drivers to reduce operating costs and improve the efficiency of the taxi operation system.

Becoming a pirate: Independence as an alternative to exit in the gig economy

AbstractHow and why do platform workers ‘quit’? Drawing on original qualitative data from 84 ride‐hail drivers, the author finds that platform companies use information asymmetries to downplay the true cost of working a ‘gig’. Once workers realize these costs, some exit, yet others cannot because they have come to rely on their ride‐hail income to meet their short‐term needs, a phenomenon the author refers to as ‘acquired dependence’. In response, the author finds these workers begin their own ‘pirate’ (illegal) taxi operations to decrease their dependence on platform companies. These findings are then used to develop an original survey instrument that tests if drivers’ ‘acquired dependence’ is associated with ‘pirate’ taxi operations. Using survey data from 330 ride‐hail drivers, the author finds evidence that drivers with greater acquired dependence are more likely to develop off‐app ‘pirate’ taxi operations. In doing so, this article develops both a new category of conflict and response for marketized employment relationships.

How Snowfalls Affect the Operation of Taxi Fleets? A Case Study from Harbin, China

Taxi network plays an important role in urban passenger transportation. However, its operation is greatly affected by weather, especially by snowfalls in cold region. In this study, we focus on the persistent effect of snowfall on taxi operation and propose an autoregressive distribution lag model (ARDL) to quantitatively analyse it. To support our study, the taxi GPS trajectory data collected in Harbin, China, during 61 days from 1 November to 31 December in 2015 is analysed. First, the daily average order volume (DAOV) is acquired through data sampling and processing. Then, combined with the data of daily snowfall during the 61 days, the ARDL model is constructed. The result shows that the snowfall has a lag effect on taxi operation and it lasts about 3 days. To better interpret the result, visualization of total 6 days before and after a heavy snowfall is conducted. The result also indicates that weekends have a positive effect on operation. These results are expected to assist us to better understand the effect of snowfall on taxi operation and provide some policy suggestions for local municipal and transportation management departments to ensure the normal operation of taxi networks.

Investigating Human Travel Patterns from an Activity Semantic Flow Perspective: A Case Study within the Fifth Ring Road in Beijing Using Taxi Trajectory Data

Massive taxi trajectory data can be easily obtained in the era of big data, which is helpful to reveal the spatiotemporal information of human travel behavior but neglects activity semantics. The activity semantics reflect people’s daily activities and trip purposes, and lead to a deeper understanding of human travel patterns. Most existing literature analyses of activity semantics mainly focus on the characteristics of the destination. However, the movement from the origin to the destination can be represented as the flow. The flow can completely represent the activity semantic and describe the spatial interaction between the origin and the destination. Therefore, in this paper, we proposed a two-layer framework to infer the activity semantics of each taxi trip and generalized the similar activity semantic flow to reveal human travel patterns. We introduced the activity inference in the first layer by a combination of the improved Word2vec model and Bayesian rules-based visiting probability ranking. Then, a flow clustering method is used to uncover human travel behaviors based on the similarity of activity semantics and spatial distribution. A case study within the Fifth Ring Road in Beijing is adopted and the results show that our method is effective for taxi trip activity inference. Six activity semantics and four activity semantics are identified in origins and destinations, respectively. We also found that differences exist in the activity transitions from origins to destinations at distinct periods. The research results can inform the taxi travel demand and provide a scientific decision-making basis for taxi operation and transportation management.

Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice of first aid among taxi operators in a Kampala City Taxi Park, Uganda: A cross-sectional study.

IntroductionRoad traffic accidents are among the leading causes of death in Uganda. Taxi operators are at a high risk of RTA and can potentially be first responders. This study, aimed to assess knowledge, attitude, and practice of first aid among taxi operators in the new taxi park, Kampala Uganda.MethodsA descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 2021 among taxi drivers and conductors in the New Taxi Park, Kampala City, Uganda. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect quantitative data from taxi operators after informed consent. Chi-square or Fisher's exact test and logistic regression were performed in STATA 16 to assess the association between first aid knowledge and demographics. P < 0.05 was statistically significant.ResultsA total of 345 participants, majority males (n = 338, 98%) aged between 18 and 45 years (76.5%), were recruited. Although 97.7% (n = 337) had heard about first aid, only 19.4% (n = 67) had prior first aid training. Overall mean knowledge score was 40.1% (SD = 14.5%), with 29.9% (n = 103) having good knowledge (≥50%). Participants who had witnessed more than five accidents (aOR = 2.9, 95% CI = 1.7–4.8, p < 0.001), those with first aid kits (aOR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.0–3.0, p = 0.38) were more likely to have good knowledge while those below post-secondary education level i.e., Primary (AOR = 0.2, 95% CI = 0.1–0.5, p ≤0.001) and secondary (aOR = 0.2, 95% CI = 0.1–0.6, p = 0.001), were less likely to have good knowledge. About 97% and 93% perceived first aid as important and were willing to undergo training, respectively; however, only 69% were willing to give first aid. Only 181(52.5%) had ever attended to accident victims.ConclusionMajority of taxi operators had poor first aid knowledge. Factors associated with good knowledge included level of education, number of accidents witnessed, having first aid kits. Although their attitudes were favorable, practice was poor. Comprehensive training and refresher courses can help increase first aid knowledge, and improving practice.

Analysing the impact of taxi violence on commuters in South Africa

Taxi violence in South Africa was the tool that the apartheid regime used to pursue their interest by dividing the people so that they could acquire what they needed (Sekhonyane and Dugard, 2004:15). Taxi violence is one of the most burning issues faced by Department of Transport, Police, commuters and taxi industry in South Africa. This industry plays a vital role in commuting people to and from work or different destinations, and in most cases it is caught in the wrong doing in terms of fighting for routes where many innocent lives are lost due to infighting. The inability by government to regulate taxi industry is a serious problem for taxi operators, taxi associations, commuters and society. The deregulation of taxi industry brought many problems such as conflict, violence and mafia type assassinations in South Africa. This article focus on preventive measures to curb taxi violence in South Africa. This article utilised qualitative, case study based approach and the approach is supported by analysis of primary and secondary sources. The article further draws on the findings from the world on taxi violence and formulate steps to counteract taxi violence in South Africa. The research based key steps leading to the prevention of taxi violence in South Africa. The first process related to regulation of taxi industry, awareness campaigns on taxi operations, the control of routes and multidisciplinary investigation team should be established to overcome taxi violence in South Africa.

Displacement monitoring of crossbeams in an airport runway extension using digital image correlation

The structure of the Madeira Airport runway extension was built above the sea and is composed by a slab supported by frames at heights above 60 m. When landing in the E-W direction, aircraft touch this structure, which results in bending of the support beams.A vision system was installed under the runway in order to evaluate the deflection of the two support beams more directly involved with impact loads upon landing, but otherwise also involved in take-off or taxiing operations. Each system consists of a camera mounted on a beam, directed at the midspan of the following beam, whose displacement is set to be measured. The section captured by the camera has been prepared with a 2 m by 1 m speckle pattern target for displacement tracking using digital image correlation (DIC). A trigger mechanism was developed in order to save only the images obtained upon clear operational events. The camera acquires images continuously onto a circular buffer and compares them with a reference using DIC. When a displacement is detected, the images on the buffer, along with the frames taken in the next few seconds, are saved for posterior image processing.This system was successful at obtaining measurements for the monitored areas’ displacement fields and the evolution of deflection through time for each event. Significant values for strain are yet to be obtained, as they were, most likely, too small for the system’s resolution, for the events captured to this date.

Efficiency Assessment of Taxi Operations Using a Two-Stage Data Envelopment Analysis Approach

Efficiency Assessment of Taxi Operations Using a Two-Stage Data Envelopment Analysis Approach

Understanding the Operation of Motorcycle Taxi Drivers in Nigeria Using Causal Loop Diagram

Road safety is a subject of concern the world over and many studies have looked into how to improve safe travel. Motorcycles, including motorcycle taxis, are particularly vulnerable. This paper reports the outcome of a study conducted on motorcycle taxi safety problems using a system dynamics method. Qualitative data was obtained from the field and analysed using qualitative analysis methods. The outcome of the qualitative analysis led to the formulation of a dynamic hypothesis for a system dynamics approach, whose first step was to develop and analyse a causal loop diagram [CLD]. This CLD demonstrates how deterrence, a behavioural pattern that can be produced by the appropriate application of sanctions, is both strengthened and weakened within the system. The paper uses this analysis to provide insights about the behavioural patterns of motorcycle taxi operation in Nigeria. These insights include the possibility of maintaining the system at equilibrium for a desired level of deterrence as well as the possibility of breaking undesirable cycles of bribery and jumping arrest loops. These insights can also be useful in other countries of the world where motorcycle taxis operate.

An empirical study of taxi crashes in Singapore

The 36-month taxi crash data include 41,538 taxi crash records distributed throughout 29 districts of Singapore (including Changi Airport), involving 16,933 taxis and 16,705 taxi drivers. We purposely use these data to analyze the impacts of nine influential factors on taxi crashes and give quantitative and practical suggestions on taxi driving safety. Our solid analysis shows that the maximum daily working time for a taxi driver is suggested to be less than 10 h for safety concerns because it could reduce the possible taxi crashes. In addition, the likelihood of taxi crashes in the daylight is the highest when compared to road conditions with streetlights or one without streetlights at all. We further use the random forest method to find the critical influential factors in blue and yellow taxi crashes. The relief and switcher modes are the two unique factors contributing to taxi crashes that are different from private car crashes. The findings of this study are of significant value for taxi operators and policymakers.

Can a legacy be surpassed? Human-Factors Evaluation in system design

Taxiing on airports is assisted by digital airport maps for pilots. When introducing new features or a new system philosophy for these assistance systems, the conduct of Human-Factor Evaluations (HFE) is advisable to ensure a pilot-centered system design. This study examines whether a crew can conduct taxi operations at least as reliably with a novel, dynamic display concept as with a legacy, static display concept. We provide an insight into an HFE conducted to compare the two display concepts in a real-time flight simulator study regarding their functionality, design, and display dynamics. The study focused on the impact of using the systems in an operational environment. Nineteen professional airline crews (pilot taxiing / pilot non-taxiing) took part in the study. They performed three scenarios in a within-subjects design. The scenarios varied in time of day, taxiing direction as well as visibility conditions and were designed as a double set to prevent learning effects in the A/B comparison. Objective and subjective measures were collected for situational awareness, workload, taxiing performance, and usability. Results provide a detailed evaluation of both systems, indicating that the new application supports pilots equally well or better in the majority of investigated aspects.

A SYSTEM DYNAMICS MODEL FOR URBAN TAXI PRICE SIMULATION

Urban taxi services have been developing year on year, playing an increasingly important role in the economy and the transportation markets of each city. This increases interest in measuring their performance. This paper analysed the relationship among the four stakeholders (including administrative department, operational companies, taxi drivers and customers) for urban taxi passenger transport system in China, and applied System Dynamics (SD) model to explore the dynamic characteristics of urban taxi price system. The main achievements of this paper are as follows, firstly, this paper adopted stakeholder mapping to describe the relationships among the four stakeholders. Then analysed the causal flow diagrams and the different variables of urban taxi passenger transport system operation, and presented the SD model, which considers factors that affect the taxi operation. With the combination of taxi operation data of Harbin city, we simulated eleven urban taxi operation scenarios and proposed kinds of suggestions to improve urban taxi passenger transport system operation, which can provide a good basis for recommending policy decisions for urban taxi market.

The Impact of Fleet Coordination on Taxi Operations

On-demand mobility has existed for more than 100 years in the form of taxi systems. Comparatively recently, ride-hailing schemes have also grown to a significant mode share. Most types of such one-way mobility-on-demand systems allow drivers taking independent decisions. These systems are not or only partially coordinated. In a different operating mode, all decisions are coordinated by the operator, allowing for the optimization of certain metrics. Such a coordinated operation is also implied if human-driven vehicles are replaced by self-driving cars. This work quantifies the service quality and efficiency improvements resulting from the coordination of taxi fleets. Results based on high-fidelity transportation simulations and data sets of existing taxi systems are presented for the cities of San Francisco, Chicago, and Zurich. They show that fleet coordination can strongly improve the efficiency and service level of existing systems. Depending on the operator and the city’s preferences, empty vehicle distance driven and fleet sizes could be substantially reduced, or the wait times could be reduced while maintaining the current fleet sizes. The study provides clear evidence that full fleet coordination should be implemented in existing mobility-on-demand systems, even before the availability of self-driving cars.

A Continuous Taxi Pickup Path Recommendation under The Carbon Neutrality Context

In the context of the carbon neutrality target, carbon reduction in the daily operation of the transportation system is more important than that in productive activities. There are few travel services that can quantify low-carbon travel, with a lack of effective low-carbon travel tools to guide transportation behavior. On-demand access to taxi services can effectively reduce the additional carbon emissions caused by cruising, which in turn increases efficiency in urban mobility with a reduced taxi fleet scale. For individual taxis, they lack macroscopic horizon in their choice of passenger pickup paths. The selected travel path based on personal operational experience or real-time location is limited by local optimization when making path decisions. In this work, we proposed a macro-path recommendation method to assist the taxi pickup path selection to accelerate the transformation of the taxi system towards low-carbon sharing. First, an adaptive learning spatiotemporal neural network was used to predict the coarse-grained distribution of potential trips. Next, the trajectory sharing graph was constructed based on the potential trips distribution to reallocate the taxi orders for the continuous pickup path optimization. As a result, the continuous pickup path balanced the relation between travel demands and taxi supply, improving the economic and environmental benefits of taxi operation and contributing to the goal of carbon neutrality. We conducted experiments on the Chengdu city ride-hailing dataset. Compared with the current status of taxi operations, the solution shows improvements in both the scale of taxi services and order gain.

Scalable Vertiport Hub Location Selection for Air Taxi Operations in a Metropolitan Region

On-demand air mobility services, often called air taxis, are on the way to revolutionize our urban/regional transportation sector by lifting transportation to the third dimension and thus possibly contribute to solving the congestion-induced transportation deadlock many metropolitan regions face today. Although existing research mainly focuses on the design of efficient vehicles and specifically battery technology, in the near future, a new question will arise: Where to locate the vertiports/landing pads for such air taxis? In this study, we propose a vertiport location selection problem. In contrast to existing studies, we allow the demand to be distributed over the whole metropolitan area, modeled as a grid, and exclude certain grid cells from becoming hubs, for example, because of safety/geographical constraints. The combination of these two contributions makes the problem intriguingly difficult to solve with standard solution techniques. We propose a novel variable neighborhood search heuristic, which is able to solve 12 × 12 grid instances within a few seconds of computation time and zero gaps in our experiments, whereas CPLEX needs up to 10 hours. We believe that our study contributes toward the scalable selection of vertiport locations for air taxis. Summary of Contribution: The increasing interest in opening the third dimension, that is, altitude, to transportation inside metropolitan regions raises new research challenges. Existing research mainly focuses on the design of efficient vehicles and control problems. In the near future, however, the actual operation of air taxis will lead to new set of operations research problems for so-called air taxi operations. Our contribution focuses on the optimization of vertiports for air taxi operations in a metropolitan region. We choose to model the problem over a grid-like demand structure, with a novel side constraint: selected grid cells are unavailable as hubs, for example, because of environmental, technical, cultural, or other reasons. This makes our model a special case in between the two traditional models: discrete location and continuous location. Our model is inherently difficult to solve for exact methods; for instance, solving a grid of 12 × 12 grid cells needs more than 10 hours with CPLEX, when modeled as a discrete location problem. We show that a straightforward application of existing neighborhood search heuristics is not suitable to solve this problem well. Therefore, we design an own variant of mixed variable neighborhood search, which consists of novel local search steps, tailored toward our grid structure. Our evaluation shows that by using our novel heuristic, almost all instances can be solved toward optimality.

Tourism and struggles for domination: Local tourism communities and symbolic violence in Kashmir

Community-based tourism development in rural tourist destinations is hindered by the complex interplay of power struggles between the State, hoteliers, travel agents, local tourism players, host community and activists. Following Bourdieu’s ‘epistemologically reflexive’ sociology of everyday life, including his concepts of ‘capital’, ‘habitus’ and ‘field’, I examine the power relations between the Indian State, the regional government, the armed forces, private urban hoteliers and travel agencies, religious corporations, local tourism service providers (e.g. the ponymen and taxi operators) and the host communities operating at the tourism destination of Pahalgam in the Himalayan territory of the Indian-administered Kashmir. Drawing on ethnographic material collected during June–September 2017 and October 2018, I analyse the power relations in the context of a growing political conflict in the region. The central question this article addresses is how and to what extent these actors, particularly the Indian State, engage in contestations for dominance, insurrection and subversion over Pahalgam tourist destination. Theorising the embodiment of ponywālā1 habitus, I demonstrate that ‘subaltern’ dispositions of the ponymen and their corresponding tourism practices of offering pony rides to tourists and pilgrims create boundaries within the destination ‘field’ of Pahalgam. Subsequently, I aim to show that such dispositions cultivate internalised beliefs or doxa among local community players, thus limiting their access to capitals (economic, social, cultural and symbolic) and ensuring the (re)production of their dominated position in the destination field of Pahalgam.

Zone-Agnostic Greedy Taxi Dispatch Algorithm Based on Contextual Matching Matrix for Efficient Maximization of Revenue and Profit

This paper addresses the taxi fleet dispatch problem, which is critical for many transport service platforms such as Uber, Lyft, and Didi Chuxing. We focus on maximizing the revenue and profit a taxi platform can generate through the dispatch approaches designed with various criteria. We consider determining the proportion of taxi fleets to different destination zones given the expected rewards from the future states following the distribution decisions learned through reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms. We also take into account more straightforward greedy algorithms that look ahead fewer decision time steps in the future. Our dispatch decision algorithms commonly leverage contextual information and heuristics using a data structure called Contextual Matching Matrix (CMM). The key contribution of our paper is the insight into the trade-off between different design criteria. Primarily, through the evaluation with actual taxi operation data offered by Seoul Metropolitan Government, we challenge the natural expectation that the RL-based approaches yield the best result by showing that a lightweight greedy algorithm can have a competitive advantage. Moreover, we break the norm of dissecting the service area into sub-zones and show that matching passengers beyond arbitrary boundaries generates significantly higher operating income and profit.

Modelling driver's reactive strategies in e-hailing platforms: an agent-based simulation model and an approximate analytical model

For an e-hailing taxi operation, we analyse a driver's profit-maximising reactive strategy (to either accept or refuse a ride request) in response to the ride request broadcast by the platform. We analyse four operating modes, each of which is a combination of either of two reactive strategies: no refusal and refusal based on proximity, and either of two broadcasting methods. In an operating mode, our objective is to evaluate the expected total profit in a shift. We adopt a two-stage methodology to answer the research questions. In the first stage, we develop an agent-based simulation model to capture the effect of multiple taxis on driver's reactive strategy. Using real trip data, we find that a driver could follow a strategy of refusal based on proximity and earn approximately 25% more than the baseline no refusal strategy. In the second stage, we develop an approximate analytical model for a single taxi operation and compare the performance against the agent-based simulation model. We develop closed-form expressions of the expected total profit for each operating mode and topology of the service region. We find that our approximate analytical model provides an upper bound, and the profit deviation lies within 20% of the agent-based simulation model.

PPN Jasa Aplikasi Pada Ojek Online (Ojol)

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; The development of technology makes online motorcycle taxis have users and partners that are increasing rapidly every year. However, this also brings problems related to the taxation aspect, namely in determining the business model and the very large number of realtime transactions. The purpose of this study was to determine the treatment of value added tax in an application company and the applicable tax provisions. The method used is descriptive qualitative using literature studies and interviews. The results obtained information that value added tax is imposed on drivers / partners as users of application services provided by online motorcycle taxi operators. The transaction submission of applications carried out by online motorcycle taxi operators does not fulfill the elements of being a retail entrepreneur because there is already a contract between the two parties. So that based on taxation provisions, online motorcycle taxi operators should make a tax invoice for each of these submissions, regardless of whether the application user has an NPWP or not.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;