Tapping Tool Research Articles

Stability Analysis of Planetary Rotor with Variable Speed Self Rotation and Uniform Eccentric Revolution in the Rubber Tapping Machinery

Natural rubber is a critical material that is essential to industry and transportation. In order to reduce the cost of rubber tapping and improve the efficiency and profitability of rubber production, the 4GXJ-2 portable electric rubber cutter and automatic rubber tapping robot have been developed. In their vibration tool holder, the planetary rotor with variable speed self rotation and uniform eccentric revolution is the most important transmission component, and its instability will cause irregular vibration of the tapping tool, thereby reducing the accuracy of vibration cutting and increasing noise. Base on the ANCF (Absolute Nodal Coordinate Formulation) 3D-beam element and 3D REF (3D Ring on Elastic Foundation), a novel eccentric 3D REF model of a planetary rotor is proposed. By introducing multiple coordinate systems, the coupled motion of uniform eccentric revolution, variable speed self rotation and flexible deformation is decomposed and the influences of these motions on the centrifugal force and Coriolis force are more clearly derived. The model is degraded and validated by comparing with other examples of a rotating circular ring model and uniformly eccentrically revolving annular plate. According to the Floquet theory and Runge−Kutta method, the unstable region of revolution speed of a planetary rotor in rubber tapping machinery is predicted as [817 rad/s, 909 rad/s], [1017 rad/s, 1095 rad/s] and [1263 rad/s,1312 rad/s]. Compared with the rubber-tapping experiment of rubber tapping machinery, the validity of the proposed model is further verified. This model provides important design references for the speed settings of those rubber tapping machines.

ANALISIS EFEKTIVITAS PENERAPAN TAPPING BOX SEBAGAI MONITORING PAJAK DAERAH (STUDI PAJAK RESTORAN, HOTEL, HIBURAN, DAN PARKIR)

This study was conducted with the intention of learning more about and analyzing the benefits of implementing the tapping box policy, the limitations that exist in the use of the regional tax tapping box for Banjarbaru City, as well as the efforts made to get around these barriers. It also had the goal of learning more about and analyzing the effectiveness of the application of tapping boxes as regional tax monitoring. The focus of this research is on four local taxes in Banjarbaru City the restaurant, hotel, entertainment, and parking taxes all of which have already adopted the usage of tapping tool boxes, totaling 79 taxpayers in the city. Both primary and secondary data sources were utilised in this study's data collection. The appropriate policy, the right implementer, the right goal, the right environment, and the right procedure are the five criteria that must be met for a policy to be considered successful in the data analysis approach. The study's findings indicated that the tapping box policy application as a means of monitoring local taxes may be regarded as successful since it already satisfies all five requirements for a policy to be deemed effective.

A contribution to the dynamics of the tapping process: analytically estimated and measured instantaneous eigenfrequencies of the tapping tool

In this contribution an analytical approach for estimating the tapping tool’s instantaneous eigenfrequencies of flexural modes is derived. A sensor-integrated tap holder with a close-to-tool vibration sensor attached on the tapping tool is introduced and verified by means of frequency response analysis. The close-to-tool vibration data measured during thread cutting experiments is analyzed in time and frequency domain. The instantaneous eigenfrequencies observed in the spectrogram of the power spectral density are compared with the analytical estimation results. It could be shown that considering for the analytical estimation approach the tapping tool-workpiece contact as clamped boundary condition shows close accordance to the experimental data.

Sensor-integrated tap holder for process uncertainty detection based on tool vibration and axial length compensation sensors

The tapping process is one of the most widespread manufacturing processes for internal threads, usually carried out at the end of the value chain. Any non-compliance with required quality standards or even the destruction of the thread due to process uncertainty in the tapping process is therefore subjected to high rework costs. Possible process uncertainties in the tapping process can be triggered by synchronization errors between feed rate and spindle speed, axis offset, faulty core holes and wear of the tapping tool. In order to detect process uncertainties during tapping and thus provide a basis for initiating countermeasures, a sensor-integrated tap holder was developed. This paper presents the realized concept of a rotating telemetry unit for signal processing, data acquisition and wireless data transmitting via WiFi standard on basis of low-cost embedded systems. Furthermore, two unique sensor concepts for measuring close-to-tool vibrations and the axial length compensation of the tapping tool are shown. Based on the sensor data in combination with feature engineering methods, process uncertainty during tapping are detected.

Measuring and modelling of process forces during tapping using single tooth analogy process

For machining internal threads, tapping is a commonly used process. However, due to the complex geometry of the tapping tool, each tooth has a unique geometry resulting in individual forces. Since the forces act synchronously during the process, they partly compensate each other. However, since resulting forces in tapping can cause undesired deflection of the tool which can lead to threads that are not true to gauge or tool breakage, the knowledge of the forces is crucial. To predict the occurring forces on each tooth, different modelling approaches can be used. An approach based on the chip load-cutting force relationship is the mechanistic modelling. Therefore, a suitable force model is of central importance. An empirical force model can be established using an analogy process. Within this work a single tooth analogy process is presented to measure the forces of each tooth separately. By means of a geometrical analysis of the real tool, the chip sizes, such as the cross-section area of the undeformed chip are calculated. Merging the measured process forces from the analogy process and the actual chip sizes, an empirical force model is set up using multivariate regression. The model is validated by implementing it in an existing framework and comparing the results to experimental data.

Optimization of tool design parameters for thread tapping process of Ti-6Al-4V

Thread tapping is one of the most important machining processes. Although thread tapping is a usual process and has been used for decades, the process still needs improvement for promising materials such as titanium alloys to increase the performance of the process. Titanium alloys are known as difficult-to-cut materials due to their low heat conductivity and elastic modulus. The aim of the work presented in this paper is to optimize the tapping tool primary design parameters for Ti-6Al-4V. The most influential tool design parameters on the process were selected as the rake angle, helical flute angle, chamfer angle, and tool coating. Optimization of the tool design parameters was made by considering the results of the experimental work. Two levels of each parameter were chosen. Taguchi L8 orthogonal array was used as the design of experiment. Tapping tool temperature and tapping torque were determined as the process outputs. According to the results, the optimized tool design parameters were found as 6° rake angle, 12° helical flute angle, 14° chamfer angle, and TiCN coating.

The Design of Flexible Rubber Tapping Tool with Settings the Depth and Thickness Control

Road map of land for agricultural commodities in West Aceh is prioritized for rubber plantations. This commodity is the main source of livelihood and employment for the commodity. Furthermore, it is very difficult for a novice tap to be able to control the depth, thickness, and slope of tapping angle. Therefore, rubber tapping is created to increase the productivity of rubber crops in this region. This research conducted using software where the selection of component materials and manufacturing are tested on 9 rubber trees. The treatment is carried out according to the design plan; controlling the depth between 1-1.5 mm of cambium, tapping the thickness 1.5-2 mm, and tilting the angles of 350-600. Thus, the result of the functional testing shows that rubber tapping can function properly and the test data at interval 09:00-10:00 WIB for slope 60°, 45°, 35° obtained the average latex amount of 1.83 grams, 1.11 grams, and 0.74 grams. In addition, the rubber tapping capacity of 5-6 seconds per tree is better when compared to conventional rubber tapping between 6-8 seconds with 5.32 cm3 rubber bark consumption.

Announcement – The Paper Award of Tribology Online 2017 –

The Japanese Society of Tribologists is very pleased to announce that the Paper Award of Tribology Online 2017 was awarded to: ◊ “Development of a New Tapping Tool Covered with Nickel/Abrasive Particles Composite Film for Preventing Chip Snarling and Tool Service Life Extension,” by Yasuyoshi Saito, Takeshi Yamaguchi, Kei Shibata, Yuki Kadota, Takeshi Kubo, Wataru Watanabe, and Kazuo Hokkirigawa, Tribology Online, Vol. 11, No. 2 (2016) 81-87. ◊ “Role of Water and Oxygen Molecules in the Lubricity of Carbon Nitride Coatings under a Nitrogen Atmosphere,” by Naohiro Yamada, Tomomi Watari, Takanori Takeno, and Koshi Adachi, Tribology Online, Vol. 11, No. 2 (2016) 308-319. and ◊ “Prediction of Shallow Indentation Effects in a Rolling-Sliding EHL Contact Based on Amplitude Attenuation Theory,” by Petr Šperka, Ivan Křupka, and Martin Hartl, Tribology Online, Vol. 12, No. 1 (2017) 1-7. The Award Medals were presented to the attended authors at the award ceremony by Prof. Takashi Nakamura, the President of the Japanese Society of Tribologists, at the JAST Annual Meeting on 22nd May, 2018. The medals were mailed to all the authors who were unable to attend the ceremony. The Paper Award of Tribology Online is given annually to the author(s), either the JAST members or non-members, of the paper(s) judged as the best paper(s) published in Tribology Online (TROL) for the previous three years. All papers that appeared in TROL for the three years are reviewed by the JAST Awards Committee.

Tapping Tool Life Assessment in Vertical Milling Centre in the CNC Production Centre

Tapping process in Computer Numerical Centre, is a key for the process because of its difficult to hold the close tolerance. During this study different types of tapping tool manufacturer have taken with same tapping tool material specification for the consideration. And also to find the relationship between the previous operational performances with tool and its parameter influence in the computer numerical control system has also taken for the consideration. During drilling process the new drill bit (drill bit 4) have higher tool life than the regained tool bits (Drill bit 1, 2 & 3). During tapping process, Emuge tool 2 and Emuge tool 3 have has higher production rate such as 434 and 356 components respectively. This Emuge tool 2 and tool 3 have previous working tool in the drilling process is drill bit 4 (New Drill Bit). Which has improved the surface roughness than the other drill bit. Due to reduced surface roughness causes the taping tool to ease in there processing which resulted in the higher production rate in tapping tool than the other conditions.

Development of a geometrical torque prediction method (GTPM) to automatically determine the relative torque for different tapping tools and diameters

This research paper presents the development of a geometrical torque prediction method (GTPM), which could be used to determine relative torque values for tapping processes with various tapping tools and diameters. Experimental tests and three-dimensional finite element method (FEM) simulations were carried out using four different tap tools that are frequently used in practice. A segmented workpiece model, which could significantly reduce the computing time of the FEM tapping simulations, was validated by comparing the results to the experimentally obtained data. The determined relative torque values show a parabolic progression with rising tool diameter, which is the reason why the GTPM could be developed on this basis, to further reduce the high computing time and optimize the tool design process without the production of costly prototypes. To verify the developed GTPM, the according predicted relative torque values were compared to the previously carried out simulations and experiments, showing a good agreement. A FEM software module was created to implement the developed methods in an interactive and automated way, providing an efficient method to improve the tapping tool development process.

ERRATA

Title: Development of a New Tapping Tool Covered with Nickel/Abrasive Particles Composite Film for Preventing Chip Snarling and Tool Service Life Extension

Computer Aided Design and Analysis of Tapping Tool with Diametrical flexibility

Tapping operation which refers to production of internal threads forms an integral part of any machine shop and it is intended to provide semi permanent fastening to the components of product so as to lend themselves for repairs and replacements. Though various methods of internal threading are available such as internal threading by milling, grinding or forming but internal threading by metal cutting which employs a tapping tool is indeed the mostly used for products where accuracy forms the base of evaluation. Last few decades have seen the growth of automobile industries and has resulted in development of its allied operations of which tapping is one of the crucial operation performed. The conventional tapping operation which surely involves rotating the tool and feeding past the pre drilled hole to create the contours called as internal threads and this is followed by withdrawal of tapping tool by reversing it with aid of rotational energy. The present paper attempts to design and analyze a tapping tool which will have no requirement of reversing of tool at the end of cutting operation which is essentially done by changing the design of conventional solid tap. The solid tapping tool is divided into two parts along the longitudinal axis and a mechanism is prompted to give the two parts actuation which would shrink at the end of cutting operation to be dragged out of hole without damaging the machined surface and providing the diametrical flexibility to engulf other diameters to be machined. This tapping tool with diametrical flexibility is designed in CAD tool named as CATIA V5 and efficiently analyzed by using FEA technique which is the working phenomenon for ANSYS.

Segmented and mathematical model for 3D FEM tapping simulation to predict the relative torque before tool production

The conventional tapping tool development consists of costly investigative experiments. The development time and cost can be significantly reduced, if these test were replaced by virtual analyses, before the tool prototypes are fabricated. Compared to turning, milling and drilling, in which many valid simulative methods have been established, the tapping process has been given rather little research attention. In this paper an approach is presented, which could be used during the design phases, to predict the relative torque, so that resources, energy and cost can be saved. Based on a simulated reference model, which is in good agreement with corresponding experimental results, the problem of a long computing time could be solved by using a proper segmentation method, which offers a process simulation along the whole chamfer length. With an according mathematical model, the discontinuous torque curve could be summarized to a total load cycle.

CFD simulation for internal coolant channel design of tapping tools to reduce tool wear

This paper presents the analysis and controlled modification of the coolant flow in tapping processes by means of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). First, a conventional straight flute tapping tool was analyzed and the results of the CFD simulation show, that the cutting edges are not sufficiently supplied with coolant. Therefore, the design of the internal coolant channels was modified based on these simulation results. To validate the CFD simulation, experimental tests were performed, using an optimized tool. The applied modifications lead to a reduction of the tool wear and an increase of the tool's performance of about 36% was achieved.

Effect of friction at chip–tool interface on chip geometry and chip snarling in tapping process

During tapping processes, the chip snarling problem must be resolved to improve manufacturing efficiency. In this study, we used an electroless plating method to develop a tapping tool coated with Ni−P/abrasive-particle composite film to solve the chip snarling problem. The tapping test was conducted at 10m/min (conventional cutting velocity) and 50m/min with a machining center. The cutting torque and thrust force were measured using a dynamometer. The results of the tapping test indicate that the developed tapping tool coated with the composite film prevented chip snarling at 10m/min and 50m/min. The dimensionless diameter for the developed tapping tool, which is the diameter of the chip curl divided by the width of the helical flute, was less than 1.0 for both cutting conditions, whereas that for steam-treatment and TiCN film is greater than 1.0. Furthermore, we estimated the coefficient of friction between the rake face of the cutting edge of the tapping tool and the chip from the thrust force and cutting torque. The estimated coefficient of friction for the tapping tool coated with the composite film (>1.23) was greater than that for the other methods (<1.23). These results indicate that a high coefficient of friction (>1.23) is necessary to prevent chip snarling, and due to the high coefficient of friction, the developed tapping tool can prevent chip snarling even at a speed of 50m/min.

Development of a New Tapping Tool Covered with Nickel/Abrasive Particles Composite Film for Preventing Chip Snarling and Tool Service Life Extension

Development of a New Tapping Tool Covered with Nickel/Abrasive Particles Composite Film for Preventing Chip Snarling and Tool Service Life Extension

PERANCANGAN ALAT PENYADAP KARET DI KABUPATEN LANGKAT SUMATERA UTARA DENGAN METODE QUALITY FUNCTION DEPLOYMENT (QFD) DAN MODEL KANO

Rubber plantation is a very important commodity that hold role in Indonesia, especially in Langkat, because about 70% of the main commodities in this district are of agriculture and plantation sector. Aside from being a source of employment for about 1 million people in Langkat, these commodities also make a significant contribution as a source of local revenue from non-oil, sector the raw material suppliers of rubber and play an important role in encouraging the growth of new economic centers in the territories rubber development. To produce a high at quality of rubber, it will need the management and technology of rubber cultivation. This study aims at identifing the factors that influence the design of rubber tapping tool. Tapping is one of the main activities of rubber cultivation to open the latex vessels in the bark so that the latex is flowing fast. The speed of latex flow will be reduced when the dose of latex liquid in the skin is reduced. To obtain a good result of tapping, tapping must follow certain rules in order to obtain high production, profitable, and sustainable while maintaining plant health factors. The results showed that the type of micro-enterprises dominate total type of business in the city of Medan about 33,5% by the age of the business more than 10 years. In the design of the rubber tapping tool, the main issues are the level of iron and wood strength. Both of these problems cause the rubber tapper tool easily damaged, so when use the tool, the skin of rubber tree is damaged.

Research of Machine Tap

The tapping cutter bar is developed to replace the manual tapping of internal thread to obtain machining accuracy and efficiency for large batch of machining internal thread of small diameter, which is a tapping tool for machine use featuring economic and practical as well as helping to solve the problems of low efficiency, inferior accuracy and easy-breaking of tappers.

Research on the Vibration Tapping Performance of Particle Reinforced Aluminum Matrix Composites

The vibration tapping technology has been employed with success on some difficult-to-machine material such as titanium alloy, hardened steel and so on. However, there are very few studies on the application of the torsion vibration tapping in particle reinforced aluminum. The tapping performance of small size thread holes in particle reinforced aluminum matrix composites Al2O3p/Al and SiCp/Al during common tapping and low-frequency vibration tapping using high speed steal(HSS) machine-used taps is researched experimentally in this work. The influence of vibration parameters, e.g. cutting speed V, net forward angle of each stroke LT and times of repeat cutting Q on tapping torque, tool wear, tool life and quality of thread holes is investigated during the experimentation. The results show that the common vibration tapping with small amplitude, relatively high frequency and a lot of repeat cutting times suit to tap the Al2O3p/Al, whereas the step vibration tapping with large amplitude, relatively low frequency and a few repeat cutting times suit to tap the SiCp/Al due to difference performance of the two kinds of material. The influence of Q and LT on the quality of thread holes, tapping torque and tool life is sensitive on the Al2O3p/Al, whereas the influence of V and Q on the quality of thread holes, tool wear and tool life is sensitive on the SiCp/Al. Furthermore, the optimum vibration parameter in the Al2O3p/Al by dry cutting is cutting speed of 400r/min, net forward angle of each stroke of 1.5°, backward angle of each stroke of 45°. The optimum vibration parameter in SiCp/Al by dry cutting is cutting speed of 220r/min, net forward angle of each stroke of 420°, backward angle of each stroke of 430°. From the test results and micrographs, it was observed that the particle could be fractured on the surface finish on tapping processing. The proper vibration tapping parameter can void the adhesion in the tap flute, decrease the tapping torque, improve the quality of thread hole and prolong the tap life.

“Help” Responses Received

In the November 1979 issue, Opflow solicited assistance for an operator who was having trouble tapping into 10‐ and 12‐in. PVC pipe under pressure without splitting the pipe. Suggestions received include consulting a booklet which deals specifically with this problem, using a deep shell cutter with a combination drilling and tapping tool, and using particular brands of shell cutters.