Tanfloc SG Research Articles

Landfill Leachate and Coagulants Addition Effects on Membrane Bioreactor Mixed Liquor: Filterability, Fouling, and Pollutant Removal.

Urban wastewater (UWW) and landfill leachate (LL) co-treatment using membrane bioreactors (MBRs) is a valuable method for managing LL in cities. Coagulants can enhance the filterability of mixed liquor (ML), but the assessment of fouling is still needed. This research aimed to investigate the effects of co-treating synthetic wastewater (SWW) and real LL on an MBR, as well as the impact of adding poly-aluminum chloride (PACl) and Tanfloc SG. Cell-ultrafiltration experiments were conducted with four different feeds: synthetic wastewater, co-treatment with LL (20% v/v), and co-treatment with the addition of 30 mg L-1 coagulants (either PACl or Tanfloc). Co-treatment aggravated flux loss and reduced the recovery rate; however, Tanfloc and PACl improved recovery after cleaning (by 11% and 9%, respectively). Co-treatment also increased cake and irrecoverable/irremovable inorganic resistances, though coagulants reduced the latter, despite a lower fit of the Hermia models during the first hour of filtration. Co-treatment reduced the removal efficiencies of almost all pollutants analyzed, with the most significant impacts observed on the organic fraction. Coagulants, particularly Tanfloc, enhanced overall performance by improving flux recovery and reducing irreversibility, thus benefiting membrane lifespan. In conclusion, Tanfloc addition yielded the best results in terms of filterability and pollutant removal.

Comparative ecotoxicological evaluation of tannin coagulants from black wattle and ferrous aluminum sulfate in the treatment of slaughterhouse effluent

Ecotoxicological assessments are crucial for environmental monitoring as they can pre-dict the adverse effects of ecotoxins, such as coagulants, on the ecosystems using contamination bioindicators. This study evaluated the ecotoxicity of two types of coagulants, an inorganic coagulant, ferrous aluminum sulfate (SF), and a biocoagulant based on tannins extracted from black wattle, used in the treatment of cattle slaughterhouse effluents. The planaria Girardia tigrina, which is used as a bioindicator of toxicity in freshwater ecosystems, was used as the test organism for this study. To select the appropriate tannin coagulant for the effluent under study, two types of biocoagulants were investigated: Tanfloc SG (SG) and Tanfloc MTH (MTH), with SG coagulant showing better performance (98.5 % turbidity removal). In the ecotoxicological test, SG and SF coagulants were compared. Both the tannin-based coagulant SG and the inorganic SF were effi-cient for the treatment of the evaluated effluent, yet their lethal concentrations (LC50 - 96h) with regard to G. tigrina was 32.24 % and 42.24 %, respectively. Thus, our results suggest that the effluent treated with the tannin-based coagulant SG showed greater toxicity to G. tigrina than the inorganic coagulant ferrous aluminum sulfate.

Decolorization of a Simulated Reactive Textile Dyeing Effluent using a Plant-derived Coagulant

The ability of a commercial tannin-based coagulant on the decolorization of a simulated textile effluent containing a reactive dye was studied in batch mode. For comparison, two conventional chemical coagulants (aluminum sulfate and Rifloc 6548-organic coagulant) were also tested. Preliminary assays suggested a higher performance of Tanfloc SG and Rifloc coagulants over the metal salt. Optimization assays conducted for Tanfloc SG, indicated a maximum color removal of 86.4%, recorded at a coagulant dosage of 240 mg/L and at pH 7. A decolorization efficiency of 42.4% was found for the optimized dosage of 144 mg/L at pH 9. At this condition, the treatment cost using Tanfloc was estimated as 0.21 EUR/m3, around twice the Rifloc when used at 96 mg/L, generating 81% of treatment efficiency. Rifloc outperformed Tanfloc, and its use also seemed to be more economical but may have negative impacts on the environment. However, Tanfloc still showed promising results and presented a better performance in terms of sedimentation velocity and floc size.

Preliminary Research on Removal of Organic Substances Contained in Wastewater from Plastic Lenses Production

<p>250 million people worldwide suffer from visual impairment. 64% of them wear glasses. More than 80 percent of all eyeglasses worn today have plastic lenses. Plastic lenses made of polycarbonate discs are created through the process of machining which requires the use of a coolant. The ensuing wastewater contains chips, water, and coolant. In the studied facility, the chips are separated by filtration. Water and coolant are returned to the machine tool. Due to the low particle weight some of the plastic dust flotates and creates foam. If there is too much foamed dust, a skimmer is added. In order to avoid machine damage and product quality deterioration, the mixture in circulation is changed every 24 hours. For the purpose of the study, wastewater was sampled from the plastic lenses facility. It was characterized by a high COD value of 11 200 - 20800 mg/L, a turbidity of 260-870 NTU, and a colour of about 200 mg/L. Wastewater with these parameters should not be discharged into the sewage system. For their treatment, a coagulation process (PAX 18 and PAX XL 19 H, Tanfloc SG) and Fenton process were applied. The application of aluminum coagulants resulted in a maximum reduction of COD of 55%. Maximum COD reduction after the Fenton process was 50.7%.</p>

Optimization of Microalgal Harvesting with Inorganic and Organic Flocculants Using Factorial Design of Experiments

Microalgae have a lot of potential as a source of several compounds of interest to various industries. However, developing a sustainable and efficient harvesting process on a large scale is still a major challenge. This is particularly a problem when the production of low-value products is intended. Chemical flocculation, followed by sedimentation, is seen as an alternative method to improve the energetic and economic balance of the harvesting step. In this study, inorganic (aluminum sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride) and organic (Zetag 8185, chitosan, Tanfloc SG) flocculants were tested to harvest Chlorella vulgaris in batch mode. Preliminary assays were conducted to determine the minimum dosages of each flocculant that generates primary flocs at different pH. Except for chitosan, the organic flocculants required small dosages to initiate floc formation. Additional studies were performed for the flocculants with a better performance in the preliminary assays. Zetag 8185 had the best results, reaching 98.8% and 97.9% efficiencies with dosages of 50 and 100 mg L−1, respectively. Lastly, a 24 full factorial design experiment was performed to determine the effects of the flocculant dosage, settling time, and mixing time on the Zetag 8185 harvesting efficiency. The harvesting efficiency of C. vulgaris was optimal at a dosage of 100 mg L−1 and 3 min of rapid mixing.

Using Tanflos SG to Remove Fine and Ultra-Fine Iron Mineral Particles from Water

One of the biggest challenges in the mineral scenario is concentrating and removing fine particles, as consequence of that, there are a high concentration of mineral inside the Ganga and this reality needs to be changed. Seeking to contribute significantly, this research used the process of DAF (dissolved air flotation), because in this process the bubbles are less than 100 µ, what is fundamental because the fines and ultrafine particles. For the pretreatment was used the biosurfactant Tanfloc SG as much as flocculant and coagulant. Other techniques such as FTIR (Fourier-Transform infrared), Zeta potential and contact angle was used to show the mineral and the biosurfactant characteristics. As a conclusion, the IEP (isoelectric point) was close to pH 8,5 for Tanfloc, but for hematite, with Tanfloc the pH went down to 5,3-6,5 and the DAF depends the biosurfactant concentration, the best results were between 140 and 175 mg/L.

Tannin and chemical-based agents for coagulation and flocculation of landfill leachate

Effluents generated in landfills are difficult to treat and require different forms of treatment to reach the necessary polishing for disposal. Leachate is usually treated in stabilization ponds where pollutants are significantly removed, but it might not be enough for disposal. Thus, we aimed at evaluating the applicability of the natural coagulant Tanfloc SG and the chemical coagulant PAC, with the addition of the anionic flocculation auxiliary polymer (PA), in the coagulation / flocculation processes as a post-treatment of landfill effluents. The tests were carried out by means of a jar test, with coagulant dosage ranging from 0 - 1,250 mg.L-1 and pH values ranging from 5 - 9, in three decantation times. The results showed that both Tanfloc SG and PAC are efficient in clarifying the effluents, even though they act well in different dosage values of coagulants and pH. The polymer dosage did not generate significant improvements in the variations of the variables studied, however, in some experiments it was shown to expand removal range in regards to some variables. The PAC coagulant showed to be efficient in the removal of suspended solids, dissolved materials, colloidals and humic substances, and Tanfloc SG acted mainly in the removal of solids.

Removal of protozoan (oo)cysts and bacteria during microalgae harvesting: Outcomes from a lab-scale experiment

The efficiency of microalgae harvesting on the removal of Giardia spp. cysts, Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts, total coliforms, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp. and Clostridium spp. was assessed in lab-scale experiments (Jartest and Flotatest) using effluent from a flat panel photobioreactor used for Chlorella sorokiniana cultivation. Three harvesting methods were evaluated: (1) flocculation induced by pH modulation followed by sedimentation (pH-SED), (2) flocculation induced by pH modulation followed by dissolved air flotation (pH-DAF), and (3) coagulation using an organic coagulant (Tanfloc SG) followed by dissolved air flotation (Coag-DAF). The results indicated that the three harvesting methods were efficient in removing protozoan (oo)cysts and bacteria, achieving percentages of removal higher than 97% for all the analyzed pathogens. Among the three methods, pH-SED showed the best removal performance: 99.60% (2.5 log) for Giardia spp. cysts, 100% (>6.3 log) for total coliforms, 100% (>4.6 log) for Escherichia coli, 100% (>5.8 log) for Enterococcus spp. and 99.96% (3.6 log) for Clostridium spp. Clostridium spp. seemed to be more tolerant to the harvesting methods than the other groups of bacteria analyzed in the study, and its presence was positively correlated to the presence of Giardia spp. cysts.

Evaluation of natural flocculant efficiency in the harvest of microalgae Monoraphidium contortum

This study assesses two parameters that can result in high efficiency in the recovery of the microalgae Monoraphidium contortum. The significant contribution of this paper is to test different coagulants in different conditions of concentration in the coagulation and flocculation processes followed by sedimentation to evidence the best coagulant and the best condition for harvesting of Monoraphidium contortum biomass. So the proposed methodology aimed to perform preliminary tests using a tannin-based cationic coagulant (TANFLOC SG®), FeCl2, and Al2 (SO4)3, where they were performed at concentrations of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 mg L−1 at a fast mixing speed of 400 RPM. The tests determined 20 mg L−1 of Tanfloc SG® as the most efficient turbidity reduction in the preliminary test. The obtained results were used to construct a non-factorial central composite planning. Therefore, after a design of experiments, the study outcome shows the best turbidity removal range from the main tests came at 35 mg L−1 and 550 RPM of fast mixing speed.

Synthesis of hydrochars derived from industrial laundry sludge and its application in the removal of cationic dye

The textile industry generates large amounts of effluents, often treated by coagulation/flocculation. The tannin-based coagulants produce a high-quality treated effluent and a more biodegradable sludge. Efforts have been made to reuse the sludge, however, the synthesis of hydrochars and activated hydrochars from this residue was never evaluated before. Therefore, this study aimed to produce a novel sludge-based adsorbent, through hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) and KHCO₃ activation, from real laundry wastewater treated with tannin (Tanfloc SG), in order to remove methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solutions. Tanfloc SG coagulant was more effective to reduce color and turbidity than chemical oxygen demand. The best coagulant concentration (140 mg L−1) was selected to produce sludge, the hydrochar (HC-S), and activated hydrochar (AHC-S). The characterization demonstrated that activation volatilized the organic matter, leaving coke and inorganic solids. However, despite the lower carbon content, AHC-S presented a notorious surface area (3005.57 m² g−1). Minerals were presented in the adsorbents and AHC-S showed graphene-like layers. Regarding MB adsorption, pseudo-second-order and Langmuir models fitted kinetic and equilibrium data, respectively. HC-S and AHC-S obtained qmax of 69.77 and 808.83 mg g−1, respectively, and the latter was higher than other activated hydrochars, demonstrating the potential of the adsorbent.

Effects of bioflocculants on lipid extraction, fatty acid composition and reuse of the culture media for biodiesel production using Chlorella vulgaris

ABSTRACT Harvesting techniques based on bioflocculants are promising strategies for sustainable and low-cost microalgae production. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine for Chlorella vulgaris the influence of bioflocculants on lipid extraction and fatty acid profile. Moringa oleifera Lam. seeds and Tanfloc SG achieved flocculation efficiency above 95%. The biomass harvested with M. oleifera seed powder showed higher lipid content (51.5%) in comparison to centrifuged biomass (35.4%), and superior percentage of oleic acid and pronounced decrease in content of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. Besides this, residual media of flocculation process showed to be adequate for microalgae cultivation.

Automotive Wash Effluent Treatment Using Combined Process of Coagulation/Flocculation/Sedimentation–Adsorption

In the treatment of wastewater from vehicle washing, the coagulation/flocculation process using inorganic coagulant is mostly applied; it may or may not be combined with other processes. In literature, few studies use natural coagulants and assess the surfactants’ removal among the physical-chemical parameters, particularly using the adsorption process. In order to fill this knowledge gap, this work aimed to treat the car wash wastewater, applying a combined process of coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation (C/F/S) and adsorption. Process efficiency was evaluated according to the removal of color, turbidity, total solids, volatile solids, total dissolved solids, chemical oxygen demand and surfactants. For primary effluent treatment, C/F/S experiments were performed with Tanfloc SG to investigate the influence of the natural coagulant concentration in color and turbidity removal efficiency. The results showed that 220 mg L−1 was the best coagulant concentration (turbidity = 97.5%; color = 92.5%) (p < 0.05). The supernatant of the C/F/S process was applied to the sequential adsorption process (kinetics and isotherm) with mineral activated carbon. The equilibrium time of the kinetic experiment was established after 2 h of contact, and the Langmuir isotherm model best described the surfactant adsorption behavior (R2 = 0.93; qmax = 5.65 mg g−1). The combined process enhanced the treatment efficiency achieving an overall removal efficiency of 97.3% for color, 98.8% for turbidity, 92.6% for chemical oxygen demand, and 97.2% for surfactants. The combined process proved to be promising for the treatment of car wash wastewater, presenting a reduction surfactant concentration and on the other parameters evaluated, contributing to environmental sustainability.

Use of organic coagulant/flocculant for treatment of effluents generated in intensive rearing of swine

AbstractSeparation of water for reuse is essential in an effluent treatment system, especially in activities with high water consumption, such as a pig production system. The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of Tanfloc SG® coagulant tannin/organic flocculant used to treat effluent generated during the intensive rearing of swine. For the evaluation, laboratory and in situ tests (field test) were performed. The laboratory tests were performed to define the concentration (1 and 16%), dosage (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0, and 16.0 milliliters of the solution), and time (24, 48, 72, and 96 hours) of coagulation/flocculation treatment of the solid portion of the effluent. The parameters pH, turbidity, oxidation reduction potential, dissolved oxygen, and electroconductivity (in microsiemens per centimeter) were evaluated using a multiparameter probe and the parameters ammonia (NH3), nitrate (NO3), and nitrite (NO2) in the laboratory, in relation to the coagulation/flocculation time of the solid part of the effluent. The use of tannin as a coagulant/flocculant of plant origin in the treatment of swine effluents was effective in reducing turbidity and concentrations of ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate, and it allowed separation of the solid–liquid phase in approximately 68% as liquid phase.

Coagulation and dissolved air flotation as a harvesting method for microalgae cultivated in wastewater

Microalgae harvesting is the major bottleneck for biomass production on a large-scale. In this study, coagulation followed by dissolved air flotation (DAF) was used as a harvesting method for Chlorella sorokiniana cultivated in wastewater. The harvesting performance was evaluated using four coagulants (aluminum sulphate, ferric chloride, Tanfloc SG and Zetag 8185) usually used in water or wastewater treatment. All coagulants tested showed high flotation efficiency at different conditions of dosage, pH and flotation velocity. The optimal doses were 10 mg L−1 Zetag 8185; 75 mg L−1 Tanfloc SG; 500 mg L−1 Al2(SO4)3, and 1000 mg L−1 FeCl3 at pH 7, which showed the maximum efficiency of 98.4, 94.5, 95.4, 96.7% at 8 cm·min−1, respectively. Moreover, the photobioreactor effluent quality significantly improved after harvesting tests using the optimal doses. High removal was reached for turbidity (93.7–96.2 %), apparent color (91.7–92.3 %), TKN (90.2–92.6%), total phosphorus (89.4–90.9 %) and TSS (88.6–92.5 %). The use of metal salts requires caution due to the high residual concentration of iron and aluminum in the final effluent.

UTILIZAÇÃO DO TANFLOC SG COMO AUXILIAR DE COAGULAÇÃO DO POLICLORETO DE ALUMÍNIO NO TRATAMENTO DE ÁGUA BRUTA DO RIO SANTO ANASTÁCIO

Water treatment is necessary to remove substances that can bring harm to the health os the population. In the complete cycle treatment plants, the chemical coagulants are used in the clarification step, generally with the presence of aluminum and iron salts, for example Aluminum Polychloride (PAC). The process can be expensive because the chemical coagulants generate residuals after being used, so one way to avoid the impacts is the choice of organic coagulants as aids in coagulation. In this context, the objective of the research was to analyze the efficiency of the organic coagulant Tanfloc SG as an auxiliary of the PAC in the treatment of raw water of the Santo Anastácio river. The analyzes showedthat the parameters in the water after treatment did not reach the expected objective, and new analyzes are necessary to identify the ideal use of the organic coagulant Tanfloc SG in the water treatment of the Santo Anastácio river.

Aplicabilidade de coagulantes a base de tanino em estações de tratamento de água

O estabelecimento de práticas que priorizam os aspectos relacionados ao meio ambiente e a saúde pública tem questionado a aplicação de sais de alumínio e ferro como coagulantes em estações de tratamento de água, uma vez que tais produtos possuem em sua composição elementos que podem comprometer o equilíbrio de ecossistemas, além de serem responsáveis por efeitos deletérios a saúde. Esse estudo avaliou a remoção de sólidos suspensos e coloidais da água, em termos de turbidez e cor verdadeira, de um manancial localizado no município de Campina Grande – Paraíba. Foram realizados ensaios de coagulação/decantação/floculação com aparelho Jar test, sendo utilizados coagulantes orgânicos, a base de tanino (Tanfloc SG e Tanfloc SL), e inorgânicos, Cloreto Férrico e Sulfato de Alumínio. Diferentes dosagens e velocidades de sedimentação foram empregadas, além disso, foi verificada a influência desses fatores nos parâmetros obtidos para a água decantada. Os resultados dos ensaios apontaram um melhor desempenho do coagulante orgânico Tanfloc SL, já os métodos estatísticos indicaram independência da velocidade de sedimentação por parte dos coagulantes orgânicos e dependência para os de natureza inorgânica. Desta forma, a adoção do coagulante orgânico tipo Tanfloc SL é uma alternativa factível e sustentável para as estações de tratamento de água.

Removal of iron ore slimes from a highly turbid water by DAF

ABSTRACTThis paper addresses Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) process variables, such as the flocculation parameters and the recycle water addition, as well as the pretreatment chemical variables (coagulation conditions), to determine the optimal values for the flotation of iron ore slimes found in a highly turbid water sample from the Gualaxo do Norte River, a tributary of the Doce River Basin in Minas Gerais, Brazil. This work was conducted using a flotatest batch laboratory-scale device to evaluate the effectiveness of DAF for cleaning the water polluted by the Samarco tailings dam leakage and determine the ability of DAF to reduce the water turbidity from 358 NTU to values below 100 NTU, aiming to comply with current legislation. The results showed that the four types of tested coagulants (PAC, ferric chloride, Tanfloc SG and Tanfloc SL) provided adequate conditions for coagulation, flocculation and flotation (in the range of 90–99.6% turbidity reduction). Although the process variables were optimized and low residual turbidity vales were achieved, results revealed that a portion of the flocs settled at the bottom of the flotatest columns, which indicated that the turbidity results represented removal caused by a combination of flotation and sedimentation processes simultaneously.

Use of different coagulants for cassava processing wastewater treatment

The processes necessary for transformation of cassava into starch generate several residues, among them cassava wastewater (manipueira) that has high pollutant load. For the effluent treatment system it is essential to remove sedimented suspended solids, which can be performed by the coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation process (C/F/S), requiring a comparative study between coagulants for the successful selection of the coagulant and its dosage. Therefore, the aim of this work was to investigate the efficiency of different coagulants in color and turbidity removal of starch industry effluent. In this way, jar-test experiments were conducted. Four natural commercial coagulants (Acquapol WW, Acquapol S5T, Tanfloc SL, Tanfloc SG) and a chemical coagulant (Al2SO4) were tested at concentrations of 160, 320, 480, 640 and 800 mg L−1, setting the fast mixing stage for 2 min at 120 rpm and the slow mixing stage for 15 min at 20 rpm, at natural pH of the effluent. Among the studied coagulants, natural commercial coagulants presented greater efficiency of color and turbidity removal when compared to chemical coagulant, besides having the advantage of being non-toxic and from renewable source. All coagulants had a minimum sedimentation time of 15 min. The best natural coagulant (Acquapol S5T and Tanfloc SL) concentration determined from statistical analysis (ANOVA, p-value <0.05; Turkey’s test, p-value >0.05) was 320 mg L−1, capable in removing color (≥77.5%) and turbidity (≥88.5%) parameters for treatment of the studied effluent. The C/F/S process employing these two selected coagulants proves to be an effective physico-chemical method for primary treatment of this type of effluent, contributing to the improvement in wastewater quality.

A Comparison Between Coagulation and Ultrafiltration Processes for Biodiesel Wastewater Treatment

The progressive increasing on biodiesel production has been generating a large amount of wastewater due to the biodiesel purification process. The present work aims to develop and evaluate different processes to improve the quality of biodiesel wastewater to achieve legislation requirements for its final disposal. In order to do that membrane filtration and coagulation processes were tested. Micro and ultrafiltration ceramic membranes obtained by isostatic pressing were used for the cross-flow filtration process and tannin coagulant (Tanfloc SG) was employed in the coagulation process. A pre-treatment for grease removal was accomplished by adding sulfuric acid the wastewater until pH 2.5. Ultrafiltration membrane (alumina-zirconia and sintered at 1,500 °C) showed better results for color, turbidity and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal. These tests were conducted at a transmembrane pressure of 2 bar and keeping constant the other operational parameters. Once the best membrane was determined, the variation of transmembrane pressure was investigated by increasing it to 3 bar. The alumina zirconia ultrafiltration membrane, using the pre-treated wastewater, had a COD, color and turbidity removal of 19.5, 74.1 and 100%, respectively. The biodiesel wastewater was submitted to coagulation experiments for different pH values and tannin concentration. Through the coagulation tests, the pre-treated effluent with the higher tannin concentration, at pH of 8, had better results when compared to the untreated wastewater. The best coagulation results showed a COD, color and turbidity removal of 73, 69 and 75%, respectively. Both ultrafiltration and coagulation presented good efficiency for organic matter removal, but the coagulation process reached higher COD removal.

Optimization of flocculation with tannin-based flocculant in the water reuse and lipidic production for the cultivation of Acutodesmus obliquus

ABSTRACTThis paper evaluated the optimization of natural flocculant in different conditions in a tubular photobioreactor using swine wastewater effluent as culture media in a pilot-scale microalgae production plant. This study aimed to assess the flocculation efficiency of Tanfloc SG via a central composite design (CCD), with varying Tanfloc SG concentration, biomass concentration and pH. Subsequently, the microalga Acutodesmus obliquus was cultivated in medium obtained from the recycled recovery of microalgae cells via flocculation with Tanfloc SG. Results showed that the recycled medium after flocculation with Tanfloc SG had a positive effect on the biomass and lipid production of A. obliquus.