Tax Assessment Research Articles

Associations Between Historical Redlining and Present-Day Heat Vulnerability Housing and Land Cover Characteristics in Philadelphia, PA.

Historical, institutional racism within the housing market may have impacted present-day disparities in heat vulnerability. We quantified associations between historically redlined areas with present-day property and housing characteristics that may enhance heat vulnerability in Philadelphia, PA. We used color-coded Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC) maps and tax assessment data to randomly select 100 present-day (2018-2019) residential properties in each HOLC grade area (A = Best; B, C, and D = Most hazardous; N = 400 total). We conducted virtual inventories of the properties using aerial and streetview imagery for land cover and housing characteristics (dark roof color, flat roof shape, low or no mature tree canopy, no recently planted street trees) that may enhance heat vulnerability. We used modified Poisson regression models to estimate associations of HOLC grades with the property characteristics, unadjusted and adjusted for historical and contemporary measures of the neighborhood sociodemographic environment. Compared to grade A areas, higher proportions of properties in grade B, C, and D areas had dark roofs, low/no mature tree canopy, and no street trees. Adjusting for historical sociodemographics attenuated associations, with only associations with low or no tree canopy remaining elevated. Adjusting for present-day concentrated racial and socioeconomic deprivation did not substantially impact overall findings. In Philadelphia, PA, HOLC maps serve as spatial representations of present-day housing and land cover heat vulnerability characteristics. Further analyses incorporating longitudinal data on urban redevelopment, reinvestment, and neighborhood change are needed to more fully represent complex relationships among historical racism, residential segregation, and heat vulnerability.

Tax Compliance in the Era of Cryptocurrencies and CBDCs: The End of the Right to Privacy or No Reason for Concern?

The new European regulatory framework for crypto-assets contains strict reporting requirements for EU-based crypto service providers, which will give tax authorities and law enforcement agencies better insights into a significant segment of the cryptoasset space. The article first outlines how this will inevitably lead to the creation of a parallel crypto-asset market focused on offline wallets and peer-to-peer services outside the supervision of EU and national tax authorities. The article then highlights the important role that the so-called Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) will play in this environment. The differences between CBDCs and crypto-assets are examined from a tax assessment perspective in order to show that true anonymity is considerably less of an issue with (price stable) CBDCs than with (volatile) crypto-assets. The authors argue that a truly anonymous digital euro wallet for small transactions on the consumer side could not only allow the effective monitoring of businesses, but would actually increase tax compliance. If consumers have access to an anonymous cash-equivalent digital means of payment, they will be less likely to use cash or virtual currency. This in turn will cause a significant increase in available transaction data, while simultaneously granting a much better protection of taxpayers’ rights to privacy in the EU. cryptocurrency, crypto-asset, AML, taxation, CBDC, digital euro, privacy, taxpayer rights, tax assessment, wallet, reporting standards

A Study on the Showing of Grounds in the Notice of Assessment of Local Tax.

A Study on the Showing of Grounds in the Notice of Assessment of Local Tax.

ОБЛІК І ОПОДАТКУВАННЯ ОПЕРАЦІЙ З ДАВАЛЬНИЦЬКОЮ СИРОВИНОЮ В АГРАРНИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВАХ

The article determines that a large number of agricultural enterprises have sufficient capacities for the processing of agricultural products. The essence of transactions with raw materials from Davanytsia that can be carried out by agricultural enterprises is considered. It has been established that operations with raw materials from Davanytsia are a specific type of economic operations, which involve the transfer of raw materials to an agricultural enterprise for processing without the transfer of ownership. It was determined that the specified operations are carried out on the basis of contracts between the customer (provider of raw materials) and the processor. The authors highlight the main stages of the processing process: transfer of raw materials, processing, transfer of finished products, payment for processing services. The article defines the contractual principles of transactions with raw materials and the constituent elements of contracts for the processing of raw materials. The need for documentary support for each technological stage of providing services for processing agricultural products on the basis of the given conditions is substantiated. This made it possible to present options for documenting the investigated operations at each stage of their implementation. The authors have identified a list of accounting accounts that can be used to display operations for processing raw materials for the customer and the service provider. The article provides the correspondence of accounts for accounting for the processing of agricultural products on the terms of the contract for all participants of the specified relationship. The authors presented the procedure for accounting for value added tax under the condition of drawing up tax invoices. Relying on the requirements of the Tax Code of Ukraine, the authors determined the peculiarities of tax assessment during the implementation of the investigated operations under the conditions of application of the general and simplified taxation system. The authors justified the need for the development of internal accounting regulations by the agrarian enterprise regarding the investigated operations.

Assessing Taxpayers’ Awareness on Their Right to Appeal Property Tax Assessment in Mzuzu City – Malawi

Valuation inaccuracy when assessing properties for taxation purposes, which results in taxpayers deciding to evade property taxes due to higher taxes inf luenced by incorrect assessments, affects the economy of the country negatively. This research evaluated how a lack of taxpayer awareness of their right to appeal on estimated property taxes affect property tax compliance in Mzuzu City. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected by administering questionnaires while the study areas were selected based on their planning nature and different state in terms of the income of the dwellers. Taxpayers were selected randomly and the sample from study areas was found by matching the total number of taxable properties in the area to the appropriate sample size. The study has confirmed that the majority of taxpayers do not take any action if an assessment is incorrect due to a lack of knowledge of tax appeals which often leads to tax evasion. Consequently, the government needs to extensively educate taxpayers on tax appeals through, for example, radio and television media.

Role of global standards: Rural and urban benefits of digital valuation

Global standards shape the convergence of digital valuation techniques, benefiting rural and urban areas. These standards provide uniformity, openness, and accuracy in property valuation across varied geographical and economic environments in an increasingly linked globe. Digital valuation norms revolutionise rural places. More efficient and accurate property assessments may improve land use planning, credit and finance access, and land tenure security in rural areas. This facilitates rural development by attracting investments, promoting sustainable agriculture, and expanding infrastructure. Global standards account for soil quality, irrigation potential, and market proximity to enable a rigorous and customised assessment procedure for rural properties. In cities, digital value norms provide similar advantages. To handle different property kinds, market dynamics, and complicated ownership arrangements, rapid urbanisation requires sophisticated valuation methodologies. Global standards simplify property tax assessments, fair urban planning, and local income collection. Accurate appraisals boost real estate market transparency, investor trust, and responsible urban development. This improves infrastructure, public services, and urban life. Global standards have an abstract influence on digital value beyond economics. These standards enable a single global ecosystem by encouraging cooperation and information sharing among governments, financial institutions, valuation experts, and technology vendors. This ecosystem fosters innovation by encouraging sophisticated valuation tools and procedures via common standards. Equity in valuation procedures also promotes social cohesiveness and inclusion between rural and urban areas. Global standards for digital valuation enable societies to maximise their real estate assets, promoting sustainable development, economic progress, and better living circumstances.

Analysis on Effect of COVID -19 on Property Valuation in Real Estate Market

Abstract: The valuation of real estate is a central tenet for all businesses. Land and property are factors of production and, as with any other asset, the value of the land flows from the use to which it is put, and that in turn is dependent upon the demand (and supply) for the product that is produced. Valuation, in its simplest form, is the determination of the amount for which the property will transact on a particular date. However, there is a wide range of purposes for which valuations are required. These range from valuations for purchase and sale, transfer, tax assessment, expropriation, inheritance or estate settlement, investment and financing. The objective of the paper is to provide a brief overview of the methods used in real estate valuation. Valuation methods can be grouped as traditional and advanced. The traditional methods are regression models, etc. MRA has been implemented by many researchers to study valuation of real property cite that MRA is possible for coefficient estimates and factor weightings using a large number of actual sale cases. Keywords: Real property, property valuation, multiple regression analysis, SWOT Analysis

Цифровизация экономики и эффективность налогового контроля

The annually developed in the Russian Federation main directions of the budget policy of the state, on the one hand, are aimed at maintaining the necessary level of tax burden on various categories of taxpayers, taking into account industry specifics. On the other hand, the ongoing control over the observance of the minimum values of the fiscal burden. These circumstances provide the necessary monetary resources to the revenue part of budgets of all levels. In addition, the implementation of functions by public institutions at the appropriate level is taken into account. These measures are aimed at ensuring a steady increase in the welfare of citizens. They stimulate the competitiveness of the domestic economy in the medium term. At the same time, the number of field tax audits as of July 01, 2021 decreased by 31% as compared to the same period as of July 01, 2017. The total number of additional accruals revealed by field tax inspections increased 2.5 times, reaching an average of 40.2 million rubles per inspection unit. At the same time, control and enforcement of tax compliance measures are increasing. The introduction of elements of digitalization is now an effective mechanism in the collection of information about the levels of consumption of individuals or households. It also takes into account the amount of capital and the amount of assets, grouped according to individual categories of households. Digitalization allows the transfer of information received from third parties, including the amount of income received, as well as the amount of consumption for the tax period. According to the results of the study, the dependence of digital technologies used by the fiscal authorities, the number of field tax audits and additional tax assessments were identified. In addition, possible areas of improvement of tax control methods in today's digital relationships were identified.

Challenges and opportunities for agroforestry practitioners to participate in state preferential property tax programs for agriculture and forestry

All 50 states offer preferential property tax programs that lower the taxes paid on enrolled agricultural and/or forest lands. While agroforestry is a land-use that combines elements of both agriculture and forestry, eligibility criteria and other rules and regulations may prevent landowners from enrolling agroforestry practices in one or more of the agricultural and forestry tax programs. This pilot-scale study developed conceptual and methodological frameworks to identify the current barriers to and opportunities in preferential tax policies applicable to agroforestry practices. We conducted an extensive review of state preferential property tax programs relevant for agroforestry practices, following focus group discussions with regional experts in five selected states across the United States: North Carolina, Nebraska, Wisconsin, New York, and Oregon. Based on a systematic review of statutes and their supporting documents, we developed a database of programs, which support or create barriers to enrollment of agroforestry practitioners into the programs. We found that agricultural tax assessments were more likely to favor multi-use agriculture and forestry systems than the preferential tax assessments of forestlands in the five states. Forest farming and silvopasture, followed by alley cropping, windbreaks, and riparian forest buffers, were found to be the most common agroforestry practices allowed under preferential tax classifications in the study states. This study provides a framework for cataloging and analyzing preferential property tax-programs to document barriers and facilitators to agroforestry practices in the United States.

Case Law Note: Protection of Taxpayers’ Personal Data and National Tax Interest: A Misstep by the European Court of Human Rights?

The relationship between taxpayers’ privacy, tax law, and tax assessments carried out by national financial administrations is extremely debated. It is because, at the base of every possible consideration, there would seem to be essentially one question: What is the limit to the achievement of the national tax interest? It is possible to imagine, in the era of digitization, that the disclosure of taxpayers’ personal data does not represent a limit to the taxation interest of the state both when this has the purpose of prevention of tax evasion or whether it involves the protection of commercial relations between economic operators? These are some of the questions that emerge from reading the Case of L.B. v. Hungary issued by the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) on 12 January 2021. Here, in fact, the court considered the conduct of the Hungarian tax authorities that has materialized in the publication on its website of the personal data of Hungarian tax evaders compatible with the European Convention on Human Rights, and specifically with Article 8. VAT, deductions, input tax, expenditure, third parties, discontinued investments, case Mitteldeutsche, case Vos Aannemingen, case Sonaecom.

Tax control and assessment of its effectiveness at the present stage

Tax control and assessment of its effectiveness at the present stage

Notional Interest Deduction – Impact on the Cost of Equity in Investment Projects

Purpose: The Notional Interest Deduction (NID) was introduced to achieve equal treatment of debt and equity financing by granting an additional tax deduction from self-financing. Our purpose was to analyze the practical meaning of the introduced mechanism as a factor of the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) calculation and evaluation of the efficiency of development projects. In the art, the WACC is used to determine the rates of discount for the calculation of future cash flows (CF) and net present value (NPV) of investment projects. Design/Methodology/Approach: The NID mechanism is recognized as the Allowance for Economic Growth (ACE) and the countries benefiting from this relief are recognized as applying the ACE regime. The individual ACE regime is monitored and evaluated for compliance with the European Code of the Conduct Group for business taxation. The documents published by the Council of the European Union became the basis for the tax shield rate analyses and assessment of the impact of NID on WACC changes. Findings: It has been shown that the benefits of NID mechanism can correct Weighted Average Cost of Capital in minus and the differences between countries result from the ACE regime model used, the method of calculating the qualified base and the method of determining the reference rate for the calculation of the notional interest deduction. Practical Implications: The presented use of the notional interest deduction mechanism will fill the gap in the literature on the subject and indicate new opportunities to study the efficiency of the development of organizations. The results can also help practitioners to identify a mechanism whose use may be beneficial to the company due to the possibility of a more precise assessment of the efficiency of the investment project. Originality and Value: The NID mechanism is relatively new and the issues related to it have not yet received much analysis, in particular in connection with non-tax benefits. Meanwhile, taking into account the effects of ACE regime in discounting cash flows may affect the decision to implement or reject an investment project.

Executive Compensation, Executive Character, Audit Committee, and Audit Quality on Tax Avoidance

Tax avoidance turns into become most part satisfactory tax assessment practice, despite the fact that the practice isn’t in opposition to the law that can’t be acknowledged , should be forestalled, and gone against. This study expect to inform the impact of executive compensation, executive character, audit committee and audit quality on tax avoidance of mining companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The sample selection method in this study uses purposive sampling. The sample of this study is mining companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The data analysis technique used in this study is multiple linear regression. The results of this study proved that executive character has positive effect on tax avoidance and executive compensation, audit committee, and audit quality have no effect on tax avoidance. This research is required to be the reason for decision making by the management to not to rehearse tax avoidance and make thought for investor to not settle on speculation choices dependently on the evaluation of corporate governance perspectives that don’t influence the organization in carrying out tax avoidance practice.How to Cite:Ardillah, K., & Prasetyo C, A. (2021). Executive Compensation, Executive Character, Audit Committee, and Audit Quality on Tax Avoidance. Akuntabilitas: Jurnal Ilmu Akuntansi, 14(2), 169-186.

Apakah Yang Memengaruhi Kesadaran Mahasiswa Atas Pajak?

The objective of study is to analyze affect of tax education, tax training and tax assessment on student awareness of tax. The research sample are 101 respondents who were active students in the Tax Center with accidental sampling techniques in several universities in Jakarta area. Multiple regression was used to test hypothesis to analyze affect of factors that student awereness of tax. The result of this study shows that there has no a positive and not significant effect on tax education, but there has a positive and significant effect on tax training and tax assesment on student awareness of tax.

Pricing office rents in Sydney CBD: testing the water on automated rent reviews

PurposeAutomated valuation models (AVMs) are statistical asset pricing models omnipresent in residential real estate markets, where they inform property tax assessment, mortgage underwriting and marketing. Use of these asset pricing models outside of residential real estate is rare. The purpose of the paper is to explore key characteristics of commercial office lease contracts and test an application in estimating office market rental prices using an AVM.Design/methodology/approachThe authors apply a semi-log ordinary least squares hedonic regression approach to estimate either contract rent or the total costs of occupancy (TOC) (“grossed up” rent). Furthermore, the authors adopt a training/test split in the observed leasing data to evaluate the accuracy of using these pricing models for prediction. In the study, 80% of the samples are randomly selected to train the AVM and 20% was held back to test accuracy out of sample. A naive prediction model is used to establish accuracy prediction benchmarks for the AVM using the out-of-sample test data. To evaluate the performance of the AVM, the authors use a Monte Carlo simulation to run the selection process 100 times and calculate the test dataset's mean error (ME), mean absolute error (MAE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), median absolute percentage error (MdAPE), coefficient of dispersion (COD) and the training model's r-squared statistic (R2) for each run.FindingsUsing a sample of office lease transactions in Sydney CBD (Central Business District), Australia, the authors demonstrate accuracy statistics that are comparable to those used in residential valuation and outperform a naive model.Originality/valueAVMs in an office leasing context have significant implications for practice. First, an AVM can act as an impartial arbiter in market rent review disputes. Second, the technology may enable frequent market rent reviews as a lease negotiation strategy that allows tenants and property owners to share market risk by limiting concerns over high costs and adversarial litigation that can emerge in a market rent review dispute.

Does Ethiopia is Effective in Implementing a Presumptive Tax System? Evidence from Hawassa City, Sidama Regional State

This study was set out to examine presumptive tax system implementation effectiveness in Hawassa city of Ethiopia. To achieve the objective of this research, the study used a mixed research method. The primary data sources were collected through a structured questionnaire and focus group discussion. The analysis has been done. Then, the result of this study showed that the Hawassa city revenue authority is not effective in presumptive tax system implementation. Also, this study revealed that lack of equity and fairness in presumptive tax assessment, lack of clarity and simplicity of tax procedure, the complexity of tax rules, taxpayers’ poor awareness of the presumptive system, the existence of unethical and corrupt tax officials, and poor social norms between taxpayers and the tax authority were the key challenges faced by the city tax authority. Finally, the findings of the study inform policymakers about presumptive tax system implementation effectiveness in Hawassa, Ethiopia. Keywords: presumptive tax system; implementation; effectiveness, Ethiopia DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/13-17-04 Publication date: September 30 th 2021

How to Apply for a Greenbelt Agricultural Tax Assessment

This publication is for current or potential farm operators who are interested in knowing more about how the Florida Greenbelt Law affects farm operations’ property taxes and how farm operations can apply to receive an agricultural tax assessment. Written by Raychel Thomas, Jana Caracciolo, and Catherine Campbell, and published by the UF/IFAS Department of Family, Youth and Community Sciences, July 2021.

The Taxpayer's Rights in the Courtroom

This article outlines the ways in which taxpayers may challenge tax assessments in Norway.

How to select tax audit cases?: a literature review of research in tax avoidance

Currently, DGT is experiencing a shortage of tax auditors. As a result, DGT was unable to meet the tax collection goal. This issue, I think, may be addressed by developing a tax audit case selection model. This model employs the tax avoidance variable, which is assessed by the amount of adjustment in the modified tax assessment, as well as various factors classified as company characteristics, firm activities, and BOD characteristics. To develop this model, DGT should alter the format of tax returns in order to get the necessary information from taxpayers. Then, DGT must choose an analytical technique to evaluate the data. Because DGT has a large amount of data, I suggest utilizing the big data analytics approach, and I think that the regression model is outdated. So, I think that this approach will be useful in making DGT better in the future, since DGT may find it simpler to pick tax audit cases that will have a significant effect on tax collection. Unless DGT creates this paradigm, I think DGT will be unable to achieve its goal indefinitely. This article aims to describe certain tax avoidance measures and some tax avoidance factors that will be helpful in developing a tax audit case selection model. Furthermore, I'd want to show how DGT might evaluate such determinants in order to construct a suitable model.

Income Tax Dispute Settlement With Justice Perspective

A material dispute or commonly referred to as a material dispute occurs when there is a difference in the amount of tax owed or a difference in the amount of excess tax according to the tax authorities listed in the tax assessment, with the amount according to the calculation of the taxpayer.