Tangerine Peel Research Articles

Low-cost tangerine peel waste mediated production of Titanium Dioxide Nanocrystals: Synthesis and characterization

Nanocrystalline Titanium Dioxide is a promising nanomaterial with myriads of applications in diverse fields, from biotechnology to space science. Although several different methods have been proposed for the synthesis of such material, just a few have considered both the economic and environmental impact of the production protocols. In this study, based on previous works it is proposed a fast and low-cost green synthesis method of Titanium Dioxide Nanocrystals (TiO2-NCs). This method works by transforming a Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) precursor in TiO2-NCs, using two volumetric ratios of tangerine peels, an organic waste, as bio-mediator of chemical reactions. Nanocrystals produced with this alternative synthesis reduce the environmental impact by effectively using waste that would otherwise end up disposed in sanitary landfills. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis of the obtained TiO2, show nanocrystals with clear boundaries and diameters between 50–150 nm and the presence of nanocrystals agglomerations. The tendency to agglomeration was also confirmed by the dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) measurements show the remaining traces of Calcium and Potassium from the tangerine extract. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns show that TiO2-NCs obtained are composed mainly by anatase crystalline phase (around 90 % anatase and 10 % rutile). UV–vis spectrophotometry shows absorbance characteristic peaks around 300 nm and 350 nm for the TiO2-NCs. Finally, the effects of increasing the volume of tangerine peels extract used in the synthesis were evaluated, showing that a relatively large concentration of phytochemicals is crucial for the growth and formation of TiO2-NCs.

Study on medication rules of modern chinese herbal medicine in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer based on data mining

Objective: Based on data mining technology, we attempted to explore the medication rules of modern traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) compounds in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment, to provide a reference for clinical drug use. Methods: From 2010 to 2017, TCM compounds used for NSCLC treatment were collected from the Beijing 301 Hospital. The modern TCM compounds utilized in the treatment of NSCLC were established in the prescription database. Excel, SPSS 22, and SPSS Modeler14.2 software were utilized for the frequency analysis, factor analysis, cluster analysis, and association analysis. Then, the quantitative and qualitative analyses of the regularity of TCM compound medications were performed, and the possible mechanism was discussed. Results: The treatment of NSCLC using Chinese herbal compounds involved 231 prescriptions, 389 types of Chinese herbs, and 135 types of high-frequency Chinese herbs. Of these, Fritillaria cirrhosa, stir-baked fried Scutellariae, raw Os Draconis, Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf, and Scutellaria barbata were the top five frequently prescribed Chinese herbs. Among the 39 types of drugs, heat-clearing and detoxifying drugs and qi-tonifying drugs were the leading. Cold, warm, flat, slightly cold, sweet, bitter, and pungent of four properties and five tastes and the meridians of lung, spleen, and stomach were most commonly selected. Factor analysis extracted 12 common factors, and the cumulative contribution rate was 65.595%, which mainly contained tonifying qi and blood; tonifying yin, clearing away heat, and eliminating stagnation; tonifying the spleen, regulating qi, and eliminating phlegm. Forty drug groups were obtained by cluster analysis; a total of 63 association rules were obtained by association analysis. The pairs of Poria cocos → dried tangerine peel and fried Atractylodes macrocephala → dried tangerine peel were commonly used in NSCLC, while the three most frequent herb groups were raw Astragalus → fried A. macrocephala and Poria cocos; raw-medicated leaven → fried A. macrocephala and Poria cocos; and dried tangerine peel → fried A. macrocephala and Poria cocos. Conclusion: Lung cancer is mainly caused by qi stagnation, phlegm obstruction, phlegm, and blood stasis. Based on the principle of strengthening the body and dispelling pathogens, clinical treatment of NSCLC involves clearing heat and detoxifying, tonifying the spleen, regulating qi, eliminating phlegm to dispel pathogens, and tonifying qi and blood to strengthen the body.

A nanocomposite consisting of ionic liquid-functionalized layered Mg(II)/Al(III) double hydroxides for simultaneous electrochemical determination of cadmium(II), copper(II), mercury(II) and lead(II).

An electrochemical sensor is described for the simultaneous determination of Cd2+, Cu2+, Hg2+ and Pb2+ using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry. A glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was modified with N,N-dimethyl-N-2-propenyl-2-propen-1-aminium chloride homopolymer ionic liquid doped into magnesium(II)-aluminium(III) layered double hydroxides. The morphology investigations suggest that the material possesses typical interconnected laminated micropores and a mesoporous architecture dispersed on the surface of the GCE. This accelerates mass diffusion and facilitates the deposition-stripping process of metal ions. Key operational parameters including pH, deposition potential, deposition time and the quantity of nanomaterial on the GCE were optimized. The following figures of merit for the ions Cd2+, Cu2+, Hg2+ and Pb2+ are obtained under optimum conditions: (a) detection limits of 250, 25, 250 and 16ngL-1; (b) linear ranges from 0.5 to 20, 0.05 to 20, 0.5 to 20 and 0.05 to 20μgL-1, and (c) peak potentials of -768, +42, +302 and - 541mV (vs. Ag/AgCl). The modified GCE was successfully applied to the determination of these ions in spiked black tea extract and in dried tangerine peel. Graphical abstractSchematic representation of novel electrochemical sensor based on a glassy carbon electrode modified with IL-Mg/Al-LDHs composites for the simultaneous detection of Pb2+, Cd2+, Cu2+ and Hg2+.

Process optimization and modeling of lead removal using iron oxide nanocomposites generated from bio-waste mass.

Pb(II) ions in water bodies is a wide concern to the human beings as wells as aquatic organisms. Among various water-treatment techniques, adsorption is generally preferred, but it applications are limited due to the large amount of adsorbent needed and thus the increased operating cost. In this study, iron nanocomposites (T-Fe3O4) are synthesized from bio-waste mass (tangerine peel) and adsorption experiments are carried out for Pb(II) removal from aqueous solution. The characterization studies confirm the mesoporous hexagonal nano-crystalline structure of T-Fe3O4 nanocomposite having less than 100 nm diameter. The adsorption process was optimized using response surface methodology with a central composite design framework. The study of the interaction effects showed that they have significant effect on adsorption removal efficacy. The curvature nature of the contour plots confirmed the interaction intensity among the independent process variables. Based on the analysis, the optimum conditions to achieve 95% of Pb(II) removal were found to be for an initial concentration of 32.5 g/L, the dosage of 0.625 mg/L, the contact time of 95 min and pH of 4.5. Therefore, results confirm that the green synthesized T-Fe3O4 nanocomposite, which showed good efficiency, can be a potential candidate to achieve sustainable water purification.

Reasons for tangerine peel utilization in the composition of mixed fuels based on bituminous coal

Application analysis of processed tangerine peel in a mixture with T grade coal (lean) as a fuel for hot water boilers is presented. Technical characteristics, as well as conditions and ignition delay times for such mixed fuels at different mass concentrations of the initial components, have been experimentally determined. The experiments were carried out in air at temperatures from 600 ° C to 800 ° C. Record of ignition and combustion processes of composite fuel samples was carried out using a high-speed video camera (image format — 1024 × 1024 pixels, frame rate — up to 1000000 per second), which ensures high discretization of the recording results of characteristic process times. A temperature limit has been identified for the stable ignition of such fuels. It has been established that an increase of tangerine peel proportion in the mixture leads to acceleration of ignition processes of the studied mixed fuels. Reasons for application of fuel mixtures based on bituminous coal and food waste in the small energy sector have been provided.

Ultrasound extraction of bioactive compounds from Citrus reticulata peel using electrolyzed water

The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of acid electrolyzed water, basic electrolyzed water, and slightly acidic electrolyzed water (AEW, BEW, and SAEW, respectively) as solvents in ultrasound (US) to extract bioactive compounds from Citrus reticulata. The influence of the intensity (17–85 W/cm²) and pulse cycles (0.5–1.0 dimensionless) was investigated in relation to the extraction of total phenolics (TP), total flavonoids (TF), and antioxidant activity (FRAP). The extract obtained with US + SAEW presented the highest values for TP (4,324.32 mg GAE.100/g of tangerine peel) and FRAP (663.69 µmol TEAC.100/g of tangerine peel). The highest TF content was found for US + AEW (691.76 mg EQ.100/g of tangerine peel). Response surface methodology showed that higher US intensities improved the extraction of phenolic compounds. Regarding the flavonoid compounds, the highest extractions were obtained at the central points (intensity (51 W/cm²) and cycle (0.75). The results showed that US and electrolyzed water successfully extracted bioactive compounds from tangerine peel; the processing time was also reduced by around 87.5%. These results were higher than those in the literature regarding conventional extraction techniques. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The combination of unconventional techniques (ultrasound and electrolyzed water as solvent) is characterized as a new methodology for the extraction of bioactive compounds from tangerine peel. This technique is environmental friendly due to the use of fruit residues, as well as the absence of organic solvents, and lower levels of energy use. The extract provided a higher content of total phenolics and total flavonoids than conventional methods. The extract can be incorporated into foods to provide nutritional quality and antioxidant properties. This technique is easily incorporated at the industrial level and is low cost after the purchase of the relevant equipment.

Green Silver Nanoparticles Confined in Monolithic Silica Disk-packed Spin Column for Human Serum Albumin Preconcentration

Background: In recent times many new uses have been found for nanomaterials that have undergone homogenous immobilization within porous supports. For this paper, immobilization of SNPs on a thiol-functionalized silica monolith using a fast, easy, environmentally friendly and costeffective process was performed. This was achieved by modifying the surface of a silica-based monolith using thiol groups, and then we fabricated green SNPs in situ, reducing an inorganic precursor silver nitrate solution (AgNO3) by employing tangerine peel extract as a reducing reagent, with Ag-thiol bonds forming along the monument. Doing this allows monoliths to be prepared in such a way that, as TEM analysis demonstrated, SNPs are evenly distributed along the rod's length. Once the materials had been fabricated, they were employed as a sorbent by being placed in a centrifuge. The SNP-thiol functionalized silica monolith was then tested using a standard protein (HSA). Methods: The process involves creating monolithic materials by employing a two-part sol-gel technique before modifying the surface of the silica-based monolith using thiol groups for hosting purposes. Homogenous surface coverage was achieved through the use of a non-toxic "green" reducing reagent (tangerine peel extract) to reduce a silver nitrate solution in place to create SNPs joined to the pore surface of a thiol-functionalized silica monolith, employing bonds of Ag-thiol. Once these materials were synthesized, they were classified by utilizing a number of methods based on SEM coupled with EDAX, TEM, AFM and BET analysis. The silica-based monolith, embedded with constructed SNPs, was employed as a sorbent in the preconcentration of human serum albumin (HSA). Results: The performance of the fabricated materials was measured against a silica-based monolith with no SNPs. Also, a silica monolith with constructed SNPs embedded was employed to capture HSA within a sample of human urine mixed with a double detergent concentrate (SDS). Such a monolith containing functionalized SNPs can be a highly effective sorbent for preconcentration of proteins in complex samples. Conclusion: It was shown to have superior performance compared to a bare silica-based monolith. Additionally, it was shown that a monolithic column modified by SNPs could preconcentrate spiked HSA in urine samples.

Enhancement of epithelial cell autophagy induced by sinensetin alleviates epithelial barrier dysfunction in colitis

Intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction is a key pathology of colitis. Autophagy of epithelial cells maintains homeostasis of the intestinal barrier by inhibiting apoptosis and stimulating degradation of the tight junction protein claudin-2. This study investigated the effects and mechanism of activity of sinensetin, a polymethylated flavonoid isolated from tangerine peel and citrus, on intestinal barrier dysfunction in colitis. Animal model of colitis were established by intracolonic administration of 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid and oral treatment with dextran sulfate sodium. Epithelial barrier function was evaluated by measuring the serum recovery of fluorescein isothiocyanate-4 kD dextran in vivo and transepithelial electrical resistance in Caco-2 cells, respectively. Epithelial cell autophagy assayed by autophagosome formation and expression of autophagy-related protein. Sinensetin reversed colitis-associated increase in intestinal permeability, significantly promoted epithelial cell autophagy, and further decreased epithelial cell apoptosis, and reduced mucosal claudin-2. Sinenstetin alleviated colitis symptoms rats and mice with colitis. Knockdown of 5′ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) reversed the promotion of epithelial autophagy by sinensetin. In conclusion, sinensetin significantly alleviated intestinal barrier dysfunction in colitis by promoting epithelial cell autophagy, and further inhibiting apoptosis and promoting claudin-2 degradation. The results highlighted novel potential benefits of sinensetin in colitis.

Tangeretin Inhibits Oxidative Stress and Inflammation via Upregulating Nrf-2 Signaling Pathway in Collagen-Induced Arthritic Rats

Background/Aims: Tangeretin (TAN), a major phytochemical in tangerine peels and an important Chinese herb, has multiple biological properties, especially antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the mechanisms remain unclear. Based on these findings, the aim of the present study was to assess the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of TAN in bovine type II collagen-induced arthritis rats. Methods: TAN (50 mg/kg) was given orally once daily for 14 days. The effects of treatment were evaluated by biochemical assay (articular elastase, myeloperoxidase, end products of lipid peroxidation [MDA], antioxidant enzyme, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione), nitric oxide, and inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β [IL-1β], ­IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-α], interferon-γ [IFN-γ], and prostaglandin E2 [PGE2]). The protective effects of TAN against rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were evident from the decrease in arthritis scoring. Furthermore, the Nrf-2 signaling pathway was assessed to illustrate the molecular mechanism. Results: TAN had therapeutic effects on RA by decreasing the oxidative stress damage and regulating inflammatory cytokine expression, including suppression of the accumulation of MDA products, decreasing the IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and PGE2 levels, enhancing the IL-10 and the activity of antioxidant enzymes, which was through upregulating Nrf-2 signaling pathway. Conclusion: TAN might have potential as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of RA.

Feasibility Study of Coffee Sludge Mixed with Urban Wastes as Solid Fuel

Coffee sludges are urban wastes that can be used as solid fuel. However, disadvantages of coffee sludge based solid fuel involved its fragile and crumbling properties which cause storage and distribution problem. In this study, we tried to overcome this limit by applying other urban wastes to coffee sludge for obtaining improved quality of solid fuel from coffee sludge. As other urban wastes, we chose bank leaves, dried ginkgo leaves, and tangerine peel and mixed them with coffee sludge at various ratios. Optimal mixing ratio of coffee sludge and urban waste turned out to be 7:3. The mixtures were further analyzed for total moisture, ash content, low heating value, and heavy metal content, which are known as solid fuel quality standard. All results except ash content and total moisture were found to be appropriate for the quality standard. Therefore the coffee sludges mixed with urban wastes demonstrated a great potential as solid fuel.

Identification of Novel Endophytic Yeast Strains from Tangerine Peel.

Seven endophytic yeast strains were isolated from tangerine peel (Citrus reticulata Blanco) and genotyped through clustering with D1/D2 and ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequences from GenBank. Phenotypic characteristics were obtained through commercial kits and through assisted species identification. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production by the yeast strains was assessed using Salkowski reagent and High-Performance Liquid chromatography (HPLC). The growth-promoting effects of the yeast were evaluated using the 'ragdoll' method. CRYb1, CRYb2 and CRYb7 isolates were identified as the closest species Hanseniaspora opuntiae. CRYb3 was identified as Pichia kluyveri. CRYb4, CRYb5 and CRYb6 were identified as Meyerozyma guilliermondii. CRYb1, CRYb5, CRYb6 and CRYb7 were found to be capable of IAA production. The most promising yeast strains now require further evaluation for their ability to promote plant growth in vitro and in vivo. These data increase our knowledge of the distribution and biological properties of endophytic yeast. This is important information that will be required to fully harness the growth-promoting properties of yeast strains.

Green Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Lead Removal from Aqueous Solutions

Pb(II) being carcinogenic and one of the heavy metals which always pose a severe threat to human health. Adsorption is a commonly used method for the removal of heavy metal ions as this process possess high efficiency, easy to handle and cost-effective. Iron oxide based nanomaterial were found to be more attractive for the removal of heavy metals from the aqueous solution because of their size, high surface area, and magnetic. Therefore, in this research study, iron oxide nanoparticles modified with tangerine peel extract (T-Fe3O4) and utilized to carry batch adsorption experiments for the removal of lead from aqueous solutions. It was observed that 99% of Pb(II) adsorption removal was achieved with 0.6 g/L of T-Fe3O4 at an initial concentration of metal at 10 ppm and room temperature of 25°C. The adsorption isotherm was found to be monolayer on the homogeneous surface of the adsorbent. Therefore, the green tangerine peel modified iron oxide nanoparticles can be applied for lead removal from water resources for providing clean and hygienic water for a sustainable and healthier life.

Shaddock peels-based activated carbon as cost-saving adsorbents for efficient removal of Cr (VI) and methyl orange.

A simple and economical method was proposed to synthesize the shaddock peels-based activated carbon (SPAC) for their application as efficient sorbents to eliminate Cr (VI) and methyl orange (MO) from one-component and two-component systems. The synthesis was conducted via activation of phosphoric acid and high-temperature carbonization. The as-prepared SPAC was characterized by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, among other techniques. The adsorption experiment, which used five types of fruit peel (shaddock peels, orange peels, apple peels, banana peels, and tangerine peels), indicated that shaddock peels were the optimal precursors, with the high removal efficiencies for Cr (VI) (21.2%) and MO (54.25%). The effects of various factors (e.g., initial concentration, sorbent dosage, pH values, and contact time) were systematically evaluated. For the one-component system, the maximum adsorption capacities of Cr (VI) (9.95mg/g) and MO (94.59mg/g) reached pH levels 2 and 3, respectively. Kinetic modeling demonstrated that the pseudo-second-order kinetic model was adopted for the one-component and two-component systems. Isotherm studies suggested that Cr (VI) and MO sorption processes in the one-component explained well the Langmuir and Freundlich models, respectively. The extended Freundlich multicomponent isotherm model was more compatible for explaining competitive adsorption in the binary component system. The adsorbed amount of Cr (VI) was markedly suppressed by MO, whereas MO adsorption was not significantly influenced owing to the existence of Cr (VI). The higher adsorption capacity of MO could be mainly attributed to the strong force acting between MO and SPAC. The findings of this study confirmed that SPAC provided a sustainable choice for cycling solid waste shaddock peels to remove hazardous contaminants.

Application of Chemometric Algorithms in the High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography Fingerprint of Traditional Chinese Medicines.

Background: The use of HPTLC fingerprinting for the analysis of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) usually involves several image-processing steps. However, these image-processing steps are time consuming. Objective: We describe a new approach that applies artificial neural networks (ANN) directly to raw high-performance thin-layer chromatography HPTLC images. Methods: This approach combines image processing and chemometric modeling and was used to classify TCMs [dried tangerine eel (Chen Pi), green tangerine peel (Qing Pi), immature bitter orange fruit, and bitter orange fruit (Zhi Qiao)]. Images of the plates were processed with Chempattern and chemometric analysis including PCA, PLS-DA, and kNN were carried out all by ChemPattern. Results: The ANN model has an accuracy of 100.00% in all training, validation, and test sets, indicating excellent predictive performance and good generalization ability. The k-nearest neighbors (kNN) and partial least-square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) models have accuracies of 90.91 and 72.73%, respectively, with the independent test set. The kNN model is also accurate, simple, and can be easily interpreted. Conclusions: HPTLC fingerprinting, combined with advanced image processing and proper chemometric algorithms, is a simple, efficient, and accurate method for the analysis of TCMs. Highlights: HPTLC fingerprints of four TCM crude drugs derived from Citrus spp. were compared by using image analysis algorithms. A new approach that applied ANN directly to raw HPTLC fingerprint images was described. Three image analysis algorithms based on kNN, PLS-DA and ANN are compared in the paper. The ANN model shows excellent predictive performance with high accuracy in test sets.

Acaricidal properties of essential oils from agro‐industrial waste products from citric fruit against Tetranychus urticae

AbstractTetranychus urticae is a major agricultural pest with worldwide distribution that has caused considerable damage to vegetable crops in north‐eastern Brazil. The aim of the present study was to investigate the chemical and lethal/sublethal effects of essential oils from the peels of the lime (Citrus aurantiifolia), lemon (C. limon), mandarin orange (C. reticulata) and (C. reticulata × C. sinensis) as well as selected constituents (linalool, α‐terpineol, α‐pinene, β‐pinene, terpinolene and limonene) against T. urticae. The greatest yield was achieved with the mandarin and tangerine peel oils. The chemical analysis (gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry) of the essential oils from the Citrus fruit peels enabled the identification of 127 compounds, revealing a predominance of monoterpenes. Limonene was the major constituent, and α‐pinene, β‐pinene, linalool and α‐terpineol were found in substantial quantities. Regarding the susceptibility of T. urticae, the Citrus oils and selected constituents were more effective by fumigation than residual contact. The C. reticulata oil was the most toxic by fumigation, and the C. limon oil was the most toxic by residual contact. The constituent α‐terpineol exhibited the highest toxicity with both methods. At a sublethal concentration, the oils and selected constituents had significant effects on the fecundity, feeding preference and oviposition of the mite. Citrus oils and their constituents are potentially useful for the future integrated management of T. urticae due to their lethal and sublethal properties. However, further studies are needed to evaluate the action of these essential oils against non‐target organisms and determine the cost–benefit ratio for the formulation of an acaricide harvested from agro‐industrial waste from citric fruit processing activities for use in the integrated control of T. urticae.

Efficiency of four different dietary preparation methods in extracting functional compounds from dried tangerine peel

Dried tangerine peel (DTP) is an excellent plant resource that has been used as ingredients for both food and traditional Chinese medicine. In this study, the efficiency of four different dietary preparation methods (i.e. soaking, boiling, steaming, and ethanol extraction) in extraction of functional compounds (i.e. flavonoids and essential oil constituents) from DTP was evaluated systematically for the first time. To conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the extraction of the functional compounds, a synthetic evaluation model based on a weighting method was established. The optimum conditions of each dietary preparation method (e.g., time, temperature, solid-liquid ratio, etc.) were determined by response surface methodology. Ethanol extraction showed the best extraction efficiency, followed by soaking, boiling, and steaming. Additionally, different DTP extracts were shown to be clearly distinguished by electronic eye and electronic tongue. This research provides essential findings for the effective dietary instruction of DTP consumption.

감귤청피로부터 분리한 Hesperidin이 간암 세포주 huh7에 미치는 영향

Several efforts have been deployed to cure liver cancer, a high malignant hepatocellular carcinoma in adolescents. However, some challenges such as drug resistance, relapse, and tumor metastasis remain owing to the existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs). There is an urgent need to develop cost-effective and safe therapies. The study was performed to investigate the effects of hesperidin extracted from tangerine peel. Hesperidin (HES), a flavonone glycoside isolated from the citrus fruits such as lemons and oranges, has been reported to have many biological properties including anti-inflammatory, antialleregy activities. The present study aimed to investigate the ability of hesperidin to suppress the migration and invasion of huh7 cells, and to investigate the role of the CXCR-4 cascade in this suppression.

Extracción de aceites esenciales de mandarina (citrus reticulata) y palo santo (Bursera Graveolens) por el método de arrastre de vapor

Los aceites esenciales son fracciones líquidas volátiles, generalmente son mezclas homogéneas de hasta 100 compuestos químicos orgánicos, que se obtienen del material vegetal proveniente de los desechos. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo extraer aceites esenciales de palo santo y de mandarina mediante el método de extracción por arrastre de vapor, para lo cual, se realizó el diseño, construcción y experimentación de un equipo a escala banco, implementando cálculos y fundamentos ingenieriles obtenidos de diferentes fuentes bibliográficas. Las pruebas que se realizaron en el equipo diseñado para la destilación por arrastre de vapor a escala banco presentaron los siguientes resultados: palo santo con rendimientos del 2,7985% y de 4,3425%, mientras que, la cáscara de mandarina obtuvo un rendimiento de 0,0816%, lo cual indica un resultado muy bajo en comparación al palo santo; sin embargo, comparado con otras investigaciones la extracción de aceite de mandarina obtuvo un mayor rendimiento. Palabras clave: aceite esencial, arrastre de vapor, diseño, extracción, mandarina, palo santo.

Spectral Properties of the Interaction Between Hesperidin of Tangerine Peel’s Active Ingredient with Protein

Spectral Properties of the Interaction Between Hesperidin of Tangerine Peel’s Active Ingredient with Protein

Determination of the raw material feeding (Gentiana scabra, Katsumade Galangal Seed and dried tangerine peel) in compound gentian tincture by HPLC-MS/MS

Objective To establish a HPLC-MS/MS method for comprehensive monitor and control of the raw material feeding (Gentiana scabra, Katsumade Galangal Seed and dried tangerine peel), and determination of Gentiopicroside, Alpinetin, Cardamonin and Hesperidin in Compound gentian tincture. Methods The separation was performed on an Inertsil ODS-3 (4.6 mm×150 mm, 5 μm) analytical column with the mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile-0.1% formic acid solution by gradient elution program, and the column temperature was 40 ℃. Active ingredients were separated by HPLC. The Electrospray Ionization Mass (ESI) source was applied and operated in the negative ion mode, and reactions ion monitoring mode (MRM) for quantitative analysis were selected. Results Through the analysis of the samples with mixed extract the same characteristic peak in MS was found to determine the proprietary Chinese medicine according to the prescription feeding process. The calibration curve of Gentiopicroside, Alpinetin,Cardamonin and Hesperidin were linear: 103.26-619.56 μg (r=0.999 0), 109.50-657.00 μg (r=0.999 5), 105.50-633.00 μg (r=0.996 9), 105.02-630.12 μg (r=0.999 5). The precision was Gentiopicroside 0.81%, Alpinetin 0.48%, Cardamonin 0.61% and Hesperidin 1.55% respectively. The average recovery rate were Gentiopicroside 95.08%, Alpinetin 93.28%, Cardamonin 94.78% and Hesperidin 95.04% respectively. Conclusions The method was proved to be simple, accurate, reliable, high sensitivity and can be used for determination and control of the raw material feeding (Gentiana scabra, Katsumade Galangal Seed and dried tangerine peel). Key words: Gentiopicroside; Alpinetin; Cardamonin; Hesperidin; Compound gentian tincture; HPLC-MS/MS