Target Plate Research Articles

Experimental Investigation of a Complex System of Impinging Jets Using Infrared Thermography

A central task in aviation technology is the development of efficient cooling techniques for thermal highly loaded engine components. For an optimal design of the cooling mechanisms, the heat transfer characteristics have to be known and need to be describable. As a cooling concept for low-pressure turbine casings, complex systems of impinging jets are used in order to reduce blade tip clearances during the flight mission. In order to improve established theoretical model approaches, this paper presents a novel method for the experimental investigation of such a complex system with 200 impinging jets using infrared thermography. The presented experimental method uses a thin electrically heated chrome-aluminum foil as target plate. Modeling the transient effects inside the foil, small structures and high gradients in the heat transfer coefficient can be reproduced with good accuracy. Experimental results of the local heat transfer characteristics are reported for jet Reynolds numbers of Re=2000…6000. The influence of the jet-to-jet distance and the jet Reynolds number on the Nusselt numbers are quantified with Nu∼(S/D)−0.47 and Nu∼Re0.7. The results indicate a dependency of the flow regime for the relatively low jet Reynolds numbers, as it is known from literature.

A Dual-Arm Robot That Autonomously Lifts Up and Tumbles Heavy Plates Using Crane Pulley Blocks

This paper proposes a combined planning and optimization method that enables a dual-arm robot to lift up and flip heavy plates using crane pulley blocks. The problem is motivated by the low payload of modern collaborative robots. Instead of directly manipulating heavy plates that collaborative robots cannot afford, the paper develops a planner for collaborative robots to operate crane pulley blocks. The planner assumes a target plate is pre-attached to the crane hook. It optimizes dual-arm action sequences and plans the robot’s dual-arm motion that pulls the rope of the crane pulley blocks to lift up the plate. The crane pulley blocks reduce the payload that each robotic arm needs to bear. When the plate is lifted up to a satisfying pose, the planner plans a sliding-pushing motion for one of the robot arms to tumble over the plate while considering force and moment constraints. The article presents the technical details of the planner and several experiments and analysis carried out using a dual-arm robot made by two Universal Robots UR3 arms. The influence of various parameters and optimization goals are investigated and compared in depth. The results show that the proposed planner is flexible and efficient. This paper is motivated by a cleaning process in a factory that produces sewage press machines. The pressboard of sewage press machines could be as heavy as 1000 kg. Human workers need to flip and clean both sides of the board before installing them to the main axis of a sewage machine. Their solution is using a gantry crane. They attach the board to the crane hook using bearing belts, activate the crane to lift up the board. When the board is raised to a satisfying pose, the workers turn the board over by pushing it. Motivated by human workers’ actions, we developed the planner presented in this paper. We assumed crane pulley blocks in the experiments and analysis, but in practice, they may be replaced with electronic ones to improve effort and efficiency. Using the electronic ones will be a sub-problem since there is no need for pulling ropes. The proposed method is expected to help a company’s technicians better judge if they need a heavy payload manipulator or keep their current crane equipment while employing several intelligent collaborative robots to operate them. As a result, it may help to accelerate the upgrade of manufacturing sites while reducing reforming budgets. Note to Practitioners—This paper is motivated by a cleaning process in a factory that produces sewage press machines. The pressboard of sewage press machines could be as heavy as 1000 kg. Human workers need to flip and clean both sides of the board before installing them to the main axis of a sewage machine. Their solution is using a gantry crane. They attach the board to the crane hook using bearing belts, activate the crane to lift up the board. When the board is raised to a satisfying pose, the workers turn the board over by pushing it. Motivated by human workers’ actions, we developed the planner presented in this paper. We assumed crane pulley blocks in the experiments and analysis, but in practice, they may be replaced with electronic ones to improve effort and efficiency. Using the electronic ones will be a sub-problem since there is no need for pulling ropes. The proposed method is expected to help a company’s technicians better judge if they need a heavy payload manipulator or keep their current crane equipment while employing several intelligent collaborative robots to operate them. As a result, it may help to accelerate the upgrade of manufacturing sites while reducing reforming budgets.

Dependence of particle and power dissipation on divertor geometry and plasma shaping in DIII-D small-angle-slot divertor

• The compact SAS divertor in DIII-D provides a good testbed for understanding the effects of a tightly closed divertor on particle and power dissipation, and for application to core-edge integration solutions. • A longer outer leg facilitates the achievement of divertor dissipation in the SAS divertor, while a shorter leg leads to higher divertor temperatures and requires higher upstream densities to achieve the same level of divertor detachment. • The divertor conditions strongly depend on the divertor target shaping and Bt direction. • In-slot gas puffing can reduce detachment onset density by about 10% when the outer strike point is placed at the inner slanted surface. • Completed divertor detachment and a high confinement core with normalized energy confinement factor H 98 >1.0 can be simultanesouly achieved with the SAS divertor, demonstrating the benefit of a closed divertor for exploration of core-edge integration. Dedicated experiments in DIII-D find that magnetic shaping and divertor target geometry significantly affect the divertor plasma conditions and divertor detachment process in the small-angle-slot (SAS) divertor. The compact SAS divertor in DIII-D provides a good testbed for understanding the effects of a tightly closed divertor on particle and power dissipation, and for application to core-edge integration solutions. A longer outer leg facilitates the achievement of divertor dissipation in the SAS divertor, while a shorter leg leads to higher electron temperatures near the divertor target plate and requires higher upstream densities to achieve the same level of divertor detachment. In addition, with the ion B × ∇ B drift away from the SAS divertor and the outer strike point (OSP) near the outer corner, the target temperature is lower for a particular upstream density than with the OSP on a slanted or flat surface, leading to lower heat flux even when the particle flux remains similar. In contrast, with the ion B × ∇ B drift into the SAS divertor, a strike point at the inner slanted surface exhibits a lower upstream density to achieve divertor detachment than a strike point either at the outer corner or the outer slanted target. Experimental results and SOLPS-ITER simulations with full drifts suggest the strong interplay between drift flows and the neutral distribution resulted from target shaping. Furthermore, in-slot gas puffing has been shown to achieve global divertor detachment with an onset density about 10% lower than that using main-chamber gas puffing when the outer strike point is placed at the inner slanted surface. Corresponding modelling reveals that the local gas puffing enhances the neutral ionization which potentially facilitates the achievement of divertor dissipation. However, such improvement diminishes when the strike point is at the outer corner, which also indicates the geometric dependence on divertor performance in the SAS divertor. Even with different strike point locations, complete divertor detachment with very low particle and heat fluxes at the divertor targets and a high confinement core with normalized energy confinement factor H 98 >1.0 can be simultanesouly achieved with the SAS divertor with ion B × ∇ B drift into SAS divertor, demonstrating the benefit of a closed divertor for exploration of core-edge integration.

Reduction of pulsed particle load with dynamic pressure induced by transient recycled neutral flux

From pulsed plasma experiments focusing on neutral pressure dependence, the impacts of a transition from a low to a high recycling target on the particle load were investigated and discussed in the linear plasma device, Magnum-PSI. Time traces of the target ion flux were mitigated in high neutral pressure cases because of a plasma-neutral interaction. On the other hand, in low neutral-pressure cases, the target ion flux indicated partial suppression in the last part of the pulse. The Langmuir probe, located 200 mm upstream from the target plate, did not exhibit such a suppression. Pulse suppression can be expected from the localized interaction between recycled neutral flux and pulsed plasma in front of the target. The mean-free paths of recycled neutral particles regarding the charge exchange with pulse ions and elastic scattering with background neutral particles were compared. Modeling using a fluid code coupled with a neutral transport code was performed, and it was concluded that dynamic pressure induced by the transient recycled neutral flux caused sufficient momentum loss to stagnate the pulsed plasma toward the target plate.

Experimental study on the anti-penetration performance of 675 armor steel at low temperature

675 armor steel is a kind of high strength and hard steel newly developed and put into use, which has excellent anti-penetration performance. In order to study the anti-penetration performance of 675 armor steel on 30CrMnSiNi2A projectile and analyze the influence of low temperature on the anti-penetration performance of 675 armor steel. By impacting 675 armor steel with a one-stage light-gas gun, the mechanism of action of the target and the mechanical behavior of armor steel were analyzed. On this basis, adjusted the experimental temperature of 675 armor steel. It was found that the 675 armor steel target plate crater and dorsal mutant are consistent with temperature changes in the range of -40 to 15 °C, increasing first and then decreasing with the increase of temperature, and the dorsal mutant is smaller than the deformation of the crater. None of the projectiles can form penetrating pores on the target plate and the projectile fragmentation occurs at the beginning of the target collision at 4 different temperatures. The projectile impact target plate has a slight damage crater on the front and a bulge on the back. The results of this paper can provide important reference value for the analysis of the role of the target and the study of the anti-penetration mechanism of 675 armor steel.

Numerical Simulation of Multifunctional Projectile Penetrating Reinforced Concrete Target Plate Based on Sensor Data Acquisition

The main material of a type of multifunctional warhead is energy-containing material, which mainly relies on the projectile’s own kinetic energy to hit the target plate to achieve the function of penetrating reinforced concrete, so it needs the bullet material to have high strength and be able to withstand the high overload when penetrating reinforced concrete. At present, the composite energy-containing material structure with Al, Zr, Ti, and other materials as PTFE-based reducing agents is the mainstream direction of research on high-strength energy-containing materials. LS-DYNA is used to establish a simulation model to simulate and analyze the tapping power. The relationship curve between material strength and attack depth is established and compared with the experimental data of traditional steel material attack ammunition to finally determine the strength limit of energy-containing material compared with traditional attack ammunition. The simulation results show that the composite energy-containing material multifunctional projectile can accomplish the tapping task of penetrating 1.2 m reinforced concrete under the premise of ensuring that the percentage of W powder is not higher than 80%. This study has a certain reference value for the selection of energy-containing materials for multifunctional warheads. For the low-velocity penetration below 400 m/s, the effect of frictional resistance of the head as well as the sidewall on the penetration depth can be ignored, but the overload curve when considering the sidewall friction is more realistic. Using a combination of experimental and theoretical methods, the influence of the projectile material on the mass erosion of high-speed kinetic energy projectiles was studied, and the Jones erosion model based on the thermal melting principle was improved. Based on the cavity expansion theory, the calculation method of the shape evolution of the bullet head was established. The comparison with the experimental results shows that the improved model is applicable to different types of soft and hard materials and can accurately calculate the mass erosion amount, erosion depth, and shape evolution of the bullet head.

Ballistic penetration of deforming metallic plates: Experimental and numerical investigation

A combined experimental and numerical investigation is carried out to study systematically the ballistic performance of a metallic plate that deforms continuously under pre-imparted impulsive loading (e.g., due to TNT explosion) before being impacted by a projectile. First, based on a novel experimental method, ballistic impact test of a deforming thin steel plate is performed via an one-stage gas gun; as benchmark, ballistic impact test of a static (non-deforming) thin steel plate via a two-stage gas gun is also performed. Results show that deforming has significant influence on ballistic performance of metallic plates in terms of perforation mode and ballistic limit. Then, based on three-dimensional finite element simulations that are validated against experimental measurements, physical mechanisms underlying the deforming effect are explored. The effects of pre-imparted impulse, the shock resistance of target plate, and the nose shape of projectile on the ballistic performance are also quantified. It is demonstrated that deforming leads to changes of the projectile-target system in three aspects: providing initial kinetic energy to target, changing plastic deformation in dished region, and altering shear force during perforation. The interaction of these three aspects dictates the ballistic performance of a deforming target plate. The results are employed to carry out anti-penetration design for deforming steel plates.

Microstructure evolution of 6252 armor steel under hypervelocity impact

6252 armor steel is an improved version of 685 armor steel, with a high tensile fracture strength 1700 MPa. In this study, 6252 armor steel was used as the impact target, and 10 gs of spherical 93 W and 30CrMnSiA were used as the projectile. The impact velocities were designed to be 1.0 km/s, 1.5 km/s, 2.0 km/s and 2.5 km/s. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) were used to study microstructural changes in the armor steel. It was found that when the impact pressure was less than 27.75 GPa, no phase transition or twinning was observed in the target plate. When the impact pressure was greater than 27.75 GPa, phase transition occurred. The phase transition evolution was martensite →austenite →bainite +martensite/austenite islands +martensite. Twins also occurred when the impact pressure was greater than 27.75 GPa. Ledeburite was revealed in the projectile residue when the impact pressure was greater than 47.80 GPa. The grain orientation was more uniform than the original one, and more small-angle grain boundaries were observed.

Assessment of ballistic impact damage on aluminum and magnesium alloys against high velocity bullets by dynamic FE simulations

Abstract The shape of the projectile seems to determine the effect of a ballistic impact and failure mechanism. In this study, the numerical analysis of ballistic impact with different projectile shapes, i.e., ogive, blunt, conical, and hemispherical is performed. The target is a circular sandwich plate with an outer diameter of 315 mm, which is composed of three layers with a thickness of 1 mm for each layer. These layers will be filled with different materials such as 1100-H12 aluminum alloy, ZK61m magnesium alloy, and 6061-T651 aluminum alloy. The target plate in the numerical analysis consists of two parts: the inner and outer zones. In the inner zone, the selected element size is set to fine, while in the outer zone, it is set to be coarser, and the size will increase along with the direction and the diameter of the circle. This numerical simulation uses the Johnson–Cook material model and is applied to ABAQUS/Explicit software. The simulation configurations are validated based on previous experiments by comparing the residual velocity values after the projectile has penetrated the target plate. The simulation results will obtain energy absorption values for each variation of the target plate. The energy absorption values are affected by stress and strain in radial, circumferential, axial, and shear deformation. The energy absorption value determines the strength of each variation of the target plate. Then the target plate will compare which arrangement is the strongest when receiving ballistic loads.

Typical Fragment Kinetic Energy Assessment Based on Acoustic Emission Technology.

Fragment kinetic energy is an important parameter to characterize the damage power of fragments. In this study, an acoustic emission technology-based method to evaluate fragment kinetic energy is proposed. The dynamic response of the fragment impacting an aluminum alloy target plate and the relationship between the initial kinetic energy of the fragment impact and the acoustic emission waveform were theoretically evaluated; the numerical simulation of typical spherical fragments (8 mm diameter) penetrating the aluminum alloy target plate was performed, the wavelet energy of the acoustic emission signal was obtained using wavelet packet theory, and a mathematical model of wavelet energy and fragment kinetic energy was constructed. A fragment kinetic energy test system was established, and a fragment penetration test was performed. The analysis showed that the wavelet energy mathematical models and the fragment kinetic energy exhibited favorable consistency, and the measurement errors of the three experiments were 3%, 3.7%, and 3%. This demonstrates the effectiveness of the typical acoustic emission fragment kinetic energy test methods proposed in this study and establishes a new method for the direct measurement of fragment kinetic energy.

Experimental study of the oblique impact and ricochet characteristics of cylindrical fragments

When the casing charge exploded near or inside a steel installation such as a ship or plant, part of the fragments would impact the target plate and ricochet. Plastic deformation occurs on both the fragment and target plate during the oblique impact, in which the direction and velocity of fragments change. The ricochet of fragments would change the damage range, which cannot be predicted by previous theories. In our experiment, cylindrical fragments were used to impact target plates under different impact velocities and angles, and the target plates are made of marine steel 921A and commonly used Q345B, which are the two most commonly used steels for ships and steel installations. The empirical formulae of ricochet velocity and angle for two target plates were obtained, which were applicable to the positive ricochet. The ricochet velocity increased with the increase in impact velocity and angle, but the ricochet angle only increased with the increase in impact angle. In addition, the ricochet velocity increased with the increase in the hardness of target plate when the impact angle was less than 40° due to the deformation of the target plate, the ricochet angle increased with the increase in the hardness of target plate since the pile-up effect would increase the deflection, causing the ricochet angle decreased. The fragment mass loss model was obtained based on the experimental data, which is a strong function of impact velocity but a weak function of impact angle. With the increase in impact angle, the plastic deformation of fragments gradually decreased, the target plate changed from plastic compression deformation to shear deformation, the deformation energy of target plate changed from volumetric energy to more shear strain energy, and the impact crater became shallower. With the increase in impact velocity, the plastic deformation of fragments increased, the inertial resistance of target plate increased, the impact crater on the target surface became larger and deeper, and then only the depth of impact crater increased when the impact velocity reached a certain extent. The plastic deformation of target plate decreased with the increase in the hardness. The proposed formulae and model can provide guidance for the fragment damage range evaluation and equipment protection.

Simulation of Erosion Behavior of a Paraffin Plate with Particle Method

There are many mechanisms in a reactor shutdown function of MSR and inherent self-stabilization. One of those mechanisms is the fuel-salt drain system. The present study focused on the melting and solidification phenomenon that occurs in the freeze valve. An experiment was performed to investigate the erosion behavior of a solid plate by an impinging liquid to time and the effects of fluid viscosity. In addition, numerical modeling based on the MPS method to visualize the heat distribution in the plate will also be carried out. The experiment will be conducted by varying the parameters such as the liquids, temperature, and diameter. Hot water (90°C), molten paraffin, and cooking oil will be used with molded pure paraffin wax will serve as the target plates. The dimension of the target plate is cylindrical, with 44 mm in thickness and 144 mm in length for paraffin wax. The data will then be compared to the MPS simulation. The radial dispersion of the heated liquid and the temperature of the impinged liquid will affect the penetration time, hence making the formation of a mushy zone more likely and promoting the pool effect. The noticeable difference of penetration time between simulation and experiment is likely caused by the changing value of kinematic viscosity of the liquids used in different temperatures. The kinematic viscosity is set to be a constant value in the simulation.

A Simulation and an Experimental Study of Space Harpoon Low-Velocity Impact, Anchored Debris.

The space harpoon is a rigid-flexible, coupled debris capture method with a simple, reliable structure and a high adaptability to the target. For the process of impacting and embedding the harpoon into the target plate, the effect of friction at a low-velocity impact is studied, and the criteria for effective embedding of the harpoon and the corresponding launch velocity are determined. A simulation model of the dynamics of the harpoon and the target plate considering tangential friction is established, and the reliability of the numerical simulation model is verified by comparing the impact test, focusing on the kinetic energy change and embedding length during the impact of the harpoon. The results show that the frictional effect in the low-velocity impact is more obvious for the kinetic energy consumption of the harpoon itself, and the effective embedding of the harpoon into the anchored target ranges from 50~90 mm, corresponding to a theoretical launch initial velocity between 88.4~92.5 m/s.

Deflection effect and mechanism of semi-cylindrical ceramic composite armor for flat-ended rod projectile

Based on the idea of using deflection and yaw induced by specially shaped ceramics for the purpose of defense, composite armors composed of semi-cylindrical ballistic ceramics and metal back plates are designed to resist the penetration of high-velocity flat-ended rod projectiles. Ballistic impact tests and numerical calculation method are adopted to study the deflection effects and mechanism of the flat-ended rod projectile when penetrating the Semi-Cylindrical Ceramic composite armor. The penetration and deflection process of the projectile, deformation and failure mode of the projectile and target plate, as well as the residual characteristics of the projectile are analyzed. The results show that the process of the flat-ended cylindrical projectile penetrating the Semi-Cylindrical Ceramic composite armor can be roughly divided into four stages: asymmetric erosion, Ceramic cone squeezing movement, non-ideal penetration and exit. In the early stage of penetration, the specially shaped ceramic erodes the projectile into a non-axisymmetric shape and deflects the asymmetric force on the projectile; in the later stage of penetration, the projectile penetrates the back plate with its non-axisymmetric nose and non-ideal attitude, resulting in the deflection of the non-axial force on the projectile; and the back plate displays dishing deformation and petaling failure.

Heat Transfer Augmentation With Multiple Jet Impingement Cooling on Dimpled Surface for Gas Turbine Blades

Abstract Multiple jet impingement cooling plays a significant role in the leading-edge cooling of the gas turbine blade. The heat transfer enhancement with this method depends on stand-off distance, nozzle array arrangement, surface roughness, a dimpled surface, a curved surface, etc. This study has developed a numerical simulation model to investigate heat transfer and flow behavior on a dimpled surface. The comparison was made with the conventionally designed dimple and a newly designed-leaf dimple. Computational fluid dynamics plays a significant role in representing the precise flow and heat transfer behavior. This study analyzed the results based on Nusselt number, Reynolds numbers, pressure drop, friction factor, surface roughness of the target plate, and thermal performance. The hemispherical dimpled target plate shows 5–10% more efficiency than the smooth target plate. The leaf target plate shows 2–6% more efficiency compared to the hemispherical dimpled target plate

Experimental And Numerical Investigation Of A Multi-Jet Impingement Cooling Configuration

In order to protect turbine blades from thermal damage or thermally induced aging, internal impingement cooling has found common use throughout engine design, both in stationary gas turbines as well as aircraft engines, but also finds applications in other areas requiring cooling. The present investigation is focused on a generic impingement cooling configuration that can be easily modelled with CFD and at the same time can be studied in detail experimentally. The acquired experimental data can be directly used for the validation of the CFD simulations, ultimately allowing their application in more complex, realistic configurations where experimental investigations become prohibitively expensive or otherwise impossible. The investigated configuration consists of 9 evenly spaced jets of Reynolds number Re_D = 10000 issuing into a square channel that is sealed at one end. The jets directly impinge on a uniformly heated target plate. With previous work on similar configurations well described in literature, the focus of the present contribution is to further exploit the potentials offered by snap-shot based and time-resolved measurements. The flow field within the channel is characterized with both conventional, snap-shot particle image velocimetry (PIV) as well as with high-speed, time-resolved PIV to, respectively, capture overview data as well as detailed information on temporally evolving flow structures. In addition, measurements of the unsteady surface temperature distribution on the heated channel wall are performed by means of a newly developed unsteady temperature-sensitive paint measurement technique (iTSP). The interaction of the turbulent jets with the wall and with its neighbors is studied in detail using correlation and spectral analysis as well as modal decomposition. Where possible, this is supplemented with corresponding data obtained from numerical modelling.

PIV analysis of confined multiple jets impinging on a step surface

Forced convection by submerged multiple jet impingement for cooling applications is widely implemented in several industrial sectors. However, the complexity of the flow makes this process difficult to control. Therefore, it is important to conduct an in-depth study in order to characterize the flow field and this is possible through Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique. PIV allows the measurement of the velocity field and information regarding flow vorticity and turbulence intensity can be obtained. To conduct the PIV measurements, an experimental setup was specially built to analyze the flow dynamics of multiple air jets impinging on a surface with a step. In PIV, the selection of the most appropriate tracer particles is crucial to ensure accurate measurements. In that sense, this work comprises an analysis of different seeding particles produced by a Concept Smoke Aerotech system. The measurement region consists of an array of multiple air jets spaced 3 D (jet diameters) between them according to a staggered configuration. The jets are confined and a distance between the nozzle plate and the target surface of 2 D is applied. The central, back, and front rows are analyzed in order to determine the effect of the jet’s interactions on the velocity fields and heat transfer. The results show that the complexity of the flow is increased by the implementation of a non-flat surface. The step induces a strong flow reversal that affects the jet flow development over the surface. Moreover, the measured data highlights the complex interactions between jets and confirm that PIV is able to capture the large-scale structures induced in the vicinity of the target plate, as well as the strong fountain flows generated between the adjacent jets. Furthermore, the results show that the combination of PIV and heat flux sensors is appropriate to characterize the jet’s flow dynamics and the heat transfer of multiple jets impinging on a surface, providing relevant insights for several engineering applications. This study underlines the advantages of the PIV system for a detailed characterization of a multiple jet impingement flow and the importance of a proper definition of the experimental condition to ensure the accuracy of the measurements.

Study on Bulge State of PCrNi3MoV Target Plates Penetrated by Square Fragments

The objective of this study was to study the penetration characteristics of tungsten alloy fragments on PCrNi3MoV target plates. Specifically, the penetration of square tungsten alloy fragments of gun steel target plates of different thicknesses were studied using a ballistic gun launching device. Based on the ballistic test results, the relationship between the bulge height of the target plate and the kinetic energy of the fragments was obtained, and the failure mode and process of the tungsten alloy fragments penetrating the steel target were analyzed. Then, the variation on the bulge height of the target plate with the kinetic energy of the fragments was obtained using dimensional analysis. The prediction results were consistent with the test results, and thus, the prediction model can be used in practical applications.

Impact of ogival nosed Projectiles on Al 1100 H-12 thin Plates : Numerical Study

This study examines the ability of thin metallic aluminium 1100-H12 targets to absorb energy in various deformation modes during perforation. The targets are impacted with hard steel cylindrical projectiles having a diameter of 19 mm with ogival nosed profile. At oblique angles of 0°, 15°, 30°, and 45°, the target plate is impacted at different velocities varies from 124.00 m/s to 500.00 m/s. The simulations are conducted in ABAQUS/Explicit solver with the Johnson-Cook elasto-viscoplastic material model for each target plates. It is observed that the ballistic performance of target used in simulation study and experimental study is approximately equal. The main purpose of this research is to find out how the velocity drop for the target plate and projectile is influenced by the angle corresponding to impact at different incidence velocity. This study also determined the temperature generated at the target surface during impact.

Self-organization of stearic acid salts on the hemispherical surface of the aqueous subphase allows functionalization of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry target plates for on-plate immobilized metal affinity chromatography enrichment

In this work we propose an approach for formation of periodic two-dimensional structures on a solid substrate via self-assembly of stearic acid molecules on an aqueous subphase drop containing metal ions. It was shown that when a saturated solution of stearic acid in n-hexane was applied to the hemispherical surface of an aqueous media containing barium ions, barium stearate monolayer was formed, which spontaneously collapsed during movement from the drop surface to the substrate. By means of infrared and Raman spectroscopy, light and scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry it was proved that a multi-structure of collapsed metal stearate monolayers with a developed surface was formed on the substrate surface. Thin films formed by a single application of stearic acid solution in n-hexane to a drop of aqueous lanthanum nitrate solution were used for selective enrichment of human butyrylcholinesterase adducts with diisopropyl fluorophosphate.