Tannin Extract Research Articles

Possible Role of High-Molecular-Weight Salivary Proteins in Astringency Development.

Since the initial findings that food tannin/salivary protein interaction and subsequent precipitation is the main cause of the astringency development, numerous studies have concentrated on the supramolecular characterization of these bindings. Most of these works have focused on the low-molecular-weight salivary proteins, in particular proline-rich proteins, hardly considering the involvement of the high-molecular-weight salivary proteins (HMWSPs). Herein, different techniques such as fluorescence quenching, Isothermal Titration Calorimetry and HPLC-MS-DAD were employed to determine the occurrence of molecular interactions between three HMWSPs, namely, mucin, α-amylase and albumin, and a complex extract of tannins composed mainly of flavan-3-ols. The obtained results prove the capability of the three HMWSPs to effectively interact with the flavan-3-ol extract, involving different forces and action mechanisms. Flavan-3-ols are capable of interacting with mucins by a mechanism that includes the formation of stable ground-state complexes that led to approximately 90% flavan-3-ol precipitation, while for albumin and α-amylase, the interaction model of a "sphere of action" was established, which represented only 20% flavan-3-ol precipitation. These data highlight the relevance of including HMWSPs in astringency analyses, paying special heed to the role of mucins in the interaction and subsequent precipitation of dietary tannins.

Exploring the antifungal properties of tannin extracts from Olea europaea var. rougette leaves against Aspergillus spp.

Exploring the antifungal properties of tannin extracts from Olea europaea var. rougette leaves against Aspergillus spp.

Wound healing potential of an Indian under-utilized fruit Garcinia gummi-gutta: Evidences from in vitro and in vivo experiments

Garcinia gummi-gutta is a native plant of Southeast Asia, commonly known as Malabar tamarind in English and Kudam puli in Tamil. In addition to utilization of dried pulp of this G. gummi-gutta fruit, traditional healers using it for wound healing, but there is no scientific piece of evidence. The main objective of the work is to investigate the wound-healing potential of G. gummi-gutta fruit using in vitro methods and in vivo excision model. Sequential extraction was done in the dried fruit pulp of G. gummi-gutta using different solvents (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol and water). Phytochemical screening and quantitative analysis results revealed the presence of high level of alkaloids (0.16 mg/mL), flavonoids (2.15 mg/mL), terpenoids (0.09 mg/mL), phytosterols (0.46 mg/mL), phenols (9.42 mg/mL) and tannins (1.27 mg/mL) in the methanol extract. Among various solvent extracts, methanol extract exhibited higher level of antioxidant (87.64% 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging, 82.86% superoxide scavenging, 19.03% hydrogen peroxide scavenging and 78.36% hydroxyl radical scavenging) and anti-inflammatory (41.67% inhibition of protein denaturation, 27.17% protease inhibition and 66.22% red blood cells membrane stabilization) properties. Liquid chromatography with mass spectroscopy and gas chromatography with mass spectroscopy analysis of methanolic extract revealed the presence of phytochemicals like Daphnoretin, Flindersine, Taxuspine-D, 3-Butenyl isothiocyanate, Cyclopentanone dimethyl hydrazone and 2-Acetyl indole. It was observed that the wound healing potential of ointment prepared from the methanolic extract of G. gummi-gutta was significantly (p < 0.05) higher (0.5 mm) than betadine treatment (0.9 mm) in Wistar rats on 11th day. Histopathalogical analysis G. gummi-gutta-treated animals exhibited a high amount of granulation tissue, microvascular density, epidermal closure and differentiation, which indicates the good wound healing capacity of the G. gummi-gutta. Thus, the present work recorded the wound healing potential of G. gummi-gutta-ointment through in vivo excision wound model in addition to proven various in vitro wound healing mechanisms.

Tannin Extraction from Bark of Cinnamomum burmannii and Its Application for use as Natural Dye and as Antioxidant

Cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum burmannii) contains tannins which have the potential to act as natural dyes. This research to synthesis natural dye from cinnamon bark extract (Cinnamomum burmannii). The research was carried out by making cinnamon bark extract with comparing the amount of solvent by maceration using 96% ethanol, calculating the yield, tannin analysis, FTIR analysis, and stability test color. The comparison of the amount of cinnamon bark extraction solvent affected the resulting yield. Testing the tannin compound with 1% gelatin reagent in 10% NaCl showed a white precipitate and 1% FeCl3 reagent produced a greenish-brown color so the extract was positive for tannin, analysis FTIR ratio 1:10 for the presence of O-H, C-H, C=C, C-O groups, ratio 1:15 for the presence of O-H, C-H, C=C, C-O group. The color stability test of cinnamon bark extract is more stable than Rhodamine-B. Based on the extraction results, it was concluded that cinnamon bark extract can be used as an alternative to natural dye in cosmetic products

UJI EFEK EKSTRAK ETANOL UMBI TALAS HISTOPATOLOGI GINJAL TIKUS PUTIH JANTAN (Rattus norvegicus) DIINDUKSI STREPTOZOTOCIN

Diabetes mellitus is a systemic disease or metabolic syndrome caused by chronic disorders, especially in the body's carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism system. This study aims to determine the content of secondary metabolites of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins in the ethanolic extract of taro tubers and determine the effect and effective dose of the extract on the regeneration of kidney organ cells in streptozotocin-induced rats. Rats were divided into five groups: normal control, negative control, and extract treatment groups at doses of 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg BW that were performed for 28 days. This study observed changes that occurred in the renal tubular cells of white male rats induced by streptozotocin in the form of the level of damage with a value calculated based on the percentage (%) in each part of the tubule that was injured or damaged. The results showed that the taro tuber extract contained positive secondary metabolites of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. Administration of ethanol extract of taro tubers at a dose of 300 mg/kg BW can affect the regeneration of kidney tubule cells in STZ-induced rats, with an average damage value of 1 out of a maximum of 4.

The Effect of Binahong Leaf Extract on Reducing Cholesterol and Histopathological Features in the Liver

Being overweight or obese raises your risk of elevated cholesterol, triglycerides, and fatty liver. The liver is crucial to metabolic regulation. Essential to preserve liver health. Maintaining your diet, exercising, and eating antioxidants are all options. Many plants contain antioxidants, like Binahong (Anredera cordifolia). This study examines how Binahong leaf extract reduces cholesterol and improves liver function in high-fat-fed Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) and their liver histology. An actual experiment or laboratory experimental study is quantitative. 24 Wistar rats were sampled. Binahong leaf extract was the independent variable, cholesterol levels liver histological features were the dependent variable, and a high-fat diet was the precondition. The test animals were put into four groups: control, groups 2, 3, and 4 with Binahong leaf extract at 30mg/BW, 50mg/BW, and 70mg/BW. SPSS normality, homogeneity, and ANOVA tests. If p &gt; 0.05, research results are generally distributed with 0.200 significance. Significant homogeneity was 0.176 &gt; 0.05. Effective One-Way ANOVA test results (0.000 or &lt;0.05). Post Hoc LSD test analysis yielded important values of 0.000.0001 and 0.024 &lt; 0.05. The phytochemical test found flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, steroids, and tannins in Binahong leaf extract. Binahong leaf extract at 70 mg/BW reduced cholesterol, body weight, and LDL in hypercholesterolemic male white mice best. The study found that Binahong leaf extract's secondary metabolites—flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, steroids, and tannins—reduce cholesterol, LDL, and body weight in Wistar strain white rats (Rattus Norvegicus) with hypercholesterolemia.

HPLC analysis, genotoxic and antioxidant potential of Achillea millefolium L. and Chaerophyllum villosum Wall ex. Dc

BackgroundMethanolic and chloroformic extract of Achillea millefolium and Chaerophyllum villosum were evaluated for HPLC analysis, genotoxic and antioxidant potential.Materials and methodsGenotoxic activity was carried out on human blood lymphocytes via comet assay and antioxidant activity was studied through DPPH method.ResultsThe genotoxic potential of A. millefolium and C. villosum’s methanolic and chloroformic extract was analysed using comet assay technique. Comet shaped human lymphocytes cells were observed when treated with different concentrations (50 mg/mL, 75 mg/mL, 100 mg/mL) of methanolic and chloroformic extract of both plants. Reading was taken on the basis of damaged DNA head and tail length. Greater the length of tail as compared to head, greater will be the damage and vice versa. Total comet score was obtained from A. millefolium subjected to different concentrations. After a time interval of 24 h both the extract showed dose dependant genoprotection with maximum genoprotectivity at 98.7 ± 12.7 and 116 ± 5.3 at 50 mg/100 mL for methanolic and chloroformic extract respectively. Similarly Total Comet score was obtained from C. villosum subjected to different concentrations of methanolic and chloroformic extract. After 24 h exhibited dose dependent genoprotection with maximum protectivity at 85.7 ± 22.0 and 101.7 ± 8.6 at 50 mg/100 mL for methanolic and chloroformic extract were determined. The antioxidant activity revealed that methanolic extract of A. millefolium showed highest antioxidant activity (84.21%) at 300 mg/ml after 90 min while the chloroformic extract of C. villosum exhibited highest (68.46%) antioxidant activity (59.69%) at 300 µg/ml after 90 min but less than the standard drug ascorbic acid (88.72%). Quantitative phytochemical screening revealed high percentage of alkaloids (27.4%), Phenols (34.5%), Flavonoids (32.4%) as compared to Tannins (12%) in methanolic extract of A.millefolium. While high percentage of alkaloids (31.4), Phenols (19.3%), Flavonoids (35.5%) as compared to Tannins (16.6%) in chloroformic extract of C. villosum.ConclusionThe present results showed that A. millefolium and C. villosum possess a number of important compounds and revealed genoprotective property which may be used to treat several genetic disorders such as alzeimer’s disease in future (Grodzicki W, Dziendzikowska K, Antioxidants 9(3):229, 2020).

Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Chestnut and Quebracho Tannin Supplementation on Neonatal Diarrhoea in Preweaning Calves.

Neonatal calf diarrhoea (NCD) poses a significant health challenge in cattle herds, resulting in considerable economic losses and antimicrobial use. In response to the escalating threat of antimicrobial resistance, viable alternatives are imperative, aligning with European policies. This study evaluated the in-milk supplementation of the chestnut and quebracho tannin extract in preweaning calves on performance, diarrhoea occurrence, Cryptosporidium spp. shedding, protein digestibility, and intestinal health. Twenty newborn calves were divided, after colostrum administration, into two experimental groups for 30 days as follows: the control (CTRL) was fed with whole milk and solid feed, and tannins (TAN) were fed whole milk supplemented with 6/g day of tannin extract and solid feed. Faecal samples were collected on days 0, 3, 7, 14, and 30 for the evaluation of Cryptosporidium oocyst shedding and protein digestibility. Faecal consistency was evaluated during the sampling using the faecal score scale (0-3 scale, considering diarrhoea > 1). The results showed a significant reduction in diarrhoea frequency in the TAN compared to the CTRL group (p < 0.05) over 30 days of the trial. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. was generally low (12%), considering all analysed samples. Protein digestibility revealed comparable values for the TAN and CTRL groups, suggesting that tannins did not negatively affect milk protein availability. In conclusion, the in-milk supplementation of 6/g day of the chestnut and quebracho tannin extract could be considered a valuable functional feed additive to decrease NCD occurrence, thus supporting animal health and decreasing antibiotic use in livestock.

Short- and medium-chain fatty acids and chestnut tannin extract blend as supplement in poultry feeding: effect on animal performances and gut microbiota communities

Intensive poultry rearing needs preventive strategies against diseases, several of which are little or not containable by vaccinations. Short- and medium-chain fatty acids (SMCFAs) and chestnut tannin (CHT), both by-products of two different industrial production chains, are very effective antimicrobials. The inclusion level of these additives in the diet is fundamental because a detrimental effect on the gut microbiome can occur if the dose is too high, compromising the animal welfare and performance. Hence, the aim of this trial was to test the effect of a blend (BL; 1:1, w/w) of SMCFAs (fatty acids from C4:0 to C9:0) and CHT extract (CTE) as feed additive in broiler feeding. One hundred one-day-old Ross 308 male chicks were randomly assigned to 5 dietary treatments (4 replicates; 20 pens; 5 animals per pen): control diet (CON), FAS diet (with 1.5 g/100g on dry matter (DM) of SMCFAs), CTE diet (with 1.5 g/100g on DM of CHT extract), BL1 diet (with 1.5 g/100g on DM of BL), and BL2 diet (with 3.0 g/100g on DM of BL). Among the parameters evaluated (weight gain; feed intake; feed efficiency; dressing out), the only differences were observed for the feed intake. In particular, the feed intake of CON (2.876 kg), FAS (2.773 kg), CTE (2.882 kg), and BL1 (2.858 kg) were comparable while the feed intake of BL2 (2.717 kg) was lower than the other diets except for FAS which was similar (p = 0.0010). The microbial community in the caecum was described by high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons and was similar between the treatments both in terms of alpha-diversity and beta-diversity. The results of this trial evidenced that no detrimental effect on growth performances or on gut microbiome occurred when birds were fed the blend of SMCFAs and CHT extracts at the inclusion levels tested in this study. HIGHLIGHTS Short- and medium-chain fatty acids and chestnut tannins are alternatives to conventional antimicrobials Natural antimicrobials improve the sustainability of poultry production Short- and medium-chain fatty acids and chestnut tannins did not alter the gut microbiota of broiler

Sustainable Finished Leather Preservation

Part 1 of the current paper described the green synthesis of myrobalan capped copper nanoparticles for the preservation of the finished leather. In Part II of the current study, Copper Nanoparticles (CuNPs) were synthesized using green synthesis with wattle (tannin) extract as a reducing agent. Green synthesis is the preferred approach for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles due to its eco-friendly and cost-effectiveness for the preservation of finished leather. To improve the antibacterial qualities of leather with different types of finishes, the resin finished leather was coated with synthesized wattle copper nanoparticles (W-CuNPs). The chemical constituents of wattle induce the reduction of Cu2+ ions to CuNPs with the capping process and also remain as a stabilizing agent for the capping process. The formation of W-CuNPs was confirmed by UV-Spectroscopy at an absorbance of 467 nm. The identified functional groups such as -OH, C=C, and C-N were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FT-IR) which are responsible for the reduction and stabilization of copper nanoparticles. The spherical shape of the nanoparticles was ascertained by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), whereas Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) studies confirmed the presence of copper with 65%. The average particle size of W-CuNPs was found to be 96 nm. The zeta potential value of -24 mv affirmed the stability of the W-CuNPs. The maximum zone of inhibition was 12 mm against Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis) and 11 mm against Gram-negative (Serratia marcescens) bacteria on W-CuNPs coated finished leather, which exhibits strong antimicrobial activity. Hence, CuNPs synthesized by wattle extract have the potential to preserve the finished leather and its products as an antibacterial agent.

Exploring the role of grape cell wall and yeast polysaccharides in the extraction and stabilisation of anthocyanins and tannins in red wines

This paper explores the relationships between polysaccharides/oligosaccharides and anthocyanins/tannins from berry to wine. It is in the form of a review in which the literature has been considered in the light of the following model: in order to remain stable in musts or wines, anthocyanins or tannins need to be surrounded by oligosaccharides or polysaccharides. Moreover, the extraction and stabilisation of anthocyanins and tannins seem to be driven by polysaccharides at all winemaking stages from berry to wine. Polysaccharides can contribute either negatively or positively to the extraction and stabilisation of polyphenols in wines.

Enhanced Peroxydisulfate (PDS) Activation for Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) Degradation by Modified Sludge Biochar: Focusing on the Role of Functional Groups

Modified sludge biochar, recognized for its notable economic and environmental benefits, demonstrates potential as an effective catalyst for peroxydisulfate (PDS) activation. Nevertheless, the specific mechanisms underlying its catalytic performance require more comprehensive investigation. In this study, a modified biochar (TSBC) doped with oxygen (O) and nitrogen (N) atoms was synthesized from sewage sludge and tannin extract, which significantly enhanced the activation of PDS for the degradation of sulfamethoxazole (SMX). The TSBC/PDS system demonstrated robust performance for SMX degradation, achieving over 90% efficiency over a wide pH range (3–10). Subsequent quenching experiments demonstrated that TSBC predominantly catalyzed PDS to generate O21, which effectively degraded SMX via a non-radical pathway. The O- and N-containing functional groups in TSBC were identified as the primary catalytic sites. Besides, density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that the incorporation of graphitic N significantly improved the adsorption capacity of PDS on the TSBC surface. Furthermore, based on the identification of intermediates and theoretical calculations, SMX was degraded mainly by two different pathways: S-N cleavage and O21 oxidation. This study offers a foundational framework for the targeted modification of sludge biochar, thereby expanding its applications.

The physical quality of elephant grass silage with tannin extract from coffee husk

Forage is a major feed that determines the success of livestock farming, especially ruminants. The silage is one technique to preserve forage to maintain the availability of forage all year. Microbes have an important role in the silage process, microbes can break down nutrient components of silage, including protein. Protein is one of the primary nutrients for animals, tannin compound of coffee husk can be used to maintain protein compounds in the silage. Tannin is a bioactive compound from the extract of coffee husk that is non-toxic, organic, and classified as polyphenols. This research purpose was to know the effect of adding an additive of tannin coffee husk on the physical quality of elephant grass silage. The research was analyzed using a T-Test design with 2 treatments and 5 replications (T0: elephant grass + 2% molasses; T1: elephant grass + 2% molasses + coffee husk tannin). The results indicated that no significant difference in the added tannin extract on the final and initial pH value and organoleptic characteristics of elephant grass silage. The conclusion of the research was the tannin extract of coffee husk can maintain the protein content of elephant grass silage in the ensilage process.

Phytochemical Constituents and Potential of Different Extracts from Eleutherine bulbosa on Skin Infectious Treatment : Anti-fungal, Anti-bacterial, Anti-inflammatory and Cytotoxic Activities

Eleutherine bulbosa is a plant commonly employed in traditional medicine across various tropical regions, including Thailand. The aim of this study was to identify the phytochemical constituents of E. bulbosa, evaluate the inhibitory effects on skin fungal and bacterial pathogens, and examine the anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic properties of extracts obtained from E. bulbosa bulbs through n-Hexane, EtOAc, and EtOH extraction methods. Agar diffusion, MIC, and MBC assays were employed to determine the fungistatic, bacteriostatic, and bactericidal activities. The EtOAc extract of E. bulbosa bulbs demonstrated the highest inhibition against fungal and bacterial strains when compared to other solvents. The results revealed that the EtOAc extract exhibited a potent anti-fungal effect on T. rubrum (the zones of inhibition = 35.00 ± 0.00 mm) comparable to Ketoconazole (the zones of inhibition = 34.33 ± 1.16 mm). The highest antibacterial activity against S. pyogenes was observed, with a zone diameter of 23.00 ± 1.00 mm, while the lowest MIC and MBC values were recorded at 19.53 and 78.12 μg/ml, respectively. Additionally, we demonstrated significant inhibitory properties of E. bulbosa bulbs extracted with n-Hexane on NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells compared to other solvent extracts. This occurred without affecting cell viability across a concentration range of 6.25 to 25 μg/ml. Moreover, the less affected viability of fibroblasts suggests that the extract may be useful in preventing inflammatory diseases mediated by excessive production of NO with low toxicity to normal cells. Phytochemical screening indicated the presence of various compounds with biological activities including alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, and tannins in all different solvent extracts. These findings suggest that E. bulbosa bulb extracts possess beneficial effects and hold potential for further development as a new natural source of multifunctional therapeutic agents, which are safe and effective for a broad spectrum of skin infectious microorganisms and also potentially reduce inflammation that is associated with an infection caused by microorganisms.

Phytochemical and In-vitro Antioxidant Activity of Guiera senegalensis (Combretaceae) Leaf Extracts

Guiera senegalensis is a plant of the Combretaceae family, found in West Africa and Central Africa. It has many properties such as antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, antioxidants, which are the subject of this study. The objective of this study was to realize a qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening, evaluation of the antioxidant activity of the plant leaf extracts. Plant extractions was done in accordance with the methods described by Fonmboh and collaborators on the leaves of the plant; a qualitative phytochemical screening according to the methods described by Shaik and al quantitative phytochemical screening consisting of colorimetric dosage and finally the antioxidant activity was explored in-vitro by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and by the phosphomolybdenum method. This study revealed the presence of primary metabolites such as carbohydrates and proteins but also secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids and coumarins. Quantification analysis demonstrated a significant concentration of these metabolites depending on the extract. Carbohydrates, proteins and polyphenols had a higher concentration in the hydro-ehtanolic extract with concentrations of 45,38 ± 1,88, 1172,31 ± 17,59, 310,27 ± 11,83 µg/ml respectively. Flavonoids, flavonols and alkaloids in the Aqueous maceration extract with concentrations of 145,84 ± 8,34, 169,52 ± 10,13, 320,56 ± 67,52 µg/ml. and Tannins in decoction extract with a concentration of 338,55 ± 12,25 µg/ml. The in-vitro antioxidant activity demonstrated an inhibition percentage of the order of 70.96 ± 0.58% in the extract obtained by hydro-ethanolic maceration. This study confirms the use of the plant in category 1 traditional medicine, and results show a promising potential for developing a category 2 phytomedicine. Future studies should explore the use of phytochemical compounds involved in this antioxidant activity as well as its mechanism.

Augmenting the antioxidant, anti-bacterial and anti-carcinogenic potential of Terminalia chebula and Terminalia bellirica after tannin acyl hydrolase mediated biotransformation

Tannins, the fourth most abundant plant compounds, comprise condensed and hydrolysable types. Proanthocyanidins are flavan-3-ol polymers, while hydrolysable tannins, categorized as gallotannins and ellagitannins, form esters of gallic/ellagic acid and poly-ol. Tannin acyl hydrolase catalyzes hydrolysable tannin breakdown, yielding gallic acid derivatives with antibacterial, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-carcinogenic properties. In this study, we explored hydrolysable tannins in extracts from Terminalia chebula and Terminalia bellirica, focusing on their phenolic and tannin content, as well as enzymatic and biological activities. Quantitative assessments for Total Phenol Content (TPC), Tannic Acid Content (TAC), and Hydrolysable Tannin Content (HTC) were carried out with Terminalia chebula displaying maximum amount of all three i.e. 291.9mg GAE/g DW TPC, 266.7 mgTAE/g DW TAC and 246.6 mg TAE/g DW HTC. LCMS-MS analysis revealed 8 and 13 gallic acid derivatives from T. bellirica and T. chebula, respectively after enzymatic hydrolysis. Following enzymatic treatment, the IC50 values for T. bellirica were slightly higher than T. chebula. The tannase hydrolysed T. chebula demonstrated the highest zone of inhibition against E. coli whereas the un-hydrolysed T. chebula showed minimal inhibition across all four bacterial cultures under study. The hydrolysed extract of T. chebula exhibited significant cytotoxicity after a 20-min hydrolysis, demonstrating a substantial effect with a minimal IC50 value of 83.56 μg/ml against HCT-116 cell line. Our study quantitatively highlights the enhanced bioactive properties conferred by enzymatic hydrolysis of hydrolysable tannins and considerable health benefits associated with these compounds.

Ekstraksi senyawa tanin dalam ampas kopi sebagai sumber daya tanin terbarukan

The increase in global coffee consumption causes an increase in the amount of waste. One of the components of coffee grounds waste that is thrown into the environment is tannin. Tannins are applied in various industries, including the textile, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries. The research aims to observe the effect of temperature and extraction time on tannin content using the ultrasonic extraction method. Extraction was carried out using 80% ethanol solvent with 2 variations, namely, variations in extraction temperature (40, 45, 50, 55, and 60) ˚C and extraction time (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60) minutes. Extracts containing tannins were then analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. Tannin levels were tested qualitatively using FeCl3 and Gelatin, and quantitative analysis was carried out using a UV-VIS Spectrophotometer. The functional groups contained in the tannin extract were tested using the FTIR (Fourier Transform Infra Red) Spectroscopy method. The highest tannin content was obtained at an extraction temperature of 55°C and an extraction time of 10 minutes, amounting to 215.85 mg/g-1. The tannins contained in coffee grounds extract are condensed tannins.

Utilization of Tamarind Seeds Extract as a Natural and Sustainable Fabric Dye

This research focuses on the use of tannin components in tamarind seed coats as a mordant and natural dye in cotton fabrics. Tannins were extracted from the tamarind seed coat by boiling method and then the tannin content was determined. The tannin extract was then used as a natural mordant with the addition of metallic copper sulfate (CuSO4) mordant. Tannin extract is also used as a dye on fabrics with the addition of sodium sulfate (NaSO4). The color strength of the tannins in the fabric was analyzed using a spectrophotometer from the rinse water. The results showed that the cloth that had been given the mordant had a stronger color strength than the cloth without the mordant. The use of mordant was varied at concentrations of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25%-owf. The results of the analysis showed the most optimum tannin concentration at 15%-owf. The concentration of tannin used in the coloring process was also varied at concentrations of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25%-owf. The results of the analysis show that the concentration of tannin used in the dye does not affect the strength of the color, but only affects the brightness of this color.

Chestnut tannin extract modulates growth performance and fatty acid composition in finishing Tan lambs by regulating blood antioxidant capacity, rumen fermentation, and biohydrogenation

Tannins as plant extracts have emerged as promising and potential alternatives for antibiotics in modern livestock cultivation systems. This study investigates the effect of dietary chestnut tannin extract (CTE) in finishing Tan lambs. Twenty-seven male Tan lambs were randomly divided into three groups: (1) control group (CON; basal diet); (2) low-dose CTE group (LCTE; basal diet + 2 g/kg CTE, dry matter [DM] basis); (3) high-dose CTE group (HCTE; basal diet + 4 g/kg CTE, DM basis). The HCTE group exhibited markedly higher average daily gain (ADG) and DM intake than CON (P < 0.01). The ruminal total volatile fatty acid concentration increased linearly with increasing CTE supplementation (P < 0.01), while the opposite trend was observed for butyrate molar proportion (P < 0.01). Upon increasing CTE dosage, plasma glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase content increased linearly (P < 0.05), whereas low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and urea nitrogen decreased linearly or quadratically (P < 0.05), respectively. A linear increase was also observed in ruminal t6 C18:1 and t9, c12 C18:2 proportions (P < 0.01), and plasma C18:2n-6 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids proportions with increased CTE supplementation (P < 0.01). In the longissimus dorsi muscle, the atherogenic index decreased linearly (P < 0.05), while c11 C18:1 and C20:5n-3 increased linearly (P < 0.05). Moreover, c9, t11 conjugated linoleic acids proportion increased in subcutaneous fat with CTE supplementation (P < 0.01). In conclusion, Dietary CTE enhances the ADG of finishing Tan lambs in a dose-dependent manner, modulates plasma metabolites and antioxidant capacity, and improves rumen fermentation and body fatty acid composition. These results provide a reference for the rational application of CTE in ruminant production.

Timing of leaf removal modulates tannin composition and the level of anthocyanins and methoxypyrazines in Pinot noir grapes and wines

This study aimed to investigate the impact of leaf removal on concentrations of anthocyanin, tannin, and methoxypyrazines (MPs) in Pinot noir grapes and wines. Leaf removal after 7 days (LR7), 30 days (LR30), and 60 days (LR60) of flowering were compared with no leaf removal control (LRC). Grapes and resultant wines were analysed for tannin and aroma composition using liquid chromatography and two-dimensional gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. All leaf removal treatments increased anthocyanin concentration in grapes and reduced MP levels in grape stems compared to LRC, indicating the effectiveness of both early and late leaf removal. Leaf removal after 7 days and 30 days were more effective in enhancing colour density, polymeric pigments, and tannin concentration in wines. Higher grape skin tannin and anthocyanin concentrations, along with lower seed tannin concentration in berries, correlated with higher tannin concentrations in wines. LR7 showed significantly higher skin-originated tannin proportion than LRC, suggesting a useful tool to manage tannin extraction. Aroma composition of resultant wines was influenced by leaf removal, although these differences were not evident in the sensory evaluation.