Tapped Bulk Density Research Articles

Influence of milling methods on the flow properties of ivory teff flour.

Increasing teff (Eragrostis tef) consumption has been recorded in recent years due to its gluten-free nature and exceptional nutritional composition. Studies on the particle level that relates to processing and handling of teff flour are limited. The effect of different milling methods (roller mill, pin mill, and hammer mill) on size distribution, shape characteristics, and flowability of teff flour was evaluated. Physical properties (angle of repose, tapped and bulk densities, size distribution, and shape characteristics) and proximate composition were investigated and correlated with flow properties. Flowability was measured in terms of bulk, shear, and dynamic flow properties using the FT4 powder rheometer. Particle size distribution significantly (p< .05) influenced the angle of repose, aeration energy, and wall friction angle while shape characteristics (circularity and aspect ratio) significantly (p< .05) affected the aerated and tapped bulk densities and basic flow energy. Hammer-milled flour had the highest aerated (548.00 kg/m3 ) and tapped bulk densities (804.33 kg/m3 ). Pin-milled flour had the highest compressibility index (38.46%), Hausner ratio (1.62), angle of repose (71.57°), and wall friction angle (25.92° at 3kPa) indicating poorer flowability. Stability index and specific energy did not vary significantly (p> .05) among the milled flours. Highest basic flow (1,191.03 mJ) and aerated energies (272.32 mJ) were required to induce flow in hammer-milled flour due to greater proportion of large particles. Based on the flow function, all flours fall under the "easy flowing" category, but the pin-milled flour exhibited the poorest flowability.

Physicochemical Properties of Local White Corn Flour

Corn is an important and widespread agricultural commodity used as food, feed, or as a raw material in preparing other viable products. The formation of flour from corn sources appears more flexible, with extensive usability. However, the chemical composition and functional properties are significantly influenced by the various processing methods and raw material origin. Local white corn from Wonosobo, Kebumen, Banjarnegara, Temanggung, and Magelang were cultivated in the Field Experimental Unit 2, Mercu Buana. Yogyakarta University. Subsequently, chemical content, including moisture, direct ash, protein, fat, starch, and amylose, as well as the physical properties, termed bulk and tapped-bulk densities, solubility, wettability, and color, in the form of red (a), yellow (b), and brightness (L), were critically observed. The results showed white corn with higher ash levels (1.83%), protein (16.45%), and fat (4.29%). Furthermore, lower amylose levels occurred in Wonosobo (13.5%) and Magelang (15.5%), while local samples from various regions, demonstrated varying moisture content (5.69-5.92%), based on SNI provisions. No obvious significant change was recorded in bulk density (0.46-0.49 g ml−1), tapped-bulk density (0.54-0.58 g ml−1), and solubility (14.65-16.43 %). Therefore, the fastest wettability sources were reportedly Kebumen and Banjarnegara, while Magelang’s local white corn flour generated the most colour brightness.

System development for bulk density data acquisition of granular materials: Effect of operational conditions and optimization

The current study presents the development of a system for the determination of loose and tapped bulk density, using measurements of volume of material during the tapping compaction process. The multiple regression technique associated with planned experiments was used to study the effects of number (500–3000), frequency (150–300 taps/min), and amplitude (3–16 mm) of taps on the tapped bulk density of ten materials. The materials' flowability was evaluated by the angle of response and Hausner ratio. The tapped bulk density increases with the number of taps until it reaches a stationary state. The increment of the frequency and amplitude of taps causes an increase followed by a reduction in the response variable. All materials demonstrate regions of optimum tapped bulk density, being possible to determine the common optimum regions for materials of the same class. The optimal bulk densities provide Hausner ratio flowability results consistent with the angle of repose.

Cold Plasma Effects on Changes in Physical, Nutritional, Hydration, and Pasting Properties of Pearl Millet (Pennisetum Glaucum)

Atmospheric pressure cold plasma treatment on pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) with air as feed gas at an input voltage of 40 and 45 kV for 5, 10, and 15-min exposure time was studied. The influence of cold plasma on the physical, nutritional, hydration, and pasting properties of pearl millet was assessed. There was no significant difference in loose and tapped bulk density, whereas the color intensity (ΔE) and the delta chroma (ΔC) have significantly differed with the treatment. The nutritional properties, such as crude fat (3.46% ± 0.25%-4.71% ± 0.07%) were increased, whereas crude fiber (2.21% ± 0.02%-1.32% ± 0.02%), protein (10.064% ± 0.43%-8.89% ± 0.50%), and moisture (11.92% ± 0.10%-10.25% ± 0.03%) had significantly diminished. The results of hydration properties, such as swelling capacity (0.213 ± 0.003-0.320 ± 0.008 g/g), solubility (183% ± 1.00%-212% ± 2.00%), and water absorption (1.11 ± 0.02-1.51 ± 0.01 g/mL) have shown significant increment with treatment time and voltage. Besides, the pasting properties of the treated millet were significantly improved. The infrared thermal imaging was used and observed a maximum of 7 °C rise in the plasma treatment zone's temperature throughout the treatment time. It can be concluded that the plasma treatment ameliorates hydration and pasting properties of pearl millet, paving the path for their usage in a wide range of convenient foods.

Production of a novel instant jute mallow powder using foam mat drying technology

ABSTRACT Jute mallow (Corchorus olitorius L) leaf is sensitive to heat, and conventional processing, preservation, and storage procedures cause reduction in nutritional and physicochemical properties. There is a need to process jute mallow leaf with minimal loss in nutritional and physicochemical qualities. Effects of foam-mat drying, using glyceryl monostearate (GMS), on physical, chemical, sensory, and nutritional qualities of jute mallow leaf were evaluated. There was no difference between jute leaf foam mat (FM)-dried with 10% GMS (FM2) and FM-dried with 15% GMS (FM3) in tapped bulk density, wettability in hot water, and measure of greenness. The FM2 had better activation energy, solubility, measure of lightness, and sensory properties than FM3 and the sample foam mat-dried with 5% GMS. Vitamin C, thiamine, alkaloid, and flavonoid of foam mat-dried jute mallow samples increased with increasing level of GMS, while foam density decreased. Foam-mat drying could protect nutritional and physicochemical properties of jute mallow and enhance its utilization beyond traditional culinary level.

Evaluating the effects of different drying methods, carrier materials and their ratios to produce bioactive honey-like powder

In this research; the effects of different drying methods (spray and vacuum), carrier material types (maltodextrin, gum Arabic, and whey protein isolates), and ratios (50, 75, and 100% of honey weight) on the production and some properties of honey-like powder were investigated to produce a bioactive honey-like powder. Some properties of produced honey-like powder samples (particle size-morphology, tapped bulk density, hygroscopicity, solubility, diastase number, hydroxymethylfurfural content, antioxidant activity, and others) were determined. The samples produced by the vacuum drying method had a higher yield (90.95%), tapped bulk density (0.72 g/cm3), water content and activity (5.03% and 0.32), diastase number (10.30), HMF content (13.05 mg/kg) and antioxidant activity (14.83 µmol TE/g) but lower particle size (92.61 µm) and hygroscopicity (14.56%). The high diastase number (10.48-13.76) and antioxidant activity (7.87-30.17 µmol TE/g) values and low HMF content (10.12-6.43 mg/kg) were determined in honey-like powders containing gum Arabic and whey protein.

Physicochemical and antioxidant properties of freeze-dried dromedary skim colostrum and milk powder

This study aimed to determine the physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities of dromedary skim colostrum and milk powder produced by freeze-drying. Results of the study showed that skim colostrum powder possessed higher protein content compared to milk powder whereas this latter had greater lactose and ash content. The analysis of mineral content revealed that calcium and magnesium levels were higher in skim colostrum powder while the iron level did not differ significantly between skim colostrum and milk powder. The measurements of colour characteristics indicated that dromedary skim colostrum powder was redder, but less yellow and white than dromedary skim milk powder. Further, dromedary skim milk powder had higher bulk density and tapped bulk density. Protein solubility of skim colostrum powder exceeded that of skim milk powder over a wide range of pH (3-8). The antioxidant activities were evaluated using various in vitro tests, including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activities, ferric reducing power assay and ferrous chelating activity. Both dromedary skim colostrum and milk powder exhibited antioxidant activities in a dose dependent manner. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities were almost similar for skim colostrum and milk powder whereas ferric reducing power and ferrous chelating activity were more pronounced in dromedary skim colostrum powder whatever the concentration tested. Hence, freeze-drying process could be used as an effective tool for producing powder from dromedary skim colostrum and milk with nutritional and antioxidant properties.

Study on the particle morphology, powder characteristics and hydration activity of blast furnace slag prepared by different grinding methods

This paper compares and studies the particle morphology, particle size distribution (PSD) characteristics, powder characteristics and hydration characteristics of ground granulated blast furnace slag prepared by a ball mill and a vertical roller mill. Both types of slag particles are found to comply with the Rosin–Rammler–Bennett (RRB) distribution model. The degree of sphericity of the blast furnace slag powder particles decreases with the particle size and is lower when produced by vertical roller milling than by ball milling; the differences in particle morphology mainly exist at the 0–3 μm particle grade. For the same specific surface area, ball-milled slag powder has a higher angle of repose, natural bulk density and tapped bulk density than does vertical-roller-milled slag powder. Both slag powders are categorized as Coulomb solids, which exhibit cohesiveness and high flow resistance. Ball-milled slag powder has better hydration activity than that of vertical-roller-milled slag powder. The difference in the homogeneity coefficients of the two powders is important to the obvious differences in the particle characteristics and hydration activities of the ball-milled and vertical-roller-milled slags.

Dilute phase pneumatic conveying of whey protein isolate powders: Particle breakage and its effects on bulk properties

Breakage of dairy powder during pneumatic conveying negatively affects the end-customer properties (scoop uniformity and reconstitution). A dilute phase pneumatic conveying system was built to conduct studies into this problem using whey protein isolate powder (WPI) as the test material. Effects of conveying air velocity (V), solid loading rate (SL), pipe bend radius (D), and initial particle size (d) on the level of attrition were experimentally studied. Four quality characteristics were measured before and after conveying: particle size distribution, tapped bulk density, flowability, and wettability. The damaged WPI agglomerates after conveying give rise to many porous holes exposed to the interstitial air. V is the most important input variable and breakage levels rise rapidly at higher airspeeds. The mean volume diameter D[4,3] decreased by around 20% using the largest airspeed of 30 m/s. Powder breakage is also very sensitive to particle size. There appears to be a threshold size below which breakage is almost negligible. By contrast, SL and D show lesser influence on powder breakage. Reflecting the changes in particle size due to breakage, tapped bulk density increases whereas wettability decreases as a result of an increase in conveying air velocity. However, breakage does not show a significant effect on powder flowability as powder damage not only decreases particle size but also changes the particle’s surface morphology.

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF FLOATING PELLETS OF OMEPRAZOLE BY EXTRUSION SPHERONIZATION METHOD

Objective: The aim of the present study was design, develop and to evaluate a model of floating sustained release pellets formulations for Omeprazole by extrusion and spheronization technique.&#x0D; Methods: Omeprazole at different drug to polymer ratios were prepared by extrusion and spheronization technique and the release rate of the drug from the pellets was studied. Further, the in-vitro release studies of pellets were carried out in 0.1N HCL for 12 hours. Prepared pellets were subjected to characterization by different techniques such as loose bulk density, tapped bulk density, compressibility index and angle of repose. To optimize the formulation on the basis of acceptable pellet properties friability, drug content, moisture content, and loss on drying and in-vitro drug release tests were done. In addition, the compatibility studies were performed by using FTIR and DSC.&#x0D; Results: These above studies indicated that the drug release can be modulated by varying the concentration of the polymer. The resulting formulation produced robust pellets with acceptable drug content and low friability. Further, release data was fitted to various mathematical models such as, Higuchi, Korsmeyer-Peppas, First-order, and Zero-order to evaluate the kinetics and mechanism of the drug release. Kinetic modeling of in-vitro dissolution profiles revealed the release mechanism ranges from Quasi-Fickian transport to Anomalous (non-Fickian transport), which was only dependent on the type and amount of polymer used. The drug release of the optimized formulation (F5) follows Zero order kinetics and the mechanism was found to be diffusion controlled. The FTIR and DSC studies reveal that there is no interaction between the drug and the polymer/excipients mixture.&#x0D; Keywords: Floating, Ethyl cellulose, HPMC, Pellets, Omeprazole.

Carvedilol Matrix Tablet: Formulation and In Vitro Assessment

The present study was conducted for preparing and assessing different in-vitro characteristics of hydrophilic polymer based matrix tablets of carvedilol. Nine formulations of matrix tablet were prepared using three hydrophilic polymers having 1% of three different dissolution enhancers. The matrix formers were sodium-carboxy methyl cellulose, Methocel K4M CR, Methocel K100M CR and the dissolution enhancers were PEG 6000, Poloxamer 188 and Kollidon-CLSF. Formulations F-10, F- 13 and F-16 contained PEG 6000 as dissolution enhancer, formulations F-11, F-14 and F-17 contained Poloxamer 188 and formulations F-12, F-15 and F-18 contained Kollidon-CLSF. Tablet granules were evaluated for bulk density (0.293 ± 0.012 to 0.310 ± 0.004 g/ml), tapped bulk density (0.368 ± 0.013 to 0.380 ± 0.012 g/ml) and compressibility index (16.612 ± 1.868 to 22.834 ± 5.426). The data indicated satisfactory flow properties of granules during compression. The tablets were subjected to thickness (1.79±0.04mm), hardness (11.46 ± 1.06 kg/cm), and friability (0.26 ± 0.06%) measurements. The in vitro dissolution study was carried out for 12 hrs using USP type II dissolution apparatus in 6.8 buffer as the dissolution medium where release mechanisms were subjected to zero order, first order, Korsmeyer-Peppas, Hixson-Crowell and Higuchi kinetic studies. The order of dissolution enhancing power was PEG 6000 &gt; Poloxamer 188 &gt;Kllidon-CLSF. The drug release from the tablets followed erosion mechanisms. Among all the formulation F-13, F-14 and F-17 exhibited USP complied in vitro dissolution profiles. Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 23(1): 26-31, 2020

Determination of the cohesion, powder flow speed dependency and caking tendency of cocoa powders

Cocoa is one of the most popular foodstuffs known for centuries and cocoa powders are particularly exposed to caking, a phenomenon of agglomeration of solid particles that disrupt powder functionality. This study aimed to identify the main powder flow characteristics such as caking, cohesion and powder flow speed dependency of cocoa powders, according to their fat content. The loose and tapped bulk density, as well as Carr ratio of cocoa powders, was determined as bulking properties for comparing and interpreting the flowability. The caking was observed in all three samples. With increasing fat content, a decrease in the powder flowability was detected. The mean cake strength of the low fat, reduced fat and full-fat cocoa powders was recorded as 110.42&amp;amp;plusmn;1.71; 164.175&amp;amp;plusmn;1.75 and 207.96&amp;amp;plusmn;0.93, respectively. These results suggest that the fat contents of the food powders may be a useful parameter to describe the powder flowability.

Characteristics of straw particles of selected grain species purposed for the production of lignocellulose particleboards

The present paper provides characteristics of three species of grain straw particles applied in the production of lignocellulose particleboards. For the sake of the investigation, rapeseed, rye, and triticale straw were fragmented to the size of particles used in the wood-based materials industry. The aim of the research was to determine physical properties of particle of rapeseed, rye, and triticale straw and to evaluate their usefulness in the process of manufacturing lignocellulose particleboards purposed for building constructions. Another aspect of the work was to determine the influence of moisture content of straw particles (using rapeseed straw as an example) on properties of the manufactured particleboards made with its use. The conclusion is that each of the investigated materials is characterized by different geometry, poured and tapped bulk density, varied angle of repose, and slippery angle of repose. Differences in sizes and shapes of particles of various grain species and in their moisture content strongly affect properties of particleboards produced with their use. The investigations prove that the best properties are observed for rye straw particleboards. However, due to their physical parameters, difficulties in storage, transport, and particleboards production may happen to be more considerable than in case of other materials.

Influence of diameter on the degradation profile of multiwall carbon nanotubes

Ten multiwall carbon nanotubes purchased from two companies with diameters ranging from 7 to 100 nm with tapped bulk densities from 57 to 250 kg m−3 and with similar lengths and powder sizes were analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis in dynamic and isothermal mode to investigate the importance of the diameter size and tapped bulk density on the degradation behavior of carbon nanotubes. In the case where mass/heat transfer effects were eliminated, results showed that the oxidation temperature depends on diameter only at sufficiently small diameters. The number of surface defects as measured from the ID/IG ratio obtained from Raman spectroscopy was not correlated with degradation stability. The tapped bulk density, on the other hand, dominated the pattern of degradation at high enough heating rates where mass/heat transfer effects become appreciable. As found in previous work which examined nanotubes with roughly constant diameter, tapped bulk density linearly correlated with the ending oxidation temperature at sufficiently high heating rates.

Effect of torrefaction on the physicochemical properties of pigeon pea stalk (Cajanus cajan) and estimation of kinetic parameters

Torrefaction of biomass is an important preprocessing step which increases energy density and higher heating value. Torrefaction of pigeon pea stalk has been carried out in a tubular quartz reactor at different temperatures under nitrogen atmosphere. DT-TGA data have been used to predict the pyrolysis behavior and in estimating kinetic parameters using Arrhenius method. The effect of temperature was more pronounced as compared to residence time on the yield of solid product during torrefaction. Both O/C ratio and H/C ratios have decreased with increase in temperature. There was 28.6% increase in HHV of torrefied biomass at 275 °C and 45 min residence time as compared to raw biomass. There has been increase in energy density for torrefied biomass as compared to raw biomass. Moisture reabsorption, loose and tapped bulk density decreased for torrefied biomass as compared to raw biomass. For pigeon pea stalk Carr Compressibility index has decreased and Hausner Ratio has increased, resulting in lesser compactability and improved flowability respectively for torrefied biomass. Torrefied pigeon pea stalk exhibited better combustible properties. The activation energies of hemicellulose and cellulose have been decreased by 32.5% and 28.2% due to severe torrefaction. The contribution factor for hemicellulose decreased with increasing severity of torrefaction.

The consistency factors' and compression ratios' comparative analysis for the F240 micro-grids of different producers

The abrasive grit's and micro-grit's properties were defned for the electrically produced differently sized corundum manufactured by different producers. The static methods were used to defne the particle size distribution and the rheological properties, such as: the bulk density, the tapped bulk density, the flow time from the receiving cone, the angle of natural slip, the yield and compression criteria, the tap density degree (these were the powder's mobility and compressibility), as well as some dynamic characteristics were explored with the using of the Revolution device. The scanning electronic microscopy was used to study the powder's morphology. Based on the investigating results we carried out the comparative analysis and drew the conclusions. Ill.2. Ref. 9. Tab. 3.

Comparative study of methods for producing gum arabic powder and the impact of DIC treatment (instant controlled pressure drop) on the properties of the product

In this study, gum arabic powder was produced according to four methods by inserting a restructuring stage by DIC treatment (instant controlled pressure drop) in the classic process of grinding and spray drying. Properties of the final product were compared, and the results show that DIC treatment enables to control and improve the properties of the powder. The DIC treatment can cause a controlled increase in the tapped bulk density, filling rate, compressibility, porosity; and a reduction in interstitial air volume and the loose bulk density. It also facilitated the subsequent grinding and intensified the drying kinetics. The impacts of pressure and DIC treatment time were examined. Pressure was the strongest factor influencing the properties of the gum arabic powder. Selecting an optimal pressure and treatment time plays a decisive role in controlling the properties of powders.

Design, Development and Evaluation of Extended Release Tablets of Anti-asthmatic Agents using various Polymers

The aim of this investigation was to define and assess Salbutamol sulphate and Theophylline framework tablets, prolonged discharge dosage form, for the treatment of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Powder blends of the drugs (Salbutamol sulphate and Theophylline) and polymers (HPMC K100M and Xanthan Gum) were evaluated for loose bulk density, tapped bulk density, compressibility index and angle of repose which shows satisfactory results. The direct compression method was used for the preparation of Extended-release tablets using hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC K100M), a semi-synthetic polymer, and xanthan gum(a natural polymer) in changing ratios keeping the total weight 250 mg for each tablet. The fabricated tablets were then evaluated for various physical tests like diameter, thickness, uniformity of weight, hardness, friability and drug content. The results of all these tests were found to be satisfactory as per guidelines mentioned in the standards. The in-vitro dissolution study was carried out for 24 hours using type II dissolution apparatus. Among all the formulation, F7 shows 97.16 ±0.59 % of drug release at the end of 12 hours. This finding reveals that above a particular concentration of HPMC K100M and xanthan gum are capable of providing extended drug release from the dosage form.

Modeling flow properties of fine dry powders using particle morphological properties and its effects on geometry of fly ash evacuation hoppers

ABSTRACTThis paper results from an ongoing effort to correlate the physical properties of powders at a fundamental level with their bulk behavior. Cohesion and unconfined yield stress are the measure of inter-particle forces of attraction in the bulk powder. The existing model for cohesion does not include important bulk properties, such as particle size distribution, tapped density, and prevailing applied stress. In the present paper, flow properties of 25 bulk solids (different cement and fly ash samples) have been evaluated using a ring shear tester and the products have been characterized according to their flowabilities. Models for cohesion and unconfined yield strength have been developed in this study by taking into account the effects of particle size distribution, tapped bulk density and pre-shear stress. The newly developed models have provided good fit to the experimental data. The effect of these flow properties on the design of hoppers have been investigated for fly ash samples collected from seven consecutive electrostatic precipitator (ESP) hoppers of a coal fired thermal power station. The results show that fly ash from the rear end ESP hopper would require higher amount of opening size compared to the first or second field of ESP to ensure proper mass flow condition is achieved at all the ESP hoppers.

基于高温性能的MS-III微表处混合料级配优化设计

微表处以其优良的使用性能和显著的社会经济效益，在公路养护中有着广泛的应用。本文在4.75 mm~9 mm筛孔之间增加了7 mm筛孔，以便于更好的控制大粒径的级配；在微表处混合料配合比初步设计的基础上，采用正交设计法制定出9种不同的级配方案，研究集料的堆积状态对微表处混合料高温性能的影响。结果表明，级配对微表处混合料的高温性能有着较大的影响，而且7 mm筛孔对微表处的毛体积相对密度和马歇尔稳定度有着显著的影响；推荐出了最佳级配的确定方法——最大振实堆积密度法，并给出了基于微表处高温性能的最优级配及级配范围，可供需要考虑高温稳定性要求的气候区进行配合比设计使用。 With its good performance and remarkable social and economic benefits, Micro-surfacing has a broad application in highway maintenance repair. Through contrastive analysis of the conventional grading at home and abroad, 7 mm mesh is increased between 4.75 mm and 9 mm mesh for grading control. Based on the preliminary design method of micro-surfacing, we used 9 orthogonal design methods to study the effect of aggregate accumulation on the high temperature performance of micro-surfacing mixtures. The results showed that gradation had a great influence on the high temperature performance of the mixture, and the 7 mm mesh had a significant effect on the bulk volume density and the Marshall stability. This paper not only proposed method—the maximum tapped bulk density method to determine optimum gradation, but also gives the optimal grading and grading range based on the high temperature performance of micro-surfacing, in order to provide a reference for the climatic zone that need to consider high temperature stability.