Tashkent Region Research Articles

Применение новых фунгицидов против болезней сельскохозяйственных культур

This article outlines the results of the research conducted on farms Changimardon bogi in Parkent District of Tashkent Region and Behruz Baraka Fayz in Tashkent District of Tashkent Region on the origin and spread of downy mildew disease of the grapevine and phytophthora disease of potato plant, the symptoms of the diseases and their damage, and the data on the biological efficacy of new fungicide Pilarzox 25.5% SC applied against these diseases. As a result of our research: In the variant with Pilarzox 25.5% SC fungicide treatment at a rate of 1.2 l/ha against downy mildew disease of grapevine, the spread of the disease was 4.7%, the development of the disease was 0.7%, and the biological efficiency was 91.0%. The highest biological efficacy of potato plant against phytophthora disease was observed in the variant with Pilarzox 25.5% SC fungicide treatment at a rate of 2.5 l/ha. At the same time, the development of the disease was 2.4% in the leaves, 2.1% in the stems, and the biological efficiency was 89.5% in the leaves and 89.2% in the stems.

USE OF RESOURCE-SAVING TECHNOLOGIES IN GROWING WINTER WHEAT

This article presents materials on the study of the need for winter wheat during the growing season to the norms of mineral fertilizers and the irrigation regime during the growing season with the additional use of various norms of bentonite clays for plowing in conditions of typical gray soils of the Tashkent region in 2008-2011. According to the results of the research, the introduction of 3000 kg/ha of bentonite clay under arable land and the irrigation of winter wheat during the growing season at a moisture content of 60–70–60% of the soil LFMC showed a decrease in the bulk density of soil in a layer of 0–30 cm by 0.03–0.05 g/cm3, and in layers of 30–50 cm on average up to 0.07 g/cm3, increasing soil water permeability by 30 m3/ha. At the same time, the irrigation rate decreased to 780–810 m3/ha compared to the control variant, and an additional grain yield of 11.9 centners/ha was obtained. Before sowing winter wheat, the introduction of 3000 kg/ha of bentonite clay under arable land and irrigation during the growing season at a moisture content of 70–80–70% of the soil LFMC, a decrease in the volumetric mass of soil in a layer of 0–30 cm by 0.07–0.08 g/cm3, and in layers of 30–50 cm, on average, up to 0.11 g/cm3, an increase in soil water permeability by 100 m3/ha, a decrease in the irrigation rate to 790 m3/ha compared to the control variant, and obtaining 13.4 c/ha of additional grain harvest.

Efficient use of agricultural machinery park and improvement of technical services system

The article is devoted to the effective use of agricultural machinery to improve the system and technical services and solve the problems posed. To do this, in the Tashkent region, the Bekabad district, there are agrotechnical solutions for a number of analyses, especially technically modern, park equipment, which has extremely complex structures, and the effective use of agrotechnical services recommended for improving the system and proposals.

TAXONOMY, DYNAMICS OF DEVELOPMENT AND DAMAGE OF DIASPIDIDAE IN SEED FRUIT ORCHARDS

In order to identify the main pests of seed orchards, as a result of observations on apple, beech and pear orchards on farms in Tashkent region, 3 genera Lepidosaphes, Diaspidiotus and Parlatoria belonging to the family Diaspididae were recorded in orchards. They were found to be distributed in 3 species Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus, 1758), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock, 1881) and Parlatoria oleae (Colvée, 1880) from the family Diaspididae, and 2 were recorded as dominant species. In order to create a species composition and GIS map of the Diaspididae family in seed orchards, 12 coordinates of pests in apple, quince and pear orchards were determined and a GIS map was constructed.

Prospects for the introduction of Ferula tadshikorum Pimentov in the conditions of the Tashkent region

Background: Ferula species are used for a wide variety of purposes from the Middle East to the Himalayas. This paper provides information on the biological features and ontogenesis of the promising medicinal plant Ferula tadshikorum Pimenov during the introduction in the conditions of the Tashkent Botanical Garden. Methods: The features of morphological development of the studied ontogenetic states were recorded during similar periods of vegetation in 2019-2021 in two variants of treatment. Under the conditions of introduction, 2 growth periods (latent, virginal) and 4 age classes (seedlings, juvenile, immature and virginal plants) were documented in plant ontogenesis. Results: According to our study, a rapid transition from one to the next age state was found in introduced specimens. This is an important factor for the establishment of agrocenoses needed to obtain raw material in a significantly shorter time. The results of the study show the success of the introduction of Ferula tadshikorum in the conditions of the Tashkent Botanical Garden, although the new growth conditions differed from natural soil and climatic characteristics. The collection of this species in the Garden can now serve as a basis for plantations in natural growing conditions. Conclusion: The obtained experimental data can be used as a basis for the development of agricultural techniques and technologies for growing this plant in introduced conditions.

Humus of the brown soils of the mountain pastures of Uzbekistan

The aim of the study: assessment of humus content and its distribution in the profile of brown soils of mountain pastures in Uzbekistan. Location and time of the study. Soil pits were cut in the Republic of Uzbekistan in seven agricultural regions, widely used in agriculture: Tashkent region, Bustonlik district; Jizzakh region, Zomin district; Samarkand region, Nurabad district; Navoi region, Nurata district; Kashkadarya region, Kitab district; Surkhandarya region, Sherabad district; Namangan region, Papal district. The study was carried out in 2019-2021. Methods. Field studies, sampling and sample preparation were carried out in accordance with the generally accepted methods: soil organic carbon content was measured by bichromate digestion, carbonate content was determined by acidimetric method and soil inorganic carbon content was calculated by subtracting from the total content of carbonates. Silty fractions were isolated by centrifugation. Humus differentiation into reserves and their estimation was carried out according to the method proposed by one of the authors. Main results. The studied brown soils of mountain pastures of Uzbekistan are characterized by loamy granulometric composition, with a clay fraction not exceeding 20%. The content of carbonates is low (2.5–9%), with the maximum amount in the carbonate horizon. Soils are slightly leached. The total humus content in the upper horizon varies from 1% to 6.6%. The dependence of soil humus content on the slope exposure was noted: the soils of the more humid northern and western slopes contain more humus than the southern and eastern ones. In addition, the humus content is significantly affected by erosion. To assess the nature of changes in the organic matter of the brown soils during their agricultural use, humus of the near, labile and potential reserves (as percentage of the total content) was isolated for the first time. It was revealed that humus of potential reserve prevails in soils (35.5-90%). Its vertical distribution is characterized by a sharp decrease in the sub-humus part, while the humus of the near and labile reserves is distributed evenly in the profile, without a pronounced dependence on external conditions and the degree of disturbance. The proportion of insoluble organic substances in the total humus content ranged from 0.39 to 86%, of sparingly soluble organic substances - from 3 to 100%. There is a relationship between the amount of sparingly soluble and insoluble organic matter in the upper horizon and the degree of soil erosion. Conclusion. The distribution of humus and its reserves in the brown soils of the mountain pastures of Uzbekistan is uneven and strongly affected by erosion. The loss of near and labile humus reserves leads to a decrease in the content of total humus. Further study of humus features, humus accumulation and restoration in brown soils is important for the development of recommendations for the rational use, anti-erosion protection and increasing the productivity of mountain pastures in Uzbekistan.

INFORMATION ON THE ECOLOGICAL SITUATION AND WATER DISTRIBUTION IN TASHKENT IN “PAST AND CURRENT HISTORY OF TASHKENT” BY A.I. DOBROSMYSLOV

This article examines the ecological situation in the Tashkent region in the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries, the duties and responsibilities of irrigators, canal elders and mirabs in the distribution of water resources and water.

Seasonal variations and obstacles of cocoon production in Tashkent region, Uzbekistan

Seasonal variations and obstacles of cocoon production in Tashkent region, Uzbekistan

Humus Content in Soil and Yield in the Permanent Cotton Cultivated Fields

The article presents the data of a long-term experience on the reproductive capacity of the soil during the permanent cultivation of cotton, which has been carried out for 96 years at the Institute of Breeding, Seed Production and Agrotechnology for Growing Cotton in the Kibray district of the Tashkent region. The article presents the results of analyses by determining the content of humus, from which it can be seen that the decrease in humus was more marked on the control variant without fertilizers, and the amount of humus decreased after 20 years compared to the initial indicator by 11.4 t/ha, after 40 years 16 46 t/ha, after 60 years by 19.05 t/ha, after 80 years by 26.29 t/ha and after 96 years by 29.17 t/ha. It was also determined by the decrease in humus content in option 2, where NPK 250:175:125 kg/ha was applied annually, respectively: 6.487 t/ha; 9.225 t/ha; 10.09 t/ha; 16.95 t/ha; 19.65 t/ha; with an annual application of 30 t/ha of manure + 25 kg/ha of P2O in option 1, respectively: 0.335 t/ha; 3.683 t/ha; 11.40 t/ha; 22.44 t/ha; 32.58 t/ha. In addition, the article also provides data on the yield of cotton by options for permanent cultivation. It was determined that in the control variant, the yield decreased from 16.8 centners per hectare to 9.9 centners per hectare; in the variant where NPK was applied every year 250:175:125 kg/ha was 31 - 34 c/ha, where 30 t/ha of manure + 25 kg/ha P2O 29 - 32 c/ha were used every year.

МЕВА-САБЗАВОТЧИЛИК МАҲСУЛОТЛАРИ ИШЛАБ ЧИҚАРИШ ФАОЛИЯТИНИ ИҚТИСОДИЙ - СТАТИСТИК ТАҲЛИЛИ

This article describes the cultivation of fruits and vegetables and grapes in the country and its regions, their economic and statistical analysis, the problems in the field of fruit and vegetables in farms of Tashkent region and ways to overcome them.

Determination of the frequency of ABCB1 gene polymorphisms (C1236T, C3435T) in the population of the Tashkent region of Uzbekistan

This work aimed to determine the frequency of 2 polymorphisms in the ABCB1 gene (С1236T, С3435T) in healthy volunteers from the population of Tashkent region of Uzbekistan to assess their prevalence and improve the quality of personalized therapy and treatment efficacy. The study included 121 conditionally healthy volunteers from the Tashkent region of Uzbekistan aged 18 to 54 years. Genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism. It was found that for C1236T, the T allele had a higher frequency (0.63) than the C allele (0.37). Regarding genotypes, CT and TT were found significantly more often than CC. The frequency of the С3435Т C allele was 41%, and that of the T allele was 59%; the CT and TT genotypes were detected equally and had a frequency higher than that of CC. In conclusion, we observed a high frequency of altered alleles of C1236T and C3435T polymorphisms of the ABCB1 gene among healthy volunteers of the Uzbek population. Thus, such research needs to be scaled up to select the optimal individual therapy for many diseases. Keywords: P-glycoprotein, SNP, genotype.

Experimental results of an improved supplier in the production process and transportation

A continuous and uniform supply of cotton to the cleaning process is considered as a guarantee of beneficial cleaning efficiency. A lot of scientific researches have been conducted to improve the supply of cleaners. This scientific article is devoted to present the results of experiments that conducted on the process of cleaning cotton with the help of an improved supplier in the production of transmission technology. The width of improved supplier pile roller, mine-collector is 240 mm, pile drum distance between pile supplier is set to 50 mm, and cotton is cleaned within the technology of preparation to the cleaning zone, after the cotton supplier is firstly crushed at the top of the pile drums and then between the pile drums and netting. The scientific experiments were conducted in Buka cotton cleaning enterprise of Tashkent region. According to the results of the experiment, the cleaning efficiency of the cleaning flow line with the improved cotton supplier was increased 5.5-6.5% and the quality of the produced fiber was improved.

Влияние норм высева семян на рост, развитие и урожайность российских сортов масличного подсолнечника в Ташкентской области Узбекистана

To obtain high yields of good quality of sunflower seeds, it is necessary to strictly observe scientifically justified cultivation technology, which combines techniques accounting both the biological features of the crop and the natural and climatic conditions of the region. But the role of varietal agricultural technology is also great, which takes into account the properties of a new variety and ensures the fullest realization of its productivity potential under these conditions. Research and development data are very important when introducing crops or varieties into new regions. In this regard, it became necessary to study and scientifically substantiate the optimal seed sowing rates of Russian sunflower varieties in irrigated conditions of the Uzbekistan Republic. The effect of seed sowing rates on the growth, development and yield of Russian oil sunflower varieties was studied in 2020– 2021 at the experimental station of the Tashkent State Agrarian University of Uzbekistan. The objects of the research were promising varieties Irtysh, Skormas (Russia) and the local variety Dilbar (Uzbekistan), which were cultivated at different seed sowing rates, providing a plant population of 40, 50, 60 and 70 thousand plants per ha. As a result of the studies, we found out, according to the complex of economically valuable traits, the best varieties of oil sunflower in the conditions of the Tashkent region are the middle maturing variety Dilbar of the local selection and the ultra-early maturing variety Skormas of the Russian selection, they formed the highest yield in the main crops on irrigation with a seed sowing rate of 50 thousand plant per ha – 4.35 and 4.09 t per ha, respectively. The Russian variety Irtysh is ultra-early maturing, the growing season is 86–88 days, it is less productive and can be considered as promising for repeated crops.

Наличие фитофтороза в Узбекистане и меры борьбы с ним

The article discusses the development of a disease of cultivated plants, which was previously not typical for the conditions of Uzbekistan — late blight of potato. On the territory of the Tashkent region and the small educational economy of the Tashkent State Agrarian University in 2015–2020, the presence of late blight was noted on potato crops. The degree of development of the disease is 27.9–36.3%. A study was carried out on the use of new drugs: Antracol 70% and Banjo Forte. The best result in suppressing the disease was shown by the preparation Antracol 70% in the norm of application — 2.0 kg/ha, where 20 days after treatment the biological efficiency was 85.6%. The biological efficacy of Banjo Forte at a rate of 1.0 l/ha was 81.8% on the leaves, 84.1% on the shoots, and 1.5% and 1.0%, respectively, with the development of the disease.

Influence of trace elements on soybean yield in grassland-swamp soils

This article presents the results of experiments conducted in the conditions of meadow-swamp soils of Tashkent region. The study of the effect of various norms of trace elements sulphur, manganese and iron on the growth, development and yield of early maturing varieties of soybeans was studied. Positive results were obtained from moderate levels of sulphur and manganese, and low levels of iron. Macro and micronutrients had a positive effect on soy yield. An additional 7.6 quintals (q)/ha was harvested in exchange for macro fertilizer. Compared to the background variant, the yield was 4.6-8.3 q/ha for sulphur and 4.9-9.8 q/ha for manganese. The yield of the iron element was lower than that of the background variant. Grain quality has changed in exchange for macro and micronutrients. In exchange for mineral fertilizers, this figure increased by 2.4%. In exchange for the element sulphur, the protein increased by 3.1-5.8%; an increase of 4.4-8.4% was observed in exchange for the element manganese. It was noted that the protein increased by 7.9-8.7% in exchange for the element iron.

Choosing an appropriate planting scheme for intensive apple gardens

This article describes the intensive planting of varieties of apples belonging to local and foreign selection in soil and climatic conditions of Tashkent region in 4 different (4.0x2.5; 4.0x2.0; 4.0x1.5 and 4.0x1.0 m.) planting schemes, mainly in varieties with low tree height and small branch size, the effect of planting schemes on tree habitat is small. In contrast, in varieties with high biological growth rate, the effect of planting schemes was found to be high. However, data have shown that as the length of the main branches in apple tree trees decreases, they cause an increase in ring-shaped fruit branches, which in turn affects the yield in the trees by reducing the feeding area.

Study on protective measures against diseases of almonds caused by fungi: A case study in Tashkent region of Uzbekistan

Among the fruit trees, almond has a special place and is an ancient and traditional type of fruit crop for many countries of the world. Leading research centers around the world have conducted research to study the prevalence, development, damage, and control measures of the almond tree fungi Stigmina carpophila and Monilinia cinerea, which cause widespread perforated spot and moniliosis burns. As a result, it was possible to preserve the almond crop lost under the influence of these diseases. Even today, research aimed at developing effective measures to control the fungal diseases of the almond tree remains relevant.

Study on the influence of stimulants on the rooting of the paulownia (paulownia) and tulip (liriodendron tulipifera) trees during the propagation by cuttings

This article describes the effect of a growth stimulant on the rooting of Paulownia and tulip tree saplings in the conditions of the Tashkent region. In addition, the article discusses the method of propagation of sapling from lignified and annual green cuttings, the influence of the preparation of the substrate 3: 3: 1 from sand, klinec (crushed stone), vermicompost on the development of saplings. In this case, the usual water (control), root SP, basfoliar Kel-SL and heteroauxin stimulants were used.

Influence of Sowing Norm on Oily Sunflower Yield Elements

The article states that the effect of sowing norms of oilseed sunflower on yield elements and productivity of local Dilbar and Russian Irtish, Skormas varieties was studied experimentally in the conditions of typical irrigated sierozem soils of Tashkent region. The number of yield elements and the yield in the variant with 50 thousand seeds / ha per hectare (43.5, 39.9 and 40.9 c / ha) and the weight of 1000 seeds in the variant with 40 thousand seeds per hectare (112.3, 106.8, 94.6 g) were found to be heavier than the options in which the planting rate was increased. Local Dilbar variety has been proven to have higher yield elements than Russian varieties.

ТЕМПЫ ПРИРОСТА И ПРОГНОЗИРОВАНИЕ ОБЩЕЙ ЗАБОЛЕВАЕМОСТИ ЖИТЕЛЕЙ СЕЛЬСКИХ РАЙОНОВ

Introduction. It is necessary to forecast the development of population morbidity, based on the processing and analysis of accumulated reliable information to provide timely high-quality medical service, and to develop a set of targeted therapeutic and preventive measures. Aim. The aim of the study was to assess the features of the growth rate and to forecast general morbidity of the adult population in rural areas focused on different branches of agriculture. Material and methods. The processing and analysis of data from annual statistical reports of the Sanitary-Epidemiological Welfare and Public Health Service of Tashkent region on morbidity of adult population (18 years and older) living in Bostanlyk (fruit and vegetable) and Chinaz (cotton growing) districts were performed. Indicators of general morbidity of rural population in dynamics were studied for the period 2007–2018 by classes of diseases according to ICD-10. Comparative analysis of general morbidity was performed for two 5-year periods (2007–2011 and 2014–2018). Statistical analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel 2016 and Statistica 10.0 software packages. Student’s t-test was used to determine the significance of differences in mean values. Differences of arithmetic mean values were considered reliable at p < 0,05. Results and discussion. In the period from 2007 to 2018, the dynamic changes in the general morbidity of ВЕСТНИК СОВРЕМЕННОЙ КЛИНИЧЕСКОЙ МЕДИЦИНЫ 2021 Том 14, вып. 6 39ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ the adult population in the cotton-growing and, to a greater extent, in the fruit-and-vegetable districts of Tashkent province were characterized by a negative average growth rate (-6,8 vs. -66,5%). As a result of analysis of statistical data for 2014–2018, in comparison with 2007–2011, decrease of general morbidity of population in fruit and vegetable growing district by 39,5%, and on the contrary, in cotton-growing district there was increase by 9,6%. Forecasting indicates a further decrease in the general morbidity of population in rural areas of Tashkent region in the coming years. At the same time, the tendency to further increase of respiratory diseases - in the fruit and vegetable growing district and respiratory, digestive and circulatory diseases – in the cotton-growing district is outlined. Conclusion. The observed decrease in the general morbidity of the rural population, apparently, is associated with the implementation in Uzbekistan of crop diversification policy since 2010, based on reducing the use of pesticides and mineral fertilizers. Significant prevalence of general morbidity of six leading classes of diseases, characteristics of growth rate and medium-term forecast create the need for monitoring and contribute to establishment of a set of measures for prevention, early detection of diseases and pathological conditions, taking into account the contributing risk factors.