Tax Levy Research Articles

Taxing banks leverage and syndicated lending: A cross-country comparison

Between 2010 and 2012 and with bank stability as the ultimate target, five European countries implemented a tax levy on banks’ liabilities thereby decreasing the cost of equity relative to the cost of debt. Using a difference-in-differences approach we assess the impact of this tax levy on banks’ participation in the syndicated loan market. We further investigate the impact of the tax levy along bank size and capital structure. We find that banks located in countries where the tax levy was implemented supply more credit. This increase is more significant for larger lenders and banks that are more capital constrained.

Life cycle environmental impacts of consumer packaging products in Japan.

Several Japanese companies and the government are recently promoting a plastic ban and imposing a tax levy to curb litter and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This has led to a rapid rise of nonplastic packaging alternatives. While plastics and litter are pressing concerns, it is paramount to examine environmental risks of other alternatives before wide application and legislative action, to not further the risk of environmental damage. This study aims to quantify and compare plastic products such as polyethylene-terephthalate (PET) bottles and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) bags with widely available alternatives in Japan like glass bottles, aluminum bottles, paper bags, and textile bags, to find a product with the least environmental impact. A life cycle assessment is conducted from a cradle-to-grave environmental impact approach that includes raw material extraction, production, transportation, end-of-life treatment, and disposal. Sixteen impact categories including climate change, acidification, aquatic-toxicity, so forth, and weighing is assessed using the MiLCA software. The functional unit is one piece of each packaging product, and impacts of product-filling, storage, recycling, and reuse are excluded for a consistent comparison. HDPE bags performed better than paper and textile bags in 15 of the 16 analyzed impact categories. Similarly, PET bottles outperformed aluminum and glass bottles in 12 out of the 16 impact categories analyzed. Weighted results also highlight the heightened negative environmental impacts of replacing plastic packaging with widely available alternatives.

Effect of environmental tax reform on corporate green technology innovation

China has recently taken several measures to counter the environmental pollution caused by the crude model of past economic development. Among them, taxation has proved especially efficient. We take the Environmental Protection Tax Law, implemented on 1 January 2018, as a quasi-natural experiment to study the effect of environmental protection tax reform on corporate green technology innovation. We analyze data on Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share listed companies for 2013–2020. We find that raising the tax levy significantly promotes green innovation among enterprises. The promotion effect is more significant in state-owned enterprises, heavily polluting enterprises, and the eastern region. The findings of the full sample and subsample still hold after replacing the explanatory variables for stability testing. The effects vary significantly based on property rights, geography, and level of industry pollution. Nevertheless, environmental tax reform is an effective initiative toward environmental protection, even if the complexity of China’s economic environment reveals some variation in the effects of this policy reform. We make suggestions to address these differences for future studies.

The Effectiveness and Contribution of Hotel and Restaurant Tax Revenue to PAD Palopo City

Purpose: Regional Original Income is revenue from local tax levies, regional levies, separated regional wealth management and other income. Restaurant tax and hotel tax are included in local taxes. Restaurants and hotels are potential sectors in increasing the effectiveness of tax revenues and their contributions can spur economic development in Palopo City. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness and contribution of restaurant taxes and hotel taxes to PAD in Palopo City. The research was conducted at the Regional Revenue Service of Palopo City.
 Design/methodology/approach: The analytical method used is a descriptive method, namely analyzing the realization of restaurant tax and hotel tax realization data from 2016-2020.
 Findings: The results of the overall study The effectiveness of restaurant tax revenues and hotel taxes in 2016-2020 is very effective. Revenue from restaurant tax and hotel tax in 2016-2020 made a good contribution to PAD.
 Practical implications: The leadership of DISPENDA should be committed to the targets to be achieved every year, and strive to increase the contribution of restaurant taxes and hotel taxes to local revenues.
 Originality/value: The paper is original
 Paper type: Research paper

Comparative analysis of carbon border tax adjustment and domestic carbon tax under general equilibrium model: Focusing on the Indonesian economy

The carbon border tax adjustment policy is applied to mitigate the carbon leakage issue resulting from unequal carbon tax implementation and encourage associated nations' participation in domestic carbon reduction efforts. The high share of primary energy exports and the carbon emissions generates mean that a global carbon control policy will significantly affect participating countries. This study examines the effects of carbon border tax adjustment policy on developing countries, and evaluates the substitutability between domestic and inter-regional carbon control policies as a development of existing research investigation. The Global Trade Analysis Project energy-environmental version (GTAP-E) model and CGEBox, a global computable general equilibrium user interface tool, were utilized to address the impact of domestic and inter-region carbon policy on the economies, trade levels, and environmental conditions of the participating countries. By reviewing the evidence of the impact analysis, this study investigates the influence of carbon border tariff adjustment implementation on inducing domestic carbon tax participation in non-regulated countries, with Indonesia as a case study. In the scenario we develop, Indonesia imposes various carbon taxes and is subject to border carbon tariff by its trade partners. The analysis reveals that border tax adjustment brings negative trade and economic implications to the affected countries, with a small reduction in global carbon emission. The findings show that Indonesia's low domestic carbon tax levy helps mitigate the adverse economic and trade distortion effects of the carbon border tax adjustment imposed by its trading partners. Additionally, we estimate the level of carbon border tariffs levied on each country that achieves the same employment effects as a carbon tax in the analyzed country. The simulation results indicate that the impact of the carbon border tax imposed is not significant enough to induce carbon control policy implementation in affected countries. Hence, higher carbon border tariffs should be proposed to encourage non-regulated countries to adopt stringent carbon policy measures to maximize global carbon emission abatement.

Recepcja pruskiego przywileju inkorporacyjnego Kazimierza Jagiellończyka w Gdańsku w XV–XVI w.

In 1454, King Kazimierz IV Jagiellończyk incorporated Prussia intothe Kingdom of Poland. This act became the direct cause of the Thirteen Years’ War with the Teutonic Order. The privilege of incorporation (Privilegium incorporationis) of March 6, 1454, granted to representatives of the Prussian states at that time, became the most important source of rights that created the legal basis for the autonomy of Royal Prussia within the Polish‑Lithuanian Commonwealth. The original of the document was kept in the Toruń archives. Numerous copies from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries testify to a considerable interest in issues relating to the autonomy of Royal Prussia. This resulted from the actions of the Commonwealth of Poland aimed at limiting the political separateness of Prussia. The subject of the article is the question of knowledge of the content of the incorporation privilege in Gdańsk in the period immediately after the end of the Thirteen Years’ War (after 1466). In 1470, Gdańsk obtained a copy of the privilege (which has not survived to this day), sent from Toruń. A second copy is in a manuscript drawn up in 1485 in connection with the participation of envoys from Gdańsk in the congress of Prussian states in Toruń. During this congress, King Kazimierz Jagiellończyk demanded the levying of new taxes in Prussia to meet the needs of royal policy. This met with opposition from the Prussian states and led to a dispute with the King. Central to the matter were the rights of the Prussian states set out in the Privilegium incorporationis of 1454. It is to be assumed that the Gdańsk sources presented in the article are among the oldest identified copies of the incorporation privilege.

Implementasi Peraturan Daerah Kabupaten Klungkung Nomor 2 Tahun 2018 tentang Retribusi Pelayanan Pasar

The traders who sell in the Public Market owned by the Klungkung Regency Government have an obligation to pay a market levy. The Regional Government together with the Klungkung Regency Cooperatives and UMKM Service are institutions in charge of retribution in accordance with statutory regulations. The purpose of this study is to discuss the implementation of the Klungkung Regency Regional Regulation No. 2 of 2018 on Levy Taxes and to examine the legal consequences of the Klungkung Regency Regional Regulation No. 2 of 2018 concerning Market Service Fees, Especially in the Semarapura Market. This study uses an empirical method using a sociological approach, a conceptual approach, and a factual approach. Market levies have an influence on local revenue (PAD) as a significant source of revenue for routine and development financing in an autonomous region. The continuation of the Covid-19 pandemic, namely realizing the abolition of fines if the market retribution arrears are more than two months and only required to pay the principal, referring to the policies issued by the cooperative and MSME services as government institutions that take shelter in managing user charges. Public markets in Klungkung Regency that are required to pay a levy are Semarapura Public Market, Galiran Public Market, Kusumba Public Market, Mentigi Public Market, and Senggol Public Market.

GROWTH OF REVENUE OF GOODS AND SERVICES TAX IN INDIA

Government of India has implemented Goods & Services Tax (GST) in India on 1 July, 2017. The obective of this research paper is to explain the mechanism of GST and its effects on Indian economy. The Kelkar Committee was convinced that a dual GST system shall be able to tax almost all the goods and services and the Indian economy shall be able to have wider market of tax base, improve revenue collection through levying and collection of indirect tax and more pragmatic approach of efficient resource allocation. Under the Goods and Service Tax mechanism, every person is be liable to pay tax on output and shall be entitled to enjoy credit on input tax paid and tax shall be only on the amount of value added. The historic GST or goods and services tax has become a reality. GST is going to consolidate these multiple taxes into one as ‘One Nation, One Market, and One Tax’. Integration of goods and services tax would definitely lead to ease of doing business and simplifies tax compliance. GST bill will be a form for economic integration of India. Government of India, this surplus revenue may contribute to the growth of economy by way of investment in various infrastructural & development projects by Government of India. GST may have positive impact on economy, four tier structure of tax rate under GST may result into massive price hike of luxurious Goods & Services as well Government has taken efforts to put Goods & Services of necessity under lowest slab of tax rate. This is the major indirect tax reform in the history of India, outcome of which various Central & State taxes subsumed under GST viz. Central Excise Duty, Service Tax, Additional Duty of Excise, Surcharges, Cess, Countervailing Duty, Special Additional Duty, Sales Tax, VAT, Purchase Tax, Luxury Tax, Entry Tax etc. KEYWORDS:-Economy, GST, Negative Impact, Positive Impact, Transparency.

Taxation officers’ grassroots work experience and tax performance: Evidence from China

This paper examines the effect of grassroots work experience on the working capacities of Chinese officials and how this effect manifests in their measurable performance. Using the Chinese Industrial Enterprises Database (CIED, 1998–2007) and provincial-level local taxation directors’ personal data, we assess the actual tax burden of firms as a measure of directors’ tax levy performance. We analyze these officials’ grassroots work experience data in relation to the level of tax levy in their jurisdictions and find that grassroots work experience significantly improves jurisdictional tax levy performance, reflecting an enhancement effect on directorial capacity associate with grassroots work experience. This relationship remains robust even as we examine alternative hypotheses such as post-employment education, first-time appointment age and promotion incentives. Our analysis reveals that the threat of local tax penalties and the rate of tax offenses are two important mechanisms relating to this measure. Moreover, our findings are particularly significant in local taxation directors with higher first-time employment age and grassroots experience related to economics. Overall, this paper supports the notion that grassroots work experience plays a key role in shaping officials’ working capacity and provides suggestions for optimizing the tax levy system.

ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS, EFFICIENCY, AND CONTRIBUTION OF REGIONAL TAXES IN EFFORTS TO INCREASE REGIONAL ORIGINAL INCOME IN MAGELANG REGENCY 2016-2020

The study aims to determine the level of efficiency, and local tax levies in an effort to increase Regional Original Income in Magelang Regency for 5 consecutive years, namely 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020. Regional taxes are a supporting component of Regional Original Income so that it can help increase Regional Original Income. This analysis uses a qualitative descriptive method to determine the level of effectiveness, efficiency, and contribution of local taxes in a effort to increase Regional Original Income in Magelang Regency. The data used is secondary data obtained from the Badan Pendapatan, Pengelolaan Keuangan dan Aset Daerah of Magelang Regency. The result of the analysis reveal that the effectiveness of local taxes for 5 consecutive years is declared very effective, efficiency of local taxes is declared very efficient, and the contribution of local taxes is stated to be quite good at the level of contribution.

Impact of GST on Rural Purchasing

The Goods and Services Tax (GST) is a vast concept that simplifies the giant tax structure by supporting and enhancing the growth of a country GST is a apprehensive tax levy on manufacturing, sale and consumption of goods and services at a national level. The introduction of GST without proper preparation in the country as well as the state have made both positive and negative impacts on rural economy. Hence, an attempt has been made to analyse the impact of GST on rural households in Coimbatore district.

The effect of customer awareness on priority queues

AbstractPay‐for‐priority system is believed to be an efficient service mechanism in congested systems since it introduces service differentiation that prioritizes those who are more delay‐sensitive. However, in practice, not all customers are aware of the provision of such auxiliary service (i.e., priority access). Does the lack of awareness or ignorance of priority service make the social welfare or customer surplus worsen off? To answer this question, we establish a queueing‐game‐theoretic model by capturing the strategic interactions between service provider and customers to examine the effect of customer awareness on the priority queues. Our main results are as follows. First, we confirm that increasing the level of customer awareness indeed improves the revenue of service provider, and it triggers a higher priority premium price. Second, perhaps surprisingly, we find that under the profit‐maximizing priority price, the social welfare as well as the customer surplus are both nonmonotone in the level of customer awareness, that is, full or no customer awareness can be suboptimal for the social welfare and customer surplus. Third, despite the common belief that priority is socially efficient in congested systems, we demonstrate that the optimal information levels for social welfare and customer surplus are decreasing in the congestion level, and the full customer awareness is optimal only when the system load is relatively low. Finally, to reach the maximal social welfare or customer surplus, some regulation policies are proposed, whereby the social planner can provide advertising subsidy to (levy tax on) the service provider (advertising agency) when the system load is low (high).

Pengaruh Leverage, Profitabilitas, Thin Capitalization dan Capital Intensity terhadap Agresivitas Pajak

In taxation activities in Indonesia there are different significances, such as, the government and companies. The government maximizes tax levies for the properity of the people while companies jostling to tax planning to maximize profits and reduce tax payments, where taxes are one of the burdens of companies that can reduce profits. Based on these gaps, the study aims to test and analyze whether leverage, profitability, thin capitalization, and capital intensity affect aggressive taxes on the health sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period 2013-2020 The results of this study, the higher profitability will affect the occurrence of tax aggressiveness by focusing on company profits and the higher the debt on thin capilization is used to expand the company’s capital in running its business, in other words, the more the value of debt to the company affects the low level of aggressive tax avoidance in health sector companies. Keywords: Capital Intensity, Leverage, Profitability, Tax aggressiveness, Thin capitalizatio

Technology: Examining Educational Strategies in the Wake of Covid-19 Pandemic in Kenya

The World Health Organization recognized COVID-19 as a pandemic. In Kenya, the government announced the first case of COVID-19 on 13 March 2020. Spontaneously, the government established a mitigation committee at the national level to give daily briefs on the state of the COVID-19 crisis in the country. Thus, the study sought to examine the online platforms used amid the Covid 19 pandemic in tertiary institutions in Kenya and the influence of these platforms on online learning. The study was a literature-based review. The study findings indicated that most online platforms used for online learning by the tertiary institutions include zoom, video conferencing, email, WhatsApp, telegram, video streaming, skype and google classroom. The online platforms have reduced face-to-face interactions and thus minimized the spread of the Covid 19 virus. The online platforms determined the extent of online learning among the tertiary institutions in Kenya. Online learning has been considered to be vital in ensuring the success of teaching despite the pandemic. The study concluded that online platforms promoted online learning among the tertiary institutions in Kenya. The online learning offers enormous opportunities for learning and access to a vast amount of knowledge and information. Online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic has been enhanced by the effectiveness of the online platforms being used. The study recommended that online platforms such as zoom, video conferencing, email, WhatsApp, telegram, video streaming, skype and google classroom should be promoted within the tertiary institutions in Kenya since they promote online learning. The tertiary institutions to maximize the use of technology (online platforms) to teach and enhance online learning since the majority of the learners possess smartphones and laptop devices. Moreover, the tertiary institutions should lobby for subsidized internet bundles from internet providers and policymakers should reduce tax levies for internet service providers to offer affordable and reliable internet connections to learners and instructors off-campus. The university management and government should prioritize capacity building for lecturers and other users to enhance online education skills and knowledge. Keywords: Online platforms, online learning, tertiary institutions, COVID-19 pandemic, Kenya

Research on the Policy Effect of Property Tax Reform: Take the Pilot Reforms in Chongqing and Shanghai as Examples

It has been ten years since the implementation of property tax reform in Shanghai and Chongqing. With the continuous promotion of tax reform, the central government clearly put forward the decision to accelerate the pilot real estate tax reform in 2021. Every piece of news about the pilot and promotion of property tax reform attracts close attention from people in related fields and becomes a hot topic on the Internet and media. Reform policies are carefully formulated and improved, and the relationship between reform policies, market demand, and people’s livelihood is properly handled so that the real estate market will develop in a healthy and stable manner and have a significant impact on the economy and society. This article mainly starts with the history of property tax development, reform priorities, and comparison with property tax policies of other countries. It takes Chongqing and Shanghai as the research objects, selects several typical factors, and uses multiple linear regression models for analysis. This article studies the impact of China’s property tax pilot on the real estate industry and its effects from both theoretical and empirical aspects and discusses the policy effects of the property tax policy pilot. The levy of real estate tax has a certain effect in a short period of time, but it is not ideal in the long run. Studying the economic effects of Shanghai‐Chongqing property tax is conducive to perfecting China’s property tax reform and promoting the healthy development of real estate market and economic and social development.

Cap and Gap: The Fiscal Effects of Property Tax Levy Limits in New York

Abstract This is the first study to examine the fiscal effects of the New York property tax levy limit, using variation from the degree of fiscal stringency across school districts and over time in its first five years of implementation. Based on a difference-in-differences estimator, coupled with an event study specification, we find that the tax limit has imposed a real cap on many school districts; that is, at-limit districts’ total current expenditures per pupil are significantly lower than what they would have spent absent the limit. For those affected school districts, this expenditure gap does not come from spending on teacher salaries or fringe benefits but rather from other instructional salaries/expenses, central administration, transportation, interfund transfers, and undistributed spending. We also find heterogeneity in the constraining effects of the tax limit across different need-based groups of school districts.

PEMETAAN LAHAN PARKIR DENGAN METODE POLYGON UNTUK PENDAPATAN ASLI DAERAH KOTA PEKALONGAN

Parking is a potential regional revenue which is quite high because it is realized that the number from year to year has increased. Based on data from the Pekalongan City Transportation Service, in 2019 it has reached Rp. 1,205 billion or 75 percent of the target set, which is Rp. 1.6 billion. The parking area managed by the Pekalongan City Government so far has managed 424 points, the types of fees managed are divided into parking fees on the edge of public roads and off-street parking with a composition of 30 percent of PAD and 70 percent for parking attendants. The existence of this considerable potential poses a challenge for local governments to manage it. In the implementation of roadside retribution policies, there have been problems in managing parking lots, including the existence of strategic parking areas but not registered with the local government, the distribution and area of ??managed parking lots so that potential parking levy tax revenues can be known. In the research conducted using quantitative, qualitative, and R&D research methods with mapping with the polygon method so that the parking area managed by the Pekalongan City Government and the potential income from parking retribution taxes as a Pekalongan City Original Revenue Source (PAD) can be found..
 
 Keywords: GIS, polygon, retribution, PAD

Community Options to Fund Aging Services: A National Study to Track Local Initiatives

The majority of federal support for older people needing in-home services and supports comes from the Medicaid program. However, less than 10% of older people are eligible for Medicaid and to receive long-term services, a person must have a severe disability. Many older people with moderate levels of disability or those who are not impoverished are not eligible. In response to these system limitations, some counties across the nation have developed alternative funding strategies, such as property tax levies, to better serve older members of their communities. After identifying 15 states with such initiatives, a survey was distributed to 414 contacts within these states, with a response rate of 55%. Respondents included organizations such as area agencies on aging, councils on aging, and county departments on aging. Local funding varied within and across states, with annual funding ranging from $8,000-$47 million. Most commonly provided services with local funds include home-delivered (81%) and congregate (73%) meals, transportation (61%), and homemaker services (49%). A majority of programs (63%) indicated that local funds are used to provide at least one family or friend caregiver service. This study is the first compilation and description of locally-funded elder service initiatives in the U.S. Locally-funded initiatives can help older people with long-term services needs continue to live in their own homes and communities. On the other hand, some have raised questions about whether this is a good approach to funding aging services, raising concerns that this will lead to further inequities across states and communities.

Designing tax levy scenarios for environmental taxes in China

The "Environmental Protection Tax Law of the People's Republic of China" came into effect on January 1, 2018. However, it's unclear whether the current tax rates, taxpayers, and levy scenarios are scientific and effective. Thus, determining how to improve the environmental tax can better protect and improve China's environment by reducing pollutant emissions. First, we developed a tax rate adjustment (TRA) model based on a directional distance function. Next, we used a multi-regional input-output analysis to construct a production- and consumption-based tax (PCT) model. Then, based on the current tax levy, we proposed three new levy scenarios by combining the TRA and PCT models, and on this basis, identified two gradual environmental tax reform paths. To demonstrate our approach, we selected China's 30 provinces or provincial-scale administrations for an empirical analysis of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). We found that China should prioritize raising tax rates in the short term, especially for NOx. In the long term, China should consider incorporating consumption-based environmental responsibility into the framework of the tax model. Our results provide theoretical support for gradual reform of environmental taxes and a scientific basis for promoting more sustainable development and rational planning of emission reduction plans.

The Impact of GST on Indian Economy

Abstract: In India, the idea of GST was contemplated in 2004 by the Task Force on implementation of the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act, 2003, named Kelkar Committee. The Kelkar Committee was convinced that a dual GST system shall be able to tax almost all the goods and services and the Indian economy shall be able to have wider market of tax base, improve revenue collection through levying and collection of indirect tax and more pragmatic approach of efficient resource allocation. Under the Goods and Service Tax , every person is be liable to pay tax on output and shall be entitled to enjoy credit on input tax paid and tax shall be only on the amount of value added. GST is a single national uniform tax levied across India on all goods and services. In GST, all Indirect taxes such as excise duty, central sales tax (CST)and value- added tax (VAT) etc. will be subsumed under a single regime. Introduction of The Goods and Services Tax (GST) expected as a significant step towards a comprehensive indirect tax reform in the country, which would lead India for its economic growth. The Proposed study is designed to know the impact on GST on Indian Economy with the Help of Its individual effect on different sectors. Under GST, goods and services fall under five tax categories: 0 per cent, 5 per cent, 12 per cent, 18 per cent and 28 per cent. For corporates, the elimination of multiple taxes will improve the ease of doing business. And for consumers, the biggest advantage would be in terms of a reduction in the overall tax burden on goods. "Inflation will come down, tax avoidance will be difficult, India's GDP will be benefitted and extra resources will be used for welfare of poor and weaker section. The Lok Sabha has finally Passed the Goods and Services Tax Bill and it is expected to have a significant impact on every industry and every consumer. Apart from filling the loopholes of the current system, it is also aimed at boosting the Indian economy. Keywords: GST, Indian Economy, Positive Impact , Negative Impact, Central Government, State Government