Tamarind Seed Gum Research Articles

Whey protein isolate-tamarind seed gum complexes stabilized dysphagia friendly high internal phase emulsions: The effects of pH conditions and mass ratios

Dysphagia is a common malfunction affecting a large population worldwide, yet the range of food available to the patients is limited. The objective of this study was to utilize a complex of whey protein isolate (WPI) and tamarind seed gum (TG) as novel emulsifiers to stabilize HIPEs, and further explore WPI-TG-based HIPEs' potential as dysphagia-friendly foods for special medical purposes (FSMP). The results indicated that WPI-TG forms complexes through hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions (pH 3 and 4). Additionally, TG induced changes in the secondary and tertiary structures of WPI. The particle size of HIPEs prepared from WPI-TG complexes was found to be reduced. Meanwhile, with the decrease in pH from 7 to 3, the variation in complexes ζ-potential led to an initial increase followed by a subsequent drop in the particle size of HIPEs. The rheological results indicated that WPI-TG-based HIPEs exhibit low-risk swallow characteristics, including shear thinning, high storage modulus, and good recovery ability. Further analysis using the IDDSI testing demonstrated that WPI-TG-based HIPEs under pH 3 and 4 can potentially be dysphagia-friendly FSMPs. After undergoing thermal treatment or long-term storage, WPI-TG-based HIPEs at pH 3 and 4 consistently maintained compliance with the IDDSI testing. These findings provided valuable insights for the future utilization of HIPEs in developing dysphagia-friendly FSMPs.

Preparation and Characterization of Iguratimod Oral Formulation Using IPNs of Carboxymethyl Tamarind Seed Gum and Cyclodextrin Nanosponges

Preparation and Characterization of Iguratimod Oral Formulation Using IPNs of Carboxymethyl Tamarind Seed Gum and Cyclodextrin Nanosponges

Characterization of hybrid nanofibrils composed of xyloglucan and disintegrated bacterial cellulose

Nata puree (NP)—obtained by disintegrating nata de coco (bacterial cellulose [BC]) using a household blender—can be combined with tamarind seed gum (TG) to generate NPTG. In this study, BC fibrils (BC-TG) were prepared by removing free TG from NPTG and characterized. BC-TG exhibited high water dispersibility and relatively long nanofibrils (> 20 μm). We examined the distribution of xyloglucan, the main component of TG, on BC nanofibrils using immunofluorescence staining with calcofluor white, which stains the hydrophilic cellulose surface, and found that xyloglucan was adsorbed at different sites along the fibers. This indicated that BC-TG was a composite nanofibril of xyloglucan and BC. Furthermore, BC-TG showed a higher degree of adsorption on hydrophobic plastic substrates than BC did, suggesting a change in the surface properties of BC. Because the BC-TG preparation process is simple, requires only water and raw materials, and does not involve chemical reactions, it is expected to be an environmentally friendly method for the preparation and modification of BC nanofibrils.

The utilization of tamarind seed gum as a novel dolomite depressant in the selective flotation of apatite from dolomite

In this study, the separation of apatite from dolomite was first investigated by using tamarind seed gum (TSG) to depress the flotation of dolomite in sodium oleate (NaOL) collector system. The effects of pH and flotation reagents concentration were studied, and the results indicated that TSG could strongly depress the dolomite floatability rather than apatite floatability. A satisfactory separation effect was realized when pH was 9.0, TSG dosage was 10 mg/L and NaOL dosage was 40 mg/L, at which the recovery of single apatite and dolomite was 80.28 % and 3.46 % respectively, and the grade of P2O5 and the recovery of P2O5 of the concentrate was 35.86 % and 76 % respectively in mixed ore flotation experiments. To reveal the adsorption mechanism, the flotation reagents adsorption morphology, adsorption type, and adsorption site were analyzed through AFM images, zeta potential measurements, FT-IR spectra, and XPS spectra, respectively. It was found that TSG was adsorbed on apatite by hydrogen bond while adsorbed on dolomite by chemical bond. Hydrogen bond was weaker than chemical bond, thus NaOL could still express the strong adsorption on apatite surface when TSG was used as depressant, while TSG could impede NaOL to be adsorbed on dolomite. Therefore, TSG selectively restrained the flotation of dolomite, achieving the separation. Furthermore, the XPS results uncovered that the Ca and Mg of dolomite were the main active sites that react with TSG.

Impact of tamarind seed gum on the viscosity behavior, thermal properties, and extrusion characteristics of native corn starch

Tamarind seed gum (TSG) is a cold-swelling hydrocolloid with remarkable processing stability and starch synergy. Its use in direct expanded extruded foods has not been documented. The thermal and pasting viscosity properties of six TSG (0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.5%, 5.0%, and 7.5% TSG) and native corn starch blends were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry and ViscoQuick, respectively. These same blends were extruded using a corotating twin-screw extruder at four screw speeds (SSs) (150, 300, 450, and 600rpm). System back pressure, motor torque, and specific mechanical energy (SME) were measured. Extrudate quality metrics, such as expansion ratio (ER), water absorption index (WAI), and water solubility index (WSI), were also measured. The pasting viscosities indicated that TSG inclusion increases viscosity but also makes the starch-gum paste more susceptible to permanent shear degradation. The thermal analysis indicated that TSG inclusion narrowed the melting endotherms and lowered the energy required for melting (p<0.05) at higher inclusion levels. Extruder back pressure, motor torque, and SME decreased with increasing TSG levels (p<0.05) as the TSG effectively lowered the melt viscosity at high usage rates. The ER reached a maximum of 3.73 with a 2.5% TSG level extruded at 150rpm (p<0.05). The WAI of extrudates increased with TSG inclusion rate at equivalent SSs, whereas WSI behaved oppositely (p<0.05). Small inclusions of TSG can improve the expansion properties of starch, whereas larger inclusions result in a lubrication effect that mitigates the shear-induced depolymerization of starch. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The impact of cold-water soluble hydrocolloids, including tamarind seed gum, on the extrusion process, is poorly understood. From this work, tamarind seed gum effectively modifies the viscoelastic and thermal characteristics of corn starch in a way that enhances the direct expansion characteristics of the starch during extrusion processing. The effect is more beneficial at lower gum inclusion levels as higher levels result in reduced capabilities to translate shear from the extruder into useful transformations of the starch polymers during processing. Small amounts of tamarind seed gum could be used to improve the quality of extruded starch puff snacks.

Thermal Behaviour of Tamarind Seed Kernel Based Bio-Composites Intended for Thermal Insulation

Objective: Current research is aimed to emphasize the use of bio-based composites in the form of thermal insulation, achieving complete degradability. Low density bio-composites have gained moderate importance as its development is in its primitive stage because of the processing and preparation issues. Methods: A preliminary investigation is carried out based on the results of the selected reinforcements Eggshell (ES), Groundnut Pod (GP), and Paper Cellulose (PC) with Tamarind Seed Gum (TSG) binder to justify the thermal behaviour in terms of thermal conductivity, thermal resistivity and diffusivity of various compositions; also conducted morphological characterization to justify molecular level bonding phenomenon. The fungal development on the composites is predominant and is addressed by use of additives, the additive samples are tested and analysed for change in properties. Findings: The preliminary experimental results motivated the use of PC reinforcement for further investigation. The samples of various compositions are synthesized for further testing. The average ‘k’ obtained from ES, GP, and PC based composites is 0.13, 0.083 & 0.052 W/mk respectively. The PC based composites depicted promising results in contrast with the commercially used insulation materials. Novelty: Considering the harmful effect of commercially used non-degradable insulation materials, an attempt is made in this research to synthesize a new completely biodegradable composite material for thermal insulation. Keywords: Morphology; thermal properties; theoretical model; biocomposites; density

Manufacture of 2D-Printed Precision Drug-Loaded Orodispersible Film Prepared from Tamarind Seed Gum Substrate

Two-dimensional (2D) printing is a simple technology that shows the possibility for the preparation of personalized pharmaceutical dosage forms. This technology can accurately print medicine in different sizes, which can be applied to develop a personalized, drug-loaded orodispersible film for patients with dysphagia. Seed gum from Tamarindus indica Linn was selected as the film former of the printing substrate, and sorbitol was applied as a film plasticizer. Theophylline was used as a printed model drug due to its narrow therapeutic index. From the results, the mechanical properties of the film indicated that increasing the level of sorbitol improved the flexibility and strength of the film, which rendered the gum film suitable as a printing substrate. Conversely, raising portions of the gum (more than 3.5%) led to the use of rigid and stress-resistant films that can crack during the printing process. The Fourier transform infrared result revealed that there was no interaction between theophylline and the gum after the printing process. The printed theophylline was mainly in an amorphous form based on the X-ray diffraction results. Furthermore, theophylline was deposited at the surface of the gum substrate after the drug-printing process, as depicted in the scanning electron microscope images. The printed drug on the orodispersible film can be accurately determined by varying the printing size/repeat. Lastly, the drug was completely released from the orodispersible film within 5 min. The research results showed the possibility of utilizing tamarind seed gum as a potential printing substrate for the 2D drug-printing technique. Moreover, this can be applied as an electronic prescribing system for telemedicine in the future.

Enhancing flotation separation effect of fluorite and calcite with polysaccharide depressant tamarind seed gum

Tamarind seed gum (TSG), a neutral polysaccharide extracted from the endosperm of tamarind seeds, was used as depressant to separate fluorite and calcite for the first time. Micro-flotation experiment results revealed that TSG has great influence on the floatability of calcite at pH range of 6–11, the flotation recovery of calcite was only 6.61% at pH 9.0, while the floatability of fluorite still kept excellence (flotation recovery 88.05%). Artificial mixed mineral experiment results indicated that TSG as depressant can successfully separate fluorite from calcite. Zeta potential analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis results indicated that the adsorption capacity of NaOL on fluorite surface was much stronger than that of calcite in the presence of TSG. It was found that many active hydroxyl groups in TSG can complex with Ca2+ on the surface of calcite to prevent the adsorption of NaOL, while the interaction between NaOL and fluorite was still intense. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images indicated that calcite surface presented a dense aggregation adsorption and higher roughness after treated with TSG. All results confirmed that there are significant differences in the adsorption behavior of TSG between fluorite and calcite, and separating the two minerals can be efficiently achieved by adding TSG.

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Tamarind Seed Gum as Reducing and Stabilizing Agent

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Tamarind Seed Gum as Reducing and Stabilizing Agent

The Effect of Tamarind Seed Gum on the Qualities of Gluten-Free Cakes

The effect of 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.8% cold-water soluble tamarind seed gum on batter density, viscosity, and volume of gluten-free layer cakes made with rice flour was evaluated herein. It was observed that the addition of 0.4% tamarind seed gum gave better cake batter volume and was similar to cakes made with wheat flour. Texture profile analysis, color, proximate composition, water activity, total phenolics content, shelf life, and a sensory evaluation of a gluten-free cake with 0.4% tamarind seed gum were compared to a cake made with wheat flour and rice flour. Gluten-free cakes made with 0.4% tamarind seed gum had higher dietary fiber, sensory scores (appearance, texture, and overall acceptability), and longer shelf life than that of the control. Incorporation of 0.4% tamarind seed gum is recommended for gluten-free baked products as it results in more desirable sensory scores and a longer shelf life.

Oil-in-water emulsions containing tamarind seed gum during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion: rheological properties, stability, and lipid digestibility.

Polysaccharides may enhance/inhibit lipid digestibility of oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions because of their emulsifying and/or stabilizing ability and can also affect the formation, stability, and viscosity of emulsions. Tamarind seed gum (TSG) was used as the sole emulsifier/stabilizer to stabilize an O/W emulsion prepared using high-speed homogenization. We investigated the effects of various TSG concentrations (50-150 g kg-1 ) on the lipid digestibility, rheological properties, and stability of O/W emulsions during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. A low concentration (50 g kg-1 ) and a high concentration (150 g kg-1 ) of TSG reduced lipid digestibility by about 33% and 45%, respectively, compared to the control sample (without TSG). However, the emulsion containing the intermediate TSG concentration at 100 g kg-1 was the most efficient in the inhibition of lipid digestion, reducing lipid digestibility by about 70% compared to that of the control sample. The stability of emulsion tended to enhance as the concentration of TSG increased. The size of oil droplets before passing through the intestinal phase and the viscosity of the intestinal digested system may be important factors for enhancing/inhibiting lipid digestibility of emulsions. The destabilization of the emulsion during digestion was not clearly detected by rheological analysis because rheological characteristics (e.g. flow behavior index) were mainly driven by TSG. The addition of TSG in O/W emulsions inhibited lipid digestibility. TSG at a concentration of 100 g kg-1 was the most efficient in the inhibition of lipid digestibility, suggesting that TSG is an attractive alternative ingredient for control of lipid digestibility of emulsion foods. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

A comparative study on texture, gelatinisation, retrogradation and potential food application of binary gels made from selected starches and edible gums

The effects of the addition of edible gums (xanthan gum (XG), flaxseed gum (FG), konjac glucomannan (KGM) or tamarind seed gum (TSG)) on texture, gelatinisation and retrogradation of selected starches were investigated. XG and KGM significantly (p < 0.05) reduced syneresis of rich starch gels, from 62.5% to 13.1% and 62.5% to 21.2%, respectively. Moreover, the addition of gums resulted in softer binary gels, the hardness of lotus root starch was reduced from 39.07 to 14.08 g with the increase in XG content. Additionally, FG and TSG significantly increased the peak viscosity of mung bean starch (MBS) gels from 4372 to 10,285 cp. This facilitated the use of MBS gels as thickeners in foods. Binary gels improved the heat stability of starch gels, thus, widening its application in the preparation of baked foods. Binary gels could be used as additives in food production to improve the overall quality of foods.

DEVELOPMENT OF NATURAL AND MODIFIED GUM BASED SUSTAINED-RELEASE FILM-COATED TABLETS CONTAINING POORLY WATER-SOLUBLE DRUG

Objective: The objective of this work was to the development of natural and modified gum based sustained-release film-coated tablets containing poorly water-soluble drug.&#x0D; Methods: Tamarind seed gum (TSG), fenugreek seed gum (FSG), sodium trimetaphosphate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), sodium alginate (SA), and nifedipine (NFD) were used. The core tablets of nifedipine were prepared and evaluated for weight, diameters, thickness, hardness, and disintegration time. The core tablets were coated using 2% w/v solution of TSG, MTSG, FSG, and MFSG. The in vitro release rate of drug from these coated tablets was compared with the release rate of drug from the tablets coated with 2% w/v of HPMC.&#x0D; Results: The tablets coated with natural and modified TSG sustained the release of the drug up to 11 h and 14 h, respectively, and natural and modified FSG sustained release the drug up to 9 h and 11 h, respectively. The tablets coated with HPMC sustained released the drug up to 15 h. The drug release profile of tablets coated with modified TSG was comparable to the release profile of tablets coated with HPMC.&#x0D; Conclusion: On the basis of the release profile, it is concluded that unmodified and modified TSG can be used as release rate-controlling membrane.

Development of Natural Gum Based Sustained Release Tablets of Propranolol hydrochloride

Objective: The objective of this work was to investigate the film coating potential of natural and modified, tamarind seed gum and fenugreek seed gum using propranolol HCl as model drug. Materials and Methods: Tamarind seed gum (TG), fenugreek seed gum (FG), sodium trimeta phosphate (STMP), propranolol HCl, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), sodium- alginate (SA). Core tablets of propranolol HCl were prepared and evaluated for weight, disintegration time, diameter, hardness, friability and disintegration time. The core tablets were coated using 2% w/v solution of TG, MTG, FG, MFG. The in-vitro release rate of drug from these coated tablets was compared to the release rate of drug from the tablets coated with 2% w/v of HPMC. Result: The tablets coated with natural and modified tamarind seed gum sustained the release of the drug up to 11hrs and 12hrs, respectively and natural and modified fenugreek seed gum sustained release of the drug up to 8hrs and 10 hrs respectively. The tablets coated with HPMC sustained release of the drug up to 14 hrs. The drug release profile of tablets coated with modified tamarind seed gum was comparable to the release profile of tablets coated with HPMC. Conclusion: On the basis of the release profile it is concluded that unmodified and modified TSG can be used as release rate controlling membrane.

Tamarind Seed Gum as Adhesive for Pelleting in Tomato Cv. PKM1

Tamarind Seed Gum as Adhesive for Pelleting in Tomato Cv. PKM1

Tamarind seed gum-hydrolyzed polymethacrylamide-g–gellan beads for extended release of diclofenac sodium using 32 full factorial design

Development of tamarind seed gum (TSG)-hydrolyzed polymethacrylamide-g-gellan (h-Pmaa-g-GG) composite beads for extended release of diclofenac sodium using 32 full factorial design is the main purpose of this study. The ratio of h-Pmaa-g-GG and TSG and concentration of cross-linker CaCl2 were taken as independent factors with three different levels of each. Effects of polymer ratio and CaCl2 on drug entrapment efficiency (DEE), drug release, bead size and swelling were investigated. Responses such as DEE and different drug release parameters were statistically analyzed by 32 full factorial design using Design-Expert software and finally the formulation factors were optimized to obtain USP-reference release profile. Drug release rate was found to decrease with decrease in the ratio of h-Pmaa-g-GG:TSG and increase in the concentration of Ca2+ ions in cross-linking medium. The optimized formulation showed DEE of 93.25% and an extended drug release profile over a period of 10h with f2=80.13. Kinetic modeling unveiled case-I-Fickian diffusion based drug release mechanism.

Physical Properties of Plant Fibers (Sisal, Coir) and Its Composite Material with Tamarind Seed Gum as Low-Cost Housing Material

ABSTRACTIn this study, the physical properties of sisal and coir fibers have been described. Using manual extraction procedures, the sisal fibers were extracted from the sisal plant and coir fibers from the coconut palm. Thermal analysis by differential scanning calorimetry, structural morphology by scanning electron microscopy, and the degree of sharpness of the equatorial reflections of the X-ray fiber diffraction pattern were recorded for the untreated sisal and coir fibers. Tensile strength was determined for the single fiber and the results are correlated with the tensile strength of bundle fibers. Composite material has been prepared with this plant fiber as a filler and tamarind seed gum as a matrix material. The endosperms of roasted tamarind seeds were used for the preparation of tamarind seed gum solution. The different temperature condition maintained for roasting the seeds are 130°C, 160°C, and 180°C. The tensile strength of the prepared composite material is measured and it shows dependency of the roasting temperature condition of the tamarind seed. Scanning electron microscopy and water resistivity test were conducted, and the results were reported for the prepared composite material. Low-cost housing is made using this biodegradable sisal fiber--tamarind seed gum composite material.

Gastroretentive extended release of metformin from methacrylamide-g-gellan and tamarind seed gum composite matrix

Formulation of a gastroretentive extended release tablet of metformin based on polymethacrylamide-g-gellan (Pmaa-g-GG)-tamarind seed gum (TSG) composite matrix is the main purpose of this study. Tablets were prepared employing wet granulation method taking amount of Pmaa-g-GG, TSG and NaHCO3 (SBC, buoyancy contributor) as independent formulation variables. The tablets were then evaluated for in vitro drug release, buoyancy, ex vivo mucoadhesion, swelling and surface morphology. Compatibility between drug and excipients was checked by DSC, FTIR and XRD analysis. Buoyancy-lag-time, mucoadhesive strength, % drug release and release-rate constant were statistically analyzed using Design-Expert software (version 9.0.4.1) and the formulation was then numerically optimized to obtain USP-reference release profile. The optimized formulation showed excellent buoyancy over a 10h period with buoyancy lag time of 2.76min, significant mucoadhesion and drug release over a period of 10h with f2=71.58. Kinetic modeling unveiled anomalous non-Fickian transport based drug release mechanism.

Evaluation of Chitosan Based Polymeric Matrices for Sustained Stomach Specific Delivery of Propranolol Hydrochloride

The objective of the present investigation was to explore the potential of Chitosan based polymeric matrices as carrier for sustained stomach specific delivery of model drug Propranolol Hydrochloride. Briefly, single unit hydrodynamically balanced (HBS) capsule formulations were prepared by encapsulating in hard gelatin capsules, intimately mixed physical mixtures of drug, and cationic low molecular weight Chitosan (LMCH) in combination with either anionic medium viscosity sodium alginate (MSA) or sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMCNa). The effect of incorporation of nonionic polymers, namely, tamarind seed gum (TSG) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCCP), was also investigated. It was observed that HBS formulations remained buoyant for up to 6 h in 0.1 M HCl, when LMCH : anionic/nonionic polymer ratio was at least 4 : 1. It was also observed that LMCH has formed polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) with MSA (4 : 1.5 ratio) and CMCNa (4 : 1 ratio) in situ during the gelation of HBS formulations in 0.1 M HCl. The retardation in drug release was attributed to the PEC formation between LMCH and MSA/CMCNa. Incorporation of MCCP (rapid gel formation) and TSG (Plug formation) was found to be innovative. From the data, it is suggested that Chitosan based polymeric matrices may constitute an excellent carrier for stomach specific drug delivery.

Influence of water-soluble polymers on the in vitro performance of floating mucoadhesive tablets containing metformin

Context: The in vitro performance of floating mucoadhesive metformin tablets was optimized using different polymer ratios of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) tamarind seed gum (TSG) and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC).Objective: The objectives of this investigation were to investigate the combinatorial effects of PVP, TSG and HPMC; to study the work of adhesion measured on stainless steel (Wss) and on rabbit gastric mucosa (Wgm); and a comparison of hydrophilic and more hydrophobic tablets.Material and methods: In vitro performance was measured as tablet hardness (H), tablet floating lag time (FLT), time needed to release 60% of drug content (t60%), swelling thickness (S), Wss and Wgm. To compare the effects, a simplex lattice mixture design was used.Results and discussion: H, FLT, Wss and Wgm were found dependent on polymer ratio. H was increased when PVP ratio was increased. FLT, Wss and Wgm were increased when HPMC ratio was increased. The p value for the lack of fit for all models were greater than 0.05. An approximate linear correlation between Wgm and Wss was established (R2 = 0.71). The tablets containing PVP resulted in larger H, shorter FLT and t60%, whereas Wss and Wgm were enhanced.Conclusion: The different in vitro performance of tablets containing different water-soluble polymers could be explained partially by the differences in the hydrophilic properties of the polymers and the ability of PVP to interact with HPMC or TSG. An equation established is used to conclude mucoadhesion based on adhesion measurements on stainless steel.