Target Of Output Research Articles

Timing Patterns in the Extended Basal Ganglia System.

The human brain is a constructive organ. It generates predictions to modulate its functioning and continuously adapts to a dynamic environment. Increasingly, the temporal dimension of motor and non-motor behaviour is recognised as a key component of this predictive bias. Nevertheless, the intricate interplay of the neural mechanisms that encode, decode and evaluate temporal information to give rise to a sense of time and control over sensorimotor timing remains largely elusive. Among several brain systems, the basal ganglia have been consistently linked to interval- and beat-based timing operations. Considering the tight embedding of the basal ganglia into multiple complex neurofunctional networks, it is clear that they have to interact with other proximate and distal brain systems. While the primary target of basal ganglia output is the thalamus, many regions connect to the striatum of the basal ganglia, their main input relay. This establishes widespread connectivity, forming the basis for first- and second-order interactions with other systems implicated in timing such as the cerebellum and supplementary motor areas. However, next to this structural interconnectivity, additional functions need to be considered to better understand their contribution to temporally predictive adaptation. To this end, we develop the concept of interval-based patterning, conceived as a temporally explicit hierarchical sequencing operation that underlies motor and non-motor behaviour as a common interpretation of basal ganglia function.

수로식 마이크로 수력설비 구축에 대한 고찰

As the importance of de-carbonization increases, interest in the development of clean energy is gradually expanding. New and renewable energy is the basis of clean energy. Among renewable energies, the oldest, well-established energy conversion technology, and the highest efficiency is hydroelectric energy. Hydropower is classified into large hydropower, medium hydropower, small hydropower, micro hydropower, and pico hydraulic power according to the power generation output. In the case of Korea, the target of output that can still be developed is micro-scale hydropower. In particular, there are many places in the small rivers and mountainous areas where the water of the rivers flowing through the road can be used. In such a place, it is possible to construct a run of river type power generation facility. In order to expand the supply of micro hydroelectric power generation, there are various considerations during construction. Intake weir and a water tank are required to secure a certain amount of water, a hydraulic tube is required to convert this into potential energy, and water turbine is required to convert potential energy into kinetic energy. In order to convert mechanical energy due to aberration into electrical energy, a generator is required. In this paper, we introduce a method for reducing construction cost and convenient maintenance without changing the flow of water through the change of the waterway type compared to the existing run of river type hydroelectric power generation.

Program Bimbingan dan Konseling Berbasis Nilai Karakter Taluba Bagi Siswa SMA di Kota Banjarmasin

This study aims to determine the design of Guidance and counseling programs in Taluba-based schools in the development of the character of learners, to find out the Taluba Character Concepts in the Banjar / Swamp Tribe Society, and to determine the validity of the developmental guidance and counseling program model. The design of this study is the design of educational research and development (Educational Research & Development) Research and development in the context of education is the process used to develop and validate educational products. The stages used in this study were only 8 stages out of 10 stages. The subjects of development in this study were all high schools in Banjarmasin, both public and private. The approach in this study uses qualitative and quantitative approaches. The technique for collecting data is to use interview techniques and documentation in the form of a literature review and use the Delphi to validate the model created by researchers as guidance and counseling experts and practitioners. The target of this research output is to become a speaker at national/international seminars and to be published in Sinta's e-ISSN Journal. The results obtained are based on the results of quantitative and qualitative validation tests by 3 experts in BK Science and 3 Practitioners who are BK teachers/school counselors who indeed understand the science of Guidance and counseling, the six validators alike state that the hypothetical model of the BK program is developed based Taluba character values ​​are very good, useful, easy, proper and appropriate to be used as a reference for BK teachers in providing guidance and counseling services that are integrated with local wisdom and the culture of the Banjar tribe community.

Neural activity during a simple reaching task in macaques is counter to gating and rebound in basal ganglia-thalamic communication.

Task-related activity in the ventral thalamus, a major target of basal ganglia output, is often assumed to be permitted or triggered by changes in basal ganglia activity through gating- or rebound-like mechanisms. To test those hypotheses, we sampled single-unit activity from connected basal ganglia output and thalamic nuclei (globus pallidus-internus [GPi] and ventrolateral anterior nucleus [VLa]) in monkeys performing a reaching task. Rate increases were the most common peri-movement change in both nuclei. Moreover, peri-movement changes generally began earlier in VLa than in GPi. Simultaneously recorded GPi-VLa pairs rarely showed short-time-scale spike-to-spike correlations or slow across-trials covariations, and both were equally positive and negative. Finally, spontaneous GPi bursts and pauses were both followed by small, slow reductions in VLa rate. These results appear incompatible with standard gating and rebound models. Still, gating or rebound may be possible in other physiological situations: simulations show how GPi-VLa communication can scale with GPi synchrony and GPi-to-VLa convergence, illuminating how synchrony of basal ganglia output during motor learning or in pathological conditions may render this pathway effective. Thus, in the healthy state, basal ganglia-thalamic communication during learned movement is more subtle than expected, with changes in firing rates possibly being dominated by a common external source.

Estimated oxygen extraction versus dynamic parameters of fluid-responsiveness for perioperative hemodynamic optimization of patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery: a non-inferiority randomized controlled trial

BackgroundGoal directed therapy (GDT) is able to improve mortality and reduce complications in selected high-risk patients undergoing major surgery. The aim of this study is to compare two different strategies of perioperative hemodynamic optimization: one based on optimization of preload using dynamic parameters of fluid-responsiveness and the other one based on estimated oxygen extraction rate (O2ER) as target of hemodynamic manipulation.MethodsThis is a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Adult patients undergoing elective major open abdominal surgery will be allocated to receive a protocol based on dynamic parameters of fluid-responsiveness or a protocol based on estimated O2ER. The hemodynamic optimization will be continued for 6 h postoperatively. The primary outcome is difference in overall postoperative complications rate between the two protocol groups. Fluids administered, fluid balance, utilization of vasoactive drugs, hospital length of stay and mortality at 28 day will also be assessed.DiscussionAs a predefined target of cardiac output (CO) or oxygen delivery (DO2) seems to be not adequate for every patient, a personalized therapy is likely more appropriate. Following this concept, dynamic parameters of fluid-responsiveness allow to titrate fluid administration aiming CO increase but avoiding fluid overload. This approach has the advantage of personalized fluid therapy, but it does not consider if CO is adequate or not. A protocol based on O2ER considers this second important aspect. Although positive effects of perioperative GDT have been clearly demonstrated, currently studies comparing different strategies of hemodynamic optimization are lacking.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04053595. Registered on 12/08/2019.

THE EFFECT OF BRICKLAYER’S WORK METHOD ON TILE INSTALLATION WORKING TIME

The implementation of a construction project consists of several works that carried out by labourer or craftsman in accordance to their specifications of expertise. To achieve both time and quality target of work output, each craftsman use different work method that consists of a series of activities. From a series of activities that carried out by each craftsman, the time needed to complete a work can be calculated. This study observed the activities of bricklayers in tile installation. The method that used in the study of bricklayers in tile installation is a literature study. On the other hand, an on-site study is performed by recording a number of bricklayers in tile installation. The recordings of each bricklayer were studied so that a series of activities and the activity time of tile installation can be obtained. From the observations of 35 bricklayers regarding work method and activity time of the tile installation, 4 (four) work methods were identified. Of all the samples that have been studied, the fastest is the bricklayer number 9 (nine) whose activity time was 7.69 minutes by using the work method number 2 (two).

Introduksi Bahan Bakar Wood Pellet pada IKM Makanan

Small and Medium Enterprises (IKM) play an important role in the economic growth of Sragen Regency. Efforts to empower SMEs to need to be continued, one of which is by maintaining the availability of fuel. The IKM of Kedawung District currently uses wood fuel but is hampered by the quality of firewood that is less dry. Nata de coco IKM had switched to using LPG, but it was often difficult to get it if they found it at a high price. Wood pellets are an alternative fuel source that can be used by SMIs in Sragen Regency. Sragen Regency already has wood pellet producers located in Kalijambe District. The solution offered at IKM is alternative energy biomass wood pellets. The Community Partnership Program (PKM) to be carried out is in the form of production in the form of introduction of wood pellet biomass energy and management in the form of calculating the feasibility of using wood pellets for business development. The PKM activity plan includes training and socialization of wood pellet biomass energy, the introduction of wood pellet stoves, training on the use of wood pellet stoves. The target of this PKM activity output is the IKM of Sragen Regency to get knowledge and skills to use alternative energy biomass wood pellets as fuel

Bedhaya Sarpo Rodra: An Innovation on Bedhaya Choreography

Bedhaya Sarpa Rodra was a new choreography form of the Bedhaya dance genre. This research was conducted to create a choreography developed from Bedhaya . The basic assumption of this research was that Bedhaya Sarpo Rodra was based on the Bedhaya dance form which was processed through development research. This research was a study of innovations for Bedhaya choreography. Bedhaya was a form of palace classic choreography that had had standard patterns as a form of noble dance. This dance had a high artistic level, not only from its historical factor but also from its current position in the Palace. The problems examined in this study were: What was the shape of Sarpo Rodra 's choreography? What was the expression of innovation from the Bedhaya choreography in Bedaya Sarpo Rodra ? The specific objective to be achieved was to provide knowledge and understanding of the wider community about the motion patterns that formed Bedhaya Sarpa Rodra choreography as an innovation in Bedhaya choreography. The target of this research output was to produce a written study of Bedhaya choreography innovations, which were Bedhaya Sarpo Rodra 's choreographic motion patterns. This study used the ethnochoreology approach, as a form of analysis of dance creation work. Keywords: Bedhaya Sarpa Rodra, motion pattern, choreography DOI : 10.7176/ADS/79-02 Publication date: December 31 st 2019

Embedded Communication System in a Local Meteorological Station in Lagos, Nigeria

Effective communication among units of a system is very essential because it determines the reliability of such a system. A local meteorological station has a target of atmospheric data acquisition, processing and output hence it is an embedded system with different units. Embedded communication among these units was facilitated and made effective by ESP8266 microcontroller a 32-bit Tensilica L106 running at 80MHz system clock equipped with 802.11 IEEE standard Wi-Fi protocols such as TCP/IP stacks. Full duplex data communication was adopted between the Access point server (station mode) and the client mode. The ESP8266 (station) reads all the sensors attached to it identifies the MAC (Media Access Control) address of the clients before processing its request. The data transmission between the client and the server (station) is through HTTP application. Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) communication was implemented on the ESP8266 client sending the received data to the user computer. The computer uses RS232 logic while the ESP8266 uses TTL logic. USB/UART Bridge, FTD232 IC was adopted to connect ESP8266 with the output device (computer). The data received was viewed on the personal computer. These embedded communication routes and connections were adopted in a local meteorological station in Lagos.

Embedded Communication System in a Local Meteorological Station in Lagos, Nigeria

Effective communication among units of a system is very essential because it determines the reliability of such a system. A local meteorological station has a target of atmospheric data acquisition, processing and output hence it is an embedded system with different units. Embedded communication among these units was facilitated and made effective by ESP8266 microcontroller a 32-bit Tensilica L106 running at 80MHz system clock equipped with 802.11 IEEE standard Wi-Fi protocols such as TCP/IP stacks. Full duplex data communication was adopted between the Access point server (station mode) and the client mode. The ESP8266 (station) reads all the sensors attached to it identifies the MAC (Media Access Control) address of the clients before processing its request. The data transmission between the client and the server (station) is through HTTP application. Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) communication was implemented on the ESP8266 client sending the received data to the user computer. The computer uses RS232 logic while the ESP8266 uses TTL logic. USB/UART Bridge, FTD232 IC was adopted to connect ESP8266 with the output device (computer). The data received was viewed on the personal computer. These embedded communication routes and connections were adopted in a local meteorological station in Lagos.

A new figure of merit for wideband vibration energy harvesters

The performance evaluation method is a very important part in the field of vibration energy harvesting. It provides the ability to compare and rate different vibration energy harvesters (VEHs). Considering the lack of a well-recognized tool, this article proposed a new systematic figure of merit for the appraisement of wideband VEHs. Extensive investigations are first performed for some classic figures for linear VEHs. With the common fundamental information obtained, the proposed figure integrates four essential factors: the revised energy harvester effectiveness, the mechanical quality factor, the normalized bandwidth and the effective mass density. Special considerations are devoted to the properties of wideband VEHs about the operation range and the average power in this domain which are related to the performance target of stable power output. Afterward, this new figure is applied to some literature VEHs and demonstrated to present good evaluations of wideband VEHs. Moreover, it exhibits the ability to point out the improvement information of the concerned VEHs further developments.

Adaptive changes of extracellular amino acid concentrations in mouse dorsal striatum by 4-AP-induced cortical seizures

The striatum is a major target of cerebral cortical output. The cortico-striatal projection has been well described, however, the neurochemical changes that occur in the striatum after prolonged cortical hyperactivation remain to be investigated. In this study, extracellular levels of glutamate, GABA, and alanine levels were measured in the dorsal striatum using microdialysis in anesthetized mice at resting condition and during 4-aminopyridine (4-AP)-induced cortical seizures. After topical application of 4-AP on the primary motor cortex that induced cortical seizures, the extracellular level of striatal GABA increased by 40% in 60min. By contrast, the extracellular level of striatal glutamate decreased by 20%. Moreover, the surface amounts of striatal glutamate/aspartate transporter (GLAST) and glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1), the major astrocytic high-affinity glutamate transporters, tended to increase by cortical seizures in 60min, suggesting a recruitment of the glutamate transporters from internal stores. 4-AP also resulted in a steady increase of alanine levels which are thought to reflect glutamate and pyruvate metabolism in neurons and astrocytes. These observations possibly delineate adaptive changes of striatal metabolism by severe cortical seizures.

原型范畴视角下文化输出的语言载体

范畴认知观认为，原型是心理表征，一种认知参照点。范畴围绕原型建构。文化输出要传递真实、全面的中国文化。中国文化“走出去”需要多种载体，语言因素不容忽视。良好的英文基础，扎实的英文写作、翻译及口语功底能够推动中国文化更快地赶上世界步伐，真正实现文化输出的目标。 According to cognitive category, prototype is mental represent and a cognitive reference point, based on which category is built. Cultural output aims to convey authentic and comprehensive Chinese culture, which needs various carriers, especially the language. Good command of English basis and solid English writing, translating and speaking abilities and skills can promote Chinese cultures to catch up with the whole world faster, achieving the target of cultural output.

Differences in spectral profiles between rostral and caudal premotor cortex when hand-eye actions are decoupled

The aim of this research was to understand how the brain controls voluntary movement when not directly interacting with the object of interest. In the present study, we examined the role of premotor cortex in this behavior. The goal of this study was to characterize the oscillatory activity within the caudal and rostral subdivisions of dorsal premotor cortex (PMdc and PMdr) with a change from the most basic reaching movement to one that involves a simple dissociation between the actions of the eyes and hand. We were specifically interested in how PMdr and PMdc respond when the eyes and hand are decoupled by moving along different spatial planes. We recorded single-unit activity and local field potentials within PMdr and PMdc from two rhesus macaques during performance of two types of visually guided reaches. During the standard condition, a visually guided reach was performed whereby the visual stimulus guiding the movement was the target of the reach itself. During the nonstandard condition, the visual stimulus provided information about the direction of the required movement but was not the target of the motor output. We observed distinct task-related and topographical differences between PMdr and PMdc. Our results support functional differences between PMdr and PMdc during visually guided reaching. PMdr activity appears more involved in integrating the rule-based aspects of a visually guided reach, whereas PMdc is more involved in the online updating of the decoupled reach. More broadly, our results highlight the necessity of accounting for the nonstandard nature of a motor task when interpreting movement control research data.

Development of a Bayesian Framework for Determining Uncertainty in Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve Estimates

This research uses a Bayesian framework to develop probability densities for the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The ROC curve is a discrimination metric that may be used to quantify how well a detection system classifies targets and nontargets. The degree of uncertainty in ROC curve formulation is a concern that previous research has not adequately addressed. This research formulates a probability density for the ROC curve and characterizes its uncertainty using confidence bands. Methods for the generation and characterization of the probability densities of the ROC curve are specified and demonstrated, where the initial analysis employs beta densities to model target and nontarget samples of detection system output. For given target and nontarget data, given functional forms of the data densities (such as beta density forms) and given prior densities of the form parameters, the methods developed here provide exact performance metric probability densities.

Somatic nerve stimulation evokes qualitatively different somatosympathetic responses in the cervical and splanchnic sympathetic nerves in the rat

Input from unmyelinated and myelinated nociceptors drives somatosympathetic responses to painful stimuli. Here we report that somatosympathetic responses recorded simultaneously in the cervical and splanchnic sympathetic nerves of the urethane-anaesthetized rat are qualitatively different. High intensity electrical stimulation of the sciatic nerve (SN) evoked characteristic biphasic responses in splanchnic nerve activity ( N = 6), but only monophasic responses in the cervical nerve ( N = 4). By colliding sympathoexcitatory responses to SN stimulation with precisely triggered baroinhibition evoked by electrical stimulation of the aortic depressor nerve, we found that cervical responses are analogous to the first phase of the splanchnic response, and that the biphasic splanchnic response is due to the arrival of two distinct afferent volleys at the site of sympathetic integration. Extracellular recordings of responses to SN stimulation in barosensitive neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM; N = 16) support these findings; responses were typically biphasic, although the relative magnitudes of the two phases were highly variable, and in some cases the longer-latency volley was completely absent. Our results suggest that sympathetic responses to somatic stimuli, mediated by the RVLM, are non-uniform and are dependent on the target of the particular sympathetic output. The identification of RVLM sympathetic premotor neurons with both biphasic and monophasic responses indicates that the difference in the splanchnic and cervical nerve responses is due to specific channeling of activity evoked by myelinated and unmyelinated nociceptors to the medulla. The results are discussed with regard to the differential control of sympathetic nerve activity.

Action-Related Properties Shape Object Representations in the Ventral Stream

The principles driving the organization of the ventral object-processing stream remain unknown. Here, we show that stimulus-specific repetition suppression (RS) in one region of the ventral stream is biased according to motor-relevant properties of objects. Quantitative analysis confirmed that this result was not confounded with similarity in visual shape. A similar pattern of biases in RS according to motor-relevant properties of objects was observed in dorsal stream regions in the left hemisphere. These findings suggest that neural specificity for "tools" in the ventral stream is driven by similarity metrics computed over motor-relevant information represented in dorsal structures. Support for this view is provided by converging results from functional connectivity analyses of the fMRI data and a separate neuropsychological study. More generally, these data suggest that a basic organizing principle giving rise to "category specificity" in the ventral stream may involve similarity metrics computed over information represented elsewhere in the brain.

4341 高湿分空気利用150kWマイクロタービンの開発(S60-2 ガスタービン(2),S60 ガスタービン)

A prototype machine for a next generation microturbine system applying a simplified humid air turbine system has been developing for its laboratory evaluation. Design target of electric output is 150kW, electrical efficiency is 35% LHV. A low NO_x combustor which applied a lean-lean zone combustion concept and water lubricated bearings were developed for the prototype machine, and power conversion system was integrated with water cooling Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor. The main feature of this microturbine system is utilization of water for improvement of its electric output and electrical efficiency. Full speed test with no load, and rated load test without WAC and HAT were done successfully. 135kW electric output with the efficiency of more than 33% was obtained in the rated load test. Operation tests for WAC and HAT which were carried out under the condition of 63% load as a preliminary test showed significant effects on increase in electrical efficiency of 3.0 point% and electric output of 20%.

Sodium cooled small fast long-life reactor “4S”

CRIEPI and Toshiba Corp. have been exploring to realize a small-sized nuclear reactor for the needs of dispersed energy source and multi-purpose reactor. A conceptual design of 4S ( Super- Safe, Small and Simple) reactor is proposed to meet the following design requirements: (1) All temperature feedback reactivity coefficients including whole core sodium void reactivity are negative; (2) The core integrity is secured against all anticipated transient without reactor scram; (3) No emergency power nor active mitigating system is required; (4) The reactivity core lifetime is more than 10 years. The 4S reactor is a metallic fueled sodium cooled fast reactor. A target of an electrical output is 10–50 MW. A remarkable feature of 4S is that its reactivity is not controlled by neutron absorber rods but by neutron reflectors to cope with a long core lifetime and a negative coolant void reactivity. This study includes a design consideration of 4S. Design discussions are mainly focused on various core designs to meet above requirements. A tall core active height is adopted to gain long core lifetime. An averaged fuel burn-up is tried to be increased up to 100 GWd/ton from a point of economic view. The reference 4S designs are 10 MWe (30 years core lifetime) and 50 MWe (10 years core lifetime).

Basal ganglia and cerebellar inputs to 'AIP'.

The anterior intraparietal area (AIP) is a subregion of area 7b in posterior parietal cortex. AIP neurons respond to the sight of objects, as well as to the act of grasping them. We used retrograde transneuronal transport of rabies virus to examine subcortical inputs to AIP in the monkey. Virus transport labeled substantial numbers of neurons in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNpr), as well as in the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum. The hotspots of labeled neurons in SNpr and in dentate after AIP injections were separate from those created by virus injections into several other parietal or frontal regions. These observations provide the first evidence that a major output nucleus of the basal ganglia, the SNpr, projects to a region of posterior parietal cortex. In addition, our findings provide further support for the concept that posterior parietal cortex is a target of cerebellar output.