Plant Tannins Research Articles

Herbivore and phytohormone induced defensive response in kale against cabbage butterfly, Pieris brassicae Linn

The constitutive and induced resistance were studied in two varieties (Khanyari and Kawdari) of kale, Brassica oleracea var. acephala in response to cabbage butterfly, Pieris brassicae infestation and exogenous application of jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA). Phenols, condensed tannins, flavonoids and proteins were measured at six days after JA (1 mM) and SA (1 mM) application and/or insect infestation. Plant damage and larval weights were also recorded. Khanyari variety showed highest amounts of phenols (208.23 μg/g FW), condensed tannin (347.76 μg/g FW), flavonoids (175.61 μg/g FW) and proteins (0.71 mg/g FW) in plants pre-treated with JA and infested with insects. The PAL activity was high in response to JA application followed by insect infestation. Insects reared on Khanyari and Kawdari plants pre-treated with JA prior showed significantly reduced larval weights (97.88 and 102.46 mg, respectively). Damage was low in plants pre-treated with JA in Khanyari at 3, 6 and 9 days after treatment (10.52%, 8.52%, and 5.30%, respectively). Thus, JA can play an important role in plant defense in kale against P. brassicae.

Surface Glossiness properties of impregnated with some plant tannins and varnished wooden material

Bu calismada, %5 ve %10 konsantrasyonlarda mimoza (Acacia mollissima) ve kebrako (Shinopsis lorentzii) ekstraktlari ve %4.5’lik Tanalith-E ile emprenye edilen kayin (Fagus orientalis L.) odunundan hazirlanan deney ornekleri poliuretan, selulozik ve su bazli vernikler ile ust yuzey islemine tabi tutulmustur. 100 ve 300 saatlik hizlandirilmis yaslandirma sonrasinda yuzey parlakliginda meydana gelen degisimler arastirilmistir. Elde edilen sonuclara gore, yaslandirma oncesi ve yaslandirma sorasi en yuksek parlaklik degerleri emprenye edilmemis kontrol orneklerinde elde edilmistir. Ayrica poliuretan vernigi haricinde genel olarak yaslandirma islemi ile birlikte vernik yuzeylerindeki parlaklik degerlerinde azalma meydana gelmistir. Vernik cesitleri icerisinde en iyi parlaklik degerleri poliuretan verniginde elde edilmistir. 100 saat yaslandirma islemine tabi tutulan poliuretan vernikli deney ornekleri kontrol orneklerine gore daha yuksek parlaklik degeri vermistir. Tanenler ile emprenye edilen orneklerde konsantrasyon seviyesi %5’ten %10’a arttirildiginda parlaklik degerlerinde belli oranlarda azalma gorulmustur. Bu sonuclara gore, mimoza ve kebrako ekstraktlari ile emprenye edilen agac malzemeler poliuretan vernigi uygulanarak hem dayanikliliklari hem de yuzey parlakliklari uzun sure korunabilir. Received (Gelis): 23.09.2016 - Revised (Duzeltme): 20.10.2016 - Accepted (Kabul): 02.11.2016 Cite (Atif): Yalcin, M., 2017. Surface glossiness properties of impregnated with some plant tannins and varnished wooden material. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University 67(x): xx-xx. DOI: 10.17099/jffiu.xxxxx

Taxonomical study, Phytochemical Evaluation and Formulation of Dosage form of Lagenaria siceraria

In traditional systems of medicine, different parts (leaves, stem, flower, root, seeds and even whole plant) of Lagenaria siceraria (Lauki), has been used for various diseases in India and throughout world. The fruits of plant and whole plant contains essential constituents mainly includes plant sterols, flavonoids, tannins, vitamis and amino acids as well. In present study protocol phytochemical screening confirms the same, taxonomical characterization study of leaves and fruits revel arrangement of paranchymatous cells trichomes having foot, ring cells and wings while TS of fruits shows vascular bundle caring phytoconstituents in it including isolated glycoside showed positive Baljet test. By wet granulation technique granules of finely dried powder of fruits by addition of potato starch (6%) were prepared and coated with sugar and evaluated. These granules can be filled into capsules or compressed into tablets or sugar coated granules can be dispensed orally so increase patient compliance which is a need of an hour as herbal formulation attracts more attention with lesser side effect and has its own significant therapeutic effects over allopathic medicine.

Different Inhibitory Potencies of Oseltamivir Carboxylate, Zanamivir, and Several Tannins on Bacterial and Viral Neuraminidases as Assessed in a Cell-Free Fluorescence-Based Enzyme Inhibition Assay.

Neuraminidase is a key enzyme in the life cycle of influenza viruses and is present in some bacterial pathogens. We here assess the inhibitory potency of plant tannins versus clinically used inhibitors on both a viral and a bacterial model neuraminidase by applying the 2′-(4-methylumbelliferyl)-α-d-N-acetylneuraminic acid (MUNANA)-based activity assay. A range of flavan-3-ols, ellagitannins and chemically defined proanthocyanidin fractions was evaluated in comparison to oseltamivir carboxylate and zanamivir for their inhibitory activities against viral influenza A (H1N1) and bacterial Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase (VCNA). Compared to the positive controls, all tested polyphenols displayed a weak inhibition of the viral enzyme but similar or even higher potency on the bacterial neuraminidase. Structure–activity relationship analyses revealed the presence of galloyl groups and the hydroxylation pattern of the flavan skeleton to be crucial for inhibitory activity. The combination of zanamivir and EPs® 7630 (root extract of Pelargonium sidoides) showed synergistic inhibitory effects on the bacterial neuraminidase. Co-crystal structures of VCNA with oseltamivir carboxylate and zanamivir provided insight into bacterial versus viral enzyme-inhibitor interactions. The current data clearly indicate that inhibitor potency strongly depends on the biological origin of the enzyme and that results are not readily transferable. The therapeutic relevance of our findings is briefly discussed.

Potential and challenges of tannins as an alternative to in-feed antibiotics for farm animal production.

Naturally occurring plant compounds including tannins, saponins and essential oils are extensively assessed as natural alternatives to in-feed antibiotics. Tannins are a group of polyphenolic compounds that are widely present in plant region and possess various biological activities including antimicrobial, anti-parasitic, anti-viral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulation, etc. Therefore, tannins are the major research subject in developing natural alternative to in-feed antibiotics. Strong protein affinity is the well-recognized property of plant tannins, which has successfully been applied to ruminant nutrition to decrease protein degradation in the rumen, and thereby improve protein utilization and animal production efficiency. Incorporations of tannin-containing forage in ruminant diets to control animal pasture bloat, intestinal parasite and pathogenic bacteria load are another 3 important applications of tannins in ruminant animals. Tannins have traditionally been regarded as “anti-nutritional factor” for monogastric animals and poultry, but recent researches have revealed some of them, when applied in appropriate manner, improved intestinal microbial ecosystem, enhanced gut health and hence increased productive performance. The applicability of plant tannins as an alternative to in-feed antibiotics depends on many factors that contribute to the great variability in their observed efficacies.

Toxicity of vegetable tannin extract from Acacia mearnsii in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Vegetable tannins are complex polyphenols, which occur widely in nature. Traditionally, natural tannins have been used for tanning leather. In Brazil, the main tannin-based products are obtained from Acacia mearnsii, which is a leguminous tree native to Southeastern of Australia, and the first seeds were brought to Brazil in 1928. The main cultivation of acacia was established in Rio Grande do Sul state due to the possibility of raw material for charcoal, adhesives to fuel and for tanning leather. The leather tanning processes based on plant tannins are thought to be less harmful than chromium-based tanning, and it has been used as a sustainable alternative. However, there is scarce information about the environmental impact of the leather tanning processes, with most studies reporting inhibitory effects against microorganisms at high doses and stimulatory and positive health effects at low concentrations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of tannin preparations extracted from A. mearnsii in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Vegetable tannin toxicity in yeast was tested using two tannin treatments in different concentrations. In general, the results showed toxicity of vegetable in yeast, BY4741 and gsh1Δ strains.

A comprehensive review of agrimoniin.

Plant tannins are a unique class of polyphenols with relatively high molecular weights. Within the ellagitannins group, agrimoniin--dimeric ellagitannin--is one of the most representative compounds found in many plant materials belonging to the Rosaceae family. Agrimoniin was first isolated in 1982 from roots of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. (Rosaceae), a plant traditionally used in Japan and China as an antidiarrheal, hemostatic, and antiparasitic agent. Agrimoniin is a constituent of medicinal plants, which are often applied orally in the form of infusions, decoctions, or tinctures. It is also present in commonly consumed food products, such as strawberries and raspberries. It is metabolized by human gut microbiota into a series of low-molecular-weight urolithins with proven anti-inflammatory and anticancer in vivo and in vitro bioactivities. The compound has received widespread interest owing to some interesting biological effects and therapeutic activities, which we elaborate in the present review. Additionally, we present an overview of the techniques used for the analysis, isolation, and separation of agrimoniin from the practical perspective.

Correlation of Electropenetrography Waveforms From Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera: Miridae) Feeding on Cotton Squares With Chemical Evidence of Inducible Tannins.

Probing behavior of Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) has previously been characterized with electropenetrography (EPG). Cell rupturing (CR) and ingestion (I) EPG waveforms were identified as the two main stylet-probing behaviors by adult L. lineolaris. However, characterization and identification of EPG waveforms are not complete until specific events of a particular waveform are correlated to insect probing. With the use of EPG, histology, microscopy, and chemical analysis, probing behavior of L. lineolaris on pin-head cotton squares was studied. Occurrences of waveforms CR and I were artificially terminated during the EPG recording. Histological samples of probed cotton squares were prepared and analyzed to correlate specific types and occurrences of feeding damage location and plant responses to insect feeding. Both CR and I occurred in the staminal column of the cotton square. Cell rupturing events elicited the production of dark-red deposits seen in histological staining that were demonstrated via chemical analysis to contain condensed tannins. We hypothesize that wounding and saliva secreted during CR triggered release of tannins, because tannin production was positively correlated with the number of probes with single CR events performed by L. lineolaris. Degraded plant tissue and tannins were removed from the staminal column during occurrence of waveform I. These results conclude the process of defining CR and I as probing waveforms performed by L. lineolaris on pin-head cotton squares. These biological definitions will now allow EPG to be used to quantitatively compare L. lineolaris feeding among different plant treatments, with the goal of improving pest management tactics against this pest.

Comparative Studies on Proximate Composition and Phytochemical Screening of Mango, Key lime, African star apple and African pear Seeds as Possible Coagulant Aids for Water Treatment

Many fruits including mango (Mangifera indica), key lime (Citrus aurantiifolia), African star apple (Chrysophyllum albidum) and African or bush pear (Dacryodes edulis) are nutritionally valuable as human food, however after consumption of the fruits, their seeds are discarded as wastes since they are of no commercial value and this results in disposal problems. Hence assessment of the constituents of such waste seeds will enable their application to be considered. In this study the proximate composition and phytochemical constituents of the seeds of Duncan mango (Mangifera indica), key lime (Citrus aurantiifolia), African star apple (Chrysophyllum albidum: C. acreanum) and African or bush pear (Dacryodes edulis: D.e.var.edulis) obtained from southern part of Nigeria have been investigated and compared for the four different seeds. The results obtained from the proximate analyses showed that the major constituent of the seeds are carbohydrates, proteins and fats. The key lime seed was found to contain more protein and fat compared to the other seeds while the African star apple seed was found to contain the least fat and more carbohydrate compared to the other seeds. The phytochemicals detected in all the seeds were tannins, glycoside, coumarins and phenols, however steroids were absent. Only African star apple seed contained saponins and alkaloids. The results further indicated that only the key lime seed was devoid of flavonoid and starch. Tannins in plants have been reported to be among the active agents that bring about coagulation and natural polymers (proteins, carbohydrate (starch) etc.) act as bridging flocculants. Saponins, flavonoids coumarins and phenols have also been reported to posses antibacterial potentials against pathogenic organisms. This study shows that these seeds contain these constituents and they are present in reasonable amount. Therefore it is concluded that these seeds can be investigated as possible coagulant aids for drinking water treatment.

Tulbaghia violacea Harv. plant extract affects cell wall synthesis in Aspergillus flavus.

This study investigates the effect that aqueous extracts of Tulbaghia violacea Harv. harbouring plant saponins, phenolics and tannins have on Aspergillus flavus β-(1,3) glucan and chitin synthesis. Aspergillus flavus was treated with various subinhibitory concentrations of an aqueous T. violacea plant extract and the β-(1,3) glucan and chitin content was determined together with glucan synthase and chitin synthase production respectively. The aqueous extract caused a significant decline (P<0·05) in β-glucan production in A. flavus in a dose-dependent manner when compared to the untreated sample. Further investigations showed a decrease in β-glucan synthase production as the concentration of the plant extract was increased. A significant reduction in total chitin content corresponding to a decrease in chitin synthase production in the presence of the plant extract was also found. The broad spectrum activity and the efficacy of aqueous T. violacea plant extract on both β-glucan and chitin synthesis may limit the potential of the fungus developing resistance towards it and therefore the extract is an ideal candidate for use as a potential antifungal agent.

ОГЛЯД НАУКОВИХ ДОСЛІДЖЕНЬ З МЕТОЮ ОДЕРЖАННЯ НОВИХ ФІТОПРЕПАРАТІВ НА ОСНОВІ ГЕРАНІ СИБІРСЬКОЇ

В огляді літератури узагальнено дані про ботанічну характеристику, розповсюдження, хімічний склад і застосування герані сибірської.

Larvicidal activities of some bark and wood extracts against wood-damaging insects

This study investigates the larvicidal activities of plant extracts and tannins against wood-damaging insects. Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), beech (Fagus orientalis), and poplar wood (Populus tremula) were subjected to larvae of Spondylis buprestoides (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) by impregnating them with mimosa (Acacia mollissima), quebracho (Schinopsis lorentzii) and redpine bark (Pinus brutia) extracts. At the end of the 6-month experiment, the numbers of dead and live larvae as well as the mean mass losses of woods were determined. In terms of wood species, the lowest larva resistance was observed in Scots pine wood, while the highest larva resistance was achieved by beech wood. The lowest mass losses and the highest dead termite rates in all tree species were observed when the concentration of mimosa and quebracho extracts was 12%. On the other hand, the pine bark extract showed a lower larvicide effect than the other two extracts.

Digestion of Tannin by Bacteria Enterobacter cloacae from the Gut of Indian Mole Cricket (Gryllotalpa krishnani)

Insects are the most successful animal on earth; the gut microbes present might play an important role in food digestion as well as the interaction with hosts. In this study insect Gryllotalpa krishnani has been used to isolate the symbiotic associated organisms which play role in host metabolism, promote efficient digestion and to protect the host from the harmful microbes. In the present study, microorganisms were isolated from the gut of G. krishnani and characterized for tannase enzyme activity. It was observed that 5 isolates (TAH 6, TAH 13, TAH 36, TAH 38 and TAH 41) out of total 120 tested were able to show significant growth on tannic acid plate. Among these five potential isolates, strain TAH 41 exhibited maximum tannase activity in tannase plate assay and was selected for the further study. The bacterial strain TAH41 was analyzed for biochemical analysis, 16S rDNA sequencing and the result confirmed the strain as Enterobacter cloacae. HPLC analysis showed the formation two peaks representing gallic acid and glucose as a by-product FT-IR analysis also confirmed the same. The polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and zymogram analysis showed the molecular mass of tannase enzyme in cell free extract was ~45 kDa, the analysis suggested this tannase enzyme to be one of the smallest of the bacterial source, which could be attributed to the formation of di or triA¢Â€Â‘galloyl glucose. The present study was the first report E. cloacae with tannase activity from G. krishnani gut. E. cloacae which may endow the insect with some ecological advantages by enabling them to overcome the anti-nutritional effects of plant tannins.

Effects of gallotannin on osteoclastogenesis and the p38 MAP kinase pathway

PurposeOsteoclasts are multinucleated giant cells that specialize in bone resorption and work together with bone-forming osteoblasts to maintain bone homeostasis. However, excessive osteoclast activation accounts for bone diseases, such as osteoporosis and periodontitis. In previous studies, natural small-molecule compounds have been shown to regulate osteoclastogenesis and osteoclast functions. Here we demonstrate that gallotannin, a hydrolyzable plant tannin, suppresses osteoclast differentiation. MethodsWe first used an ex vivo bone marrow culture system containing both osteoclast precursors and surrounding cells, thereby resembling physiological conditions, to evaluate the suppressive effect of gallotannin. We also used a RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis assay containing only osteoclast precursors to confirm the suppressive effect of gallotannin in the absence of effects from other cells. ResultsThe suppressive effect of gallotannin was associated with the reduced RANKL-mediated induction of NFATc1, a critical transcription factor involved in osteoclast differentiation. We further confirmed that gallotannin reduced the p38 MAPK pathway activation, which is mediated by M-CSF and RANKL. This pathway suppression might underlie the suppression of NFATc1 production and subsequent reduction in osteoclast differentiation. ConclusionOur data indicate that the natural small-molecule compound gallotannin might be useful as a novel anti-bone resorptive agent.

Soil carbon and nitrogen cycling processes and composition of terpenes five years after clear-cutting a Norway spruce stand: Effects of logging residues

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of logging residues on C and N cycling in relation to abundant plant secondary compounds, terpenes and tannins in a Norway spruce clear-cut site. The study site was located in Southern Finland. After clear-cutting piles having 0, 10, 40kgm−2 of fresh Norway spruce logging residues were built and as additional treatment commercial wood ash was provided to study the possibilities for recycle of wood ash. Samples were taken from the organic layer and uppermost mineral soil layer five years after the treatments. Logging residues increased net N mineralization, especially net nitrification. Addition of wood ash also increased net nitrification. C mineralization, microbial biomass C and N were less affected by the treatments. Observed changes were more visible in organic layer than in mineral soil. Logging residues did not affect much tannin and terpene concentrations in the organic layer; however, we observed increase in terpene concentration in treatment with the highest amount of logging residues. In conclusions, on this study site logging residues did not affect much soil C cycling. However, logging residues and wood ash seemed to stimulate N cycling processes.

PHENOLIC COMPOUDNS IN TRADITIONAL BULGARIAN MEDICAL PLANTS

A number of plants and plant products have medicinal properties that have been validated by recent scientific developments throughout the world, owing to their potent pharmacological activity, low toxicity and economic viability. In recent years, the use of natural antioxidants present in traditional medicinal plants has become of special interest in the scientific world due to their presumed safety and nutritional and therapeutic value. In this present study, comparative phenolic compounds in traditional Bulgarian medical plants. The medical plants were analyzed for their tannins content by titrimetric method; rutin was determined spectrophotometrically by using ammonium molybdate; the total phenolics content was determined by using Folin-Ciocalteu assay and the total flavonoids were used the colorimetric reaction with aluminum (III) chloride. The present paper shown by the results of total phenolic and total flavonoid contents, and rutin and tannins in medical plants that they must be relatively safe for the patient.

English

Screening of native plants with therapeutical effects constitutes a valuable way to enhance biological attributes of medicinal herbs and discover new drugs. Therefore, ethanol and methanol extracts from ten plants collected from Brazilian Cerrado were tested to inhibitory effects against Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) through disc diffusion. The crude extracts that showed antibacterial activities from Anacardium humile, Psidium guineense and Myracrodruon urundeuva, were tested on the standard strain S. aureus ATCC 25923. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were determined and the interactions between the plant extracts and the main groups of secondary compounds present were investigated. The MICs of P. guineense, M. urundeuva and A. humile were all 4.1 mg/L for S. aureus. P. guineense and A. humile extracts tested against P. aeruginosa were 8.2 mg/L, whereas the extract from M. urundeuva had a MIC of 4.1 mg/L for the same strain. In addition, the observed MBCs were equivalent to the corresponding MICs. There were synergistic interactions in combinations of these plant extracts and tannins and flavonoids were identified in phytochemical analyses. These metabolites may be related to the biological activities that were found, indicating possible candidates for the development of strategies for treatment of infections caused by bacteria tested. Key words: Crude plant extracts, biological activity, disc diffusion, traditionally use, popular medicine, Cerrado biome.

Evaluation of guandu with increasing levels on characteristics chemical and fermentation characteristics sorghum silage

The sorghum plant is one of the most suitable for silage production, with higher yields and production of good quality silage. However, sorghum can have condensed tannins in the whole plant, which for animals, these substances are considered antinutritional factors. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the chemical composition of sorghum silage with increase addition of Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea). The treatments were: - silage with 100% sorghum, silage with 25% of pigeon pea and sorghum 75%, silage with 50% of pigeon pea and sorghum 50%, silage with 75% pigeon pea and 25% of sorghum and silage with 100% pigeon pea based on fresh matter. The silages were produced in 20 experimental silos tubes (four replicates / treatment). The silos were opened 54 days after ensiling, Chemical composition and silage fermentation parameters indicated that, the addition of pigeon pea promoted significant (P

Dietary supplementation of Rosmarinus officinalis L. leaves in sheep affects the abundance of rumen methanogens and other microbial populations.

BackgroundRumen microbiome has a great influence on ruminant health and productivity. Different plant extracts have been tested for their ability to modulate the rumen microbiome to improve feed digestion and fermentation. Among the evaluated plant extracts, essential oils, tannins, and saponins appeared to have positive effects on rumen protein metabolism, volatile fatty acids production, and methane and ammonia production.MethodsThe objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) leaves and essential oils on rumen microbial populations. Four ruminally cannulated sheep were used in a 4×4 Latin square design fed (21 d/period): 1) a control diet composed of alfalfa hay and concentrate pellet (CTR), 2) CTR supplemented with 7 g/d/sheep of rosemary essential oil adsorbed on an inert support (EO), 3) CTR with 10 g/d/sheep of dried and ground rosemary leaves (RL), and 4) CTR with 10 g/d of dried and ground rosemary leaves pelleted into concentrate (RL pellet). Abundance of total bacteria, archaea, protozoa, and some select bacterial species or groups was quantified using qPCR, while the community of bacteria and archaea was profiled using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis.ResultsNo difference in abundance was noted for total bacteria, protozoa, or Ruminococcus flavefaciens between the control and the treatments, but the rosemary leaves, either in loose form or in pellet, decreased the abundance of archaea and the genus Prevotella (P < 0.001). The rosemary leaves in loose form also decreased (P < 0.001) the abundance of Ruminococcus albus and Clostridium aminophilum, while the EO increased (P < 0.001) the abundance of Fibrobacter succinogenes. The community of bacteria and archaea was not affected by any of the supplements.ConclusionsBeing able to affect the abundance of several groups of rumen microbes that are known to be involved in degradation of protein and fiber and production of methane and ammonia, rosemary leaves may be used to modulate rumen microbiome and its function.

Tannin-grafted aminated silicon adsorbents: adsorption performance of rare earth ions coexistence

Rare earth ions (REIs) are playing very important roles in modern industries. However, the huge amount of smelting water containing various types of REIs was difficult to separate, which often lead to difficulty in recovery of REIs and water pollution in environment. Selective adsorption was an effective route to recover the REIs in smelting water. Two adsorbents (SiO2-BT, SiO2-BWT) were prepared by grafting plant tannins (Bayberry tannin, Black wattle tannin) onto aminated silica. The as-prepared adsorbents have exhibited a high adsorption capacity to four typical REIs and high selectivity to La3+ among these four REIs (La3+, Ce3+, Pr3+, Nd3+). Furthermore, the after-used adsorbents can be easily regenerated by 0.1 mol/L HNO3 solution indicating superior reusability.