Tamarind Extract Research Articles

Green Inhibitory Effect of Raw Tamarind Extract on Steel Plates in Acid Medium

Green Inhibitory Effect of Raw Tamarind Extract on Steel Plates in Acid Medium

Formulation and evaluation of herbal microsphere gel

Formulation and evaluation of herbal microsphere gel involves designing a gel-based delivery system for herbal active ingredients encapsulated within microspheres. The process typically includes selecting suitable herbal extracts, encapsulating them into microspheres using techniques like solvent evaporation or emulsion-solvent evaporation, and then incorporating these microspheres into a gel base. Evaluation criteria may include physical characteristics (particle size, morphology), drug release kinetics, rheological properties, stability, and efficacy of the herbal ingredients. This approach aims to enhance the stability, controlled release, and therapeutic efficacy of herbal compounds, offering potential applications in various fields including pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and personal care products. This present study demonstrated the effectiveness of carbopol based herbal gel containing extracts of tamarind possessing antibacterial activity. Thus, the formulated herbal gel incorporated with tamarind extracts show great promises in the management of antibacterial activity. Gel loaded with microspheres of tamarind was prepared with aim to deliver the drug which passes through transdermal route as it provides quick onset of action when compared to oral route. This gel loaded with microspheres of tamarind was successfully prepared using solvent evaporation method.

Comparative Efficacy of Seed Extract of Tamarindus indica and Vitamin E on the Liver Weight of Long Evan’s Rats Intoxicated with Paracetamol

Background: Tamarindus indica is an antioxidant rich plant. It has therapeutic interest in drugs and xenobiotics induced liver damage. Objective: This study was aimed to explore the effectiveness of ethanolic extract of seed of Tamarindus indica on liver weight when liver is intoxicated with paracetamol and to compare it with the effects of Vitamin E, a known hepatoprotectant. Materials and method: A total of twenty four Long Evan’s rats were collected and divided into four groups. Each group having sixrats (n=6). Control group received normal diet ad libitum, only paracetamol group received paracetamol (1500 mg/kg) for 12 days and rest two groups received paracetamol (1500 mg/kg) along with ethanolic extract of seed of Tamarindus indica (1250 mg/kg) and vitamin E (500 mg/kg) for 12 days respectively. On 13th day, all rats were sacrificed. Then livers were collected and weighed by an electronic balance. Results: In this study, the mean (±SD) liver weight was 4.08±0.23 in control group, 6.27±0.68 in only paracetamol treated group, 5.22±0.72 and 4.57±0.86 in paracetamol along with seed extract of Tamarindus indica and vitamin E treated group respectively. Conclusion: The present study showed that mean (±SD) weight of liver increased with paracetamol and decreased with seed extract of Tamarindus indica which is similar to the effects of vitamin E. Delta Med Col J. Jan 2021;9(2): 80-83

In vitro antibacterial activity of fruit pulp extracts of Tamarindus indica against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae

BackgroundInfectious diseases are increasingly recognized as public health concern worldwide as the rising incidence in multidrug resistance bacteria. This consequently enforces the need to find a new antimicrobial agent where plants have a potential source. This study investigated the antibacterial activity of fruit pulp extract of the Tamarindus indica against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae).Methods and materialsMaceration technique was employed for subsequent extraction of the sample using acetone and ethanol. Antibacterial activity of the plant extract was investigated based on minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Gram-negative strain (K. pneumoniae (ATCC 700603)) and Gram-positive strain (S. aureus (ATCC 25923)) using agar disc-diffusion technique.ResultsIt was found that both acetone and ethanol extracts showed significant antibacterial activities, against both S. aureus and K. pneumoniae as compared to the negative control (P = 0.00), but no significantly different from the drug (P > 0.05). However, K. pneumoniae showed more sensitivity to the extracts than S. aureus with MIC value of 18.75 mg/mL and 9.38 mg/mL for both acetone and ethanol extracts against S. aureus and K. pneumoniae respectively.ConclusionThis study suggested that the fruit pulp have antibacterial properties, which might validate their traditional uses.

Mycoplasma and Neisseria Prevalence in Asymptomatic Women and Investigation of their Susceptibility to Tamarindus indica and Syzygium aromaticum Aqueous Extracts

Neisseria and Mycoplasma are two prevalent bacteria in the female urogenital tract leading to gynecological infections and infertility. The aim of this study was to assess the antibacterial activity of Tamarindus indica and Syzygium aromaticum extracts against Neisseria and Mycoplasma isolates. It was a cross cectional study on 60 asymptomatic women at the Protestant and Regional Hospital of Ngaoundere. For this reason, a large consecutive sample of patients with several well-defined characteristics was assembled and urine and cervical-vaginal swab were collected using standard procedures. After being isolated on a specific medium, several strains of Neisseria and Mycoplasma were identified based on their morphological and biochemical characteristics. The antibacterial activity of the plant extracts was tested using the agar-well diffusion method. It was discovered that 70% of asymptomatic women had overall infection, with varying prevalence rates. The prevalence rates of Neisseria and Mycoplasma were 14.29% and 85.71% respectively. The aqueous extracts of Syzygium aromaticum against Neisseria produced inhibitory diameters of 43 mm, 40 mm and 32 mm at doses of 20 mg/mL, 10 mg/mL, and 5 mg/mL, respectively while, at the same doses, the aqueous extract of Tamarindus indica produced inhibitory diameters of 16 mm, 14 mm and 13 mm, respectively. The combined extract of Syzygium aromaticum and Tamarindus indica exhibits inhibitory diameters of 25, 23, and 30 mm at 20 mg/mL, 10 mg/mL, and 5 mg/mL, respectively. Syzygium aromaticum extract alone showed efficacy against Mycoplasma, with diameters of 16.5 mm, 13 mm and 10.5 mm at concentrations of 20 mg/mL, 10 mg/mL, and 5 mg/mL respectively. Inhibition diameters of 18 mm (for fosfomycin and ofloxacin), 22 mm (for chloramphenicol and ceftriaxone) and 26 mm (for levofloxacin) were found using Neisseria isolates. The only drugs that demonstrated efficacy against Mycoplasma were Minocycline and Josamycin. Given these findings, extracts of Syzygium aromaticum and Tamarindus indica can be investigated and used to treat infections caused by Niesseria and Mycoplasma.

Phytochemical profiling and antioxidant potential of aqueous and ethereal extracts of elephants’ feeds in the savannah ecological zone of Ghana

This study reports on the phytochemical profiles and antioxidant properties of aqueous and ethereal crude extracts of Cassia sieberiena root, Ficus platyphylla stembark, Terminalia laxiflora root, and leaves, Tamarindus indica fruits, Kigelia africana root and Mitragyna inermis stembark as Elephants feed. Standard and approved methods were employed in this study. The phytochemical constituents detected included alkaloids, saponins, anthraquinones, tannins, flavonoids, phenols, terpenoids, and triterpenoids. The IC50s were 115 µg/mL and 7865 µg/mL for aqueous and ethereal extracts of Mitragyna inermis. 77.29 µg/mL and 1564 µg/mL for aqueous and ethereal extracts of Ficus platyphylla, 5352 µg/mL and 7843 µg/mL for aqueous and ethereal extracts of Terminalia Laxiflora, 8.963 µg/mL and 1253 µg/mL for aqueous and ethereal extracts of Cassia sieberiena, 10423µg/mL and 12645 µg/mL for aqueous and ethereal extracts of Kigelia africana, 1339 µg/mL and 2653µg/mL for aqueous and ethereal extracts of Tamarindus indica and 3.819 µg/mL for gallic acid (control). Cassia sieberiena root aqueous extract had the highest total phenol content of 62.36 ± 6.18 with a corresponding total antioxidant capacity of 289.0 ± 6.642 and the lowest total phenol content of 1.543±2.76 was detected in ethereal extract of Terminalia laxiflora leaves with a corresponding total antioxidant capacity of 241.3±4.04. The aqueous extracts possess stronger DPPH scavenging abilities compared to the ethereal extracts for all samples studied. These findings revealed the health-supporting potentials of these elephant feeds. The finding is also a guide to the managers of our zoos and National parks on the importance of natural feeding in wildlife.

Protective Effect of Methanolic Extract of Tamarindus Indica Leaves in Ethanol-Induced Esophageal Ulcer in Adult Wistar Rats

Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) possess anti-ulceration, wound healing, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties. This makes it useful in the treatment of various clinical challenges including gastrointestinal tract diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the protective effect of methanolic extract of Tamarindus indica leaves on esophageal ulcers in adult Wistar rats. Twelve rats (12) with average body weights of 130 ± 20 grams (g) were divided into four groups (A, B, C and D) (n=4). Group A (control) received 0.5 ml/kg body weight (bw) of distilled water, Group B received 0.5 ml/kg bw of 80% ethanol, Group C (Low dose) received 200 mg/kg of methanolic extract of Tamarindus indica leaves + 0.5ml/kg of 80% Ethanol and Group D (High dose) received 300 mg/kg of methanolic extract of Tamarindus indica leaves + 0.5ml/kg of 80% Ethanol. All administrations were done via gastric intubation for 6 days. At the end of the experimental period sections of the esophagus were collected for histological studies. The group administered 0.5ml/kg of 80% ethanol when compared with the control group, showed ulceration along the surface margin of mucosal layers and damage to submucosal glands. The group administered high and low doses of methanolic extract of Tamarindus indica leaves + 0.5ml/kg of 80% ethanol when compared with the control group, revealed an intact histoarchitecture. METL was protective in the ethanol induced esophageal ulceration.

<i>In vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> analysis of the antioxidant potentials of methanolic extract of <i>Tamarindus indica</i> leaves

This study evaluated the antioxidant potentials of methanolic extract of Tamarindus indica leaves using in vitro and in vivo assays. reliminary qualitative screening of phytochemicals revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, cardiac glycosides and steroids. The result of the acute toxicity test of the extracts revealed the LD50 to be above 5000 mg/kg through both oral and intra-peritoneal routes. Both the in vitro and in vivo assays were carried out. The reducing power (0.45±0.007 μg/ml) was recorded for T. indica with a difference of 0.77% in comparison to the control and DPPH value (68.10 ± 0.007%) with a significant increase compared to ascorbic acid. The in vivo analysis shows that lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities have values of 22.75 ± 9.29 nmol/mg, 1.60 ± 0.03 U/ml and 0.003±0.001 μmol/mg, respectively. The values for superoxide dismutase and lipid peroxidation were significantly different compared to the control (1.48 ± 0.03 U/ml and 24.54 ± 9.29 nmol/mg, respectively) while the value for catalase activity was not significant compared to the control (0.0025 ± 0.001 μmol/mg). The liquid chromatography mass spectrometry revealed the presence of some important metabolite; linoleic acid and quassin, among others, which are antioxidant. Based on the results obtained, the T. indica leaves contain vital metabolites with antioxidant potential that could be useful in health management.

Anti-fertility and abortifacient activity of hydroalcoholic fruit pulp extract of Tamarindus indica

BackgroundMedicinal plants have been widely used for treatment and management of various diseases. There are many different types of commercialized synthetic contraceptives on the market today for controlling fertility, these cannot be utilized since they have serious side effects such weight gain, hormonal alterations, hypertension, and cancer . In India, indigenous women from Tripura & Maharashtra have historically utilized the fruit pulp of Tamarindus Indicus to induce abortion. However, there is currently no accessible scientific data supporting the use of this plant for fertility control. MethodsThe current study's objective was to evaluate the hydroalcoholic extract of Tamarindus indica fruit pulp's ability to induce abortion in female Wistar rats. In this experimental animal model, contraceptive activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Tamarindus indica (HAETI) was evaluated for anti-implantation, abortifacient, and estrogenic/antiestrogenic action. Female rats having ovariectomies were given HAETI extract (500 mg/kg) for 7 straight days to test to evaluate the estrogenic/anti-estrogenic action. All animals were killed on the eighth day, and the blood serum was then processed to determine the levels of several hormones, including LH, FSH, prolactin, estrogen, and others, as well as biochemical markers including cholesterol, total protein, glycogen, and alkaline phosphates. In this model, modifications to uterine histoarchitecture were also investigated. The extract was administered from the 1 to7 day of pregnancy. On 10th day, laparotomy was performed to evaluate the no. of implants in female rats. ResultsSteroids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and alkaloids were detected during phytochemical analysis of the extract. the HAETI extract demonstrated significant anti-implantation and abortifacient effects. Additionally, the extract demonstrated significant estrogenic activity as evident by uterine histological parameters including increases in endometrium thickness and height, vaginal cornification. Further, the study found marked increases in glycogen, alkaline phosphate, estrogen, cholesterol levels when given alone or in combination with estradiol valerate. LH, FSH, and a little increase in prolactin levels were suppressed after HAETI administration. ConclusionsOur study's findings showed that Tamarindus indica fruit pulp hydroalcoholic extract has a potent contraceptive effect, which may be explained by the phytoconstituents of the plant's capacity to inhibit implantation and have an estrogenic effect. Further investigation on Tamarindus indica as a potential natural anti-implantation agent allow for new abortive drug.

Synthesis and Optimization of Silver Nanoparticles using Leaf extract of Tamarindus indica by Box-Behnken Design for Enhanced Antimicrobial Activity

Synthesis and Optimization of Silver Nanoparticles using Leaf extract of Tamarindus indica by Box-Behnken Design for Enhanced Antimicrobial Activity

Antiproliferative effect of methanolic extract of Tamarindus indica in C127I cell line

Investigation of natural bioactive compounds that possess antioxidant and anticancer properties have drawn interest in scientific and industrial perspectives. The current study was conducted to assess the antiproliferative action of methanolic extract of seed coat of Tamarindus indica in C127I mouse mammary tumour cell line. 3-(4,5-dimethyl thazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay is performed to assess the cytotoxicity of methanolic extracts of T. indica in the C127I cell line at concentrations of 320, 160, 80, 40, 20, and 10 µg/mL. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was then calculated using Graph Pad Prism 5.0. Doxorubicin was used as positive control. After determining IC50, the cells were treated with extract of T. indica at half, IC50 and double IC50 concentrations after being seeded at a concentration of 1x105 cells/mL in 6 well plates. After 24 hours the cells were trypsinised and stained with acridine orange-ethidium bromide (AOEB) to assess the morphology of apoptosis. When the cells were exposed to various doses of the extract, a dose-dependent decrease in cell viability was observed, and the IC50 value of T. indica was estimated to be 13 µg/ml. In the control cells, AO/EB labelling revealed proliferating cells with green fluorescence, but the T. indica extract-treated cells displayed dose dependent shift from orange to red fluorescence. In conclusion, methanolic extract of Tamarindus indica was found to possess antiproliferative effect in C127I cell line comparable to doxorubicin.

Response of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Varieties to Salicylic Acid, Potassium Silicate and Tamarind Extract in Saline Soils of Kano River Irrigation Scheme Nigeria

The experiment was carried out in the Eastern and Western sectors of Kano River Irrigation Scheme, Kano State latitude 11º 45’N and 12º 05’ N and longitude 8º 45’ E and 9º 05’ E in the Sudan Savanna Agro-ecology of Nigeria, during the dry season of 2020 and 2021. The experiment was therefore conceived with the aim of introducing improved salt tolerant varieties to farmers in addition to enhancing their tolerance using synthetic and natural plant growth regulators. The treatments consisted of four rice varieties made up of 2 salt tolerant accessions {Arica 1 and Arica 2, 1 blast resistant variety (Gawal R1) and a variety (FARO 44) as a check} these were factorially combined with foliar application of salicylic acid (0.2g in 1L of water), potassium silicate (16 g/L-1 of K2SiO3), tamarind extract 8% (320ml of extract in 1 liter of water) and a zero control (0). The treatments were laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) which consisted of 16 treatments replicated six times with a farmer constituting a replication. Results have shown that plant height, leaf area index (LAI), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), chlorophyll content and the yield were all significantly affected by varietal differences except total number of tillers per plant in 2020. However, in 2021 LAI, PAR and chlorophyll content were not significantly affected by differences due to varieties but the remaining characters differed significantly. Exogenous factors had no effect on all the characters in 2020 but significantly influenced the chlorophyll content, total number of tillers and the yield in 2021. Arica 1 and Faro 44 gave the highest yield. Among the exogenous factors Tamarind extract had significantly heavier paddy yield than the control but was similar to other exogenous factors in terms of effectiveness. Tamarind extract could therefore be suggested to farmers when growing rice under saline or sodic condition in the irrigation scheme due to its lower cost and availability.

Sour Tamarind Is More Antihypertensive than the Sweeter One, as Evidenced by In Vivo Biochemical Indexes, Ligand-Protein Interactions, Multitarget Interactions, and Molecular Dynamic Simulation.

This research investigated the antihypertensive effects of tamarind products and compared their potentials based on an animal model's data verified by molecular docking, multitarget interactions, and dynamic simulation assays. GC-MS-characterized tamarind products were administered to cholesterol-induced hypertensive albino rat models. The two-week-intervened animals were dissected to collect their serum and organs and respectively subjected to analyses of their hypertension-linked markers and tissue architectures. The lead biometabolites of tamarinds interacted with eight target receptors in the molecular docking and dynamic simulation studies and with multitarget in the network pharmacological analyses. The results show that the serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), C-reactive protein (CRP), troponin I, and lipid profiles were maximally reinstated by the phenolic-enriched ripened sour tamarind extract compared to the sweet one, but the seed extracts had a smaller influence. Among the tamarind's biometabolites, ϒ-sitosterol was found to be the best ligand to interact with the guanylate cyclase receptor, displaying the best drug-likeliness with the highest binding energy, -9.3 Kcal. A multitargeted interaction-based degree algorithm and a phylogenetic tree of pathways showed that the NR3C1, REN, PPARG, and CYP11B1 hub genes were consistently modulated by ϒ-sitosterol to reduce hypertension and related risk factors. The dynamic simulation study showed that the P-RMSD values of ϒ-sitosterol-guanylate cyclase were stable between 75.00 and 100.00 ns at the binding pocket. The findings demonstrate that ripened sour tamarind extract may be a prospective antihypertensive nutraceutical or supplement target affirmed through advanced preclinical and clinical studies.

Anti-microbial Activity of Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) Extracts from Semi-arid Eastern Parts of Kenya

Anti-microbial Activity of Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) Extracts from Semi-arid Eastern Parts of Kenya

Toxicity test of cream from an extract mixture of turmeric and tamarind leaves as antiaging

Cream from a mixture of turmeric and tamarind leaves extract needs to be tested for its toxicity to really make sure it doesn't have side effects. The purpose of this study was to test the toxicity of a mixture of turmeric and tamarind leaves extract cream using Wistar rats. This study used rats as experimental animals which were carried out in 2 stages, namely preliminary tests using 5 groups of experimental animals. After adaptation the experimental animals were given cream doses of 50, 200, 1000, 2000 mg/kg bw. The second stage was carried out after the results of the first stage showed symptoms of toxicity and death. The second stage used two groups of rats (3 each), namely the treatment group using the largest dose of cream that did not cause death and the control group which was a placebo. In addition, observations of collagen content were also carried out. The results showed that the turmeric and tamarind extract cream did not have toxic properties. The skin of rats that were given turmeric and tamarind extract cream produced higher collagen content and was different from the other groups.

Gastric pyrosis and hyperacidity: an outstanding task in clinical practice. The positioning of a new multicomponent medical device containing sodium alginate, tamarind seed extract, and carbonates

Gastric pyrosis associated with hyperacidity is a common symptom affecting up to 20% of the Western population. Pyrosis may depend on organic or functional digestive disorders, including gastric reflux, esophago-gastro-duodenal inflammatory diseases, dyspepsia, and gastrolesive drug use. A new medical device (Piromal®) has been recently marketed in Italy. This medical device contains tamarind seed extract, alginate, and carbonates. These components exert important activities. First, tamarind extract contains xyloglucans (polysaccharides) with mucin-like activity, acting as a protective agent. Second, alginate exerts a well-known antireflux activity. Finally, carbonates display a relevant buffering activity. These three components provide prompt symptom relief and guarantee adequate protection of digestive mucosa. In addition, tamarind extract and alginate promote the repair and regeneration of damaged mucosa. Based on this background, a practical algorithm for managing patients with pyrosis associated with hyperacidity is proposed.

Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Potential of Ethylacetate Extract of Tamarindus Indica (Tamarind) Leaves by Frap Assay

Oxidative stress is characterized by an imbalance in the generation of free radicals and their subsequent elimination by endogenous antioxidants. It is a characteristic of several diseases, especially during the progression stage, which can lead to fatal effects. This study aims to investigate the phytochemical components and antioxidant capability of Tamarindus indica and assess its capability as a candidate for managing diseases associated with oxidative stress. The gravimetric method detected and quantified phytochemicals, while the reducing power assay determined the antioxidant potential. Saponins, steroids, and flavonoids were detected in 6.83 ±0.44, 4.30 ±0.60, and 10.17% ±0.60, respectively, without alkaloids, glycosides, and terpenoids. The antioxidant test showed a concentration-dependent increase in absorbance of both the extract and standard (Ascorbic acid). However, Ascorbic acid had higher absorbance. At 100% concentration, the sample had an absorbance of 0.388 ±0.022, which was lower than the absorbance of Ascorbic acid (0.411 ±0.009) at 40% concentration. It can be concluded that Tamarind leaves could be utilized to manage diseases associated with oxidative stress, evidenced by their antioxidant potential credited to the phytochemical content of the leaves. However, there is a need for further studies to ascertain the exact compounds and their modes of action.

Modulatory potential of Tamarindus indica on steroidogenesis by targeting in vitro expression of CYP 19 and StAR genes in MCF-7 cell lines

The use of medicinal plants for treating different ailments dates back to thousands of years through Ayurveda. They increased the efficacy of current chemotherapy while lowering the risk and side effects in cancer patients. The current study was carried out to identify the effect of methanolic extract of Tamarindus indica seed coat on the expression of CYP 19 and StAR gene in MCF -7 cell lines. The phytochemical analysis of T. indica seed coat extract was done through Gas chromatography- mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the extract was discovered in a previous study using MTT assay and was found to be 32 µg/mL. The cells after treatment with extract at concentrations of 8, 16 and 32µg/mL produced a differential expression of CYP 19. There was a fold increase at IC50 concentration of the extract mean while the gene expression was decreased at higher and lower doses of IC50. On the other hand, a dose dependent fold increase was observed in the expression of StAR gene after treatment with the extract. The presence of Phyto steroids, fatty acid analogues and terpenoids were identified by gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis results supports the finding from GC-MS analysis. Even though there was an increase in the expression of StAR gene, there was a biphasic response with CYP19, which indicated a downregulation in the synthesis of oestrogen.

Antidiabetic Effect of Tamarindus indica and Momordica charantia and Downregulation of TET-1 Gene Expression by Saroglitazar in Glucose Feed Adipocytes and Their Involvement in the Type 2 Diabetes-Associated Inflammation In Vitro.

To date, there is no satisfactory and effective therapy available to cure type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This present work is focused on plant extracts and the effect of saroglitazar and TET genes on oxidative stress and inflammation in vitro adipocytes. Aqueous extracts of Tamarindus indica and Momordica charantia seed have shown potent antidiabetic activity that decreases glucose levels in diabetic adipocytes. After seven and fourteen days, the sugar level in the blood was significantly reduced when plant extracts were supplemented. Lipid profiles including total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TGL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) showed a highly significant change as expected in adipocytes treated with glucose compared with controlled adipocytes (P < 0.001). Gene expression of catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD1, SOD2), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) are changed twice, thrice, and quadruplet, respectively. The level of interleukin-1 (IL1) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was restored but the interleukin-6 (IL6) and ten-eleven-translocation-1 (TET1) were completely knocked down by the use of saroglitazar. In comparison with the diabetic group, this supplementation significantly increased glycogen content and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. In the extract supplemented group, glucose-6-phosphatase, glucose-oxidizing enzyme, and glucose-phosphorylating enzyme activities were significantly reduced. After seven days of extract supplementation, these parameters were not resettled to a controlled level; however, after 14 days of supplementation, all parameters were restored to the control level. In addition to altering gene expression, TET enzymes may contribute to altered adiposity and its metabolic consequences. The purpose of this study is to examine new ideas and approaches for treating obesity, T2DM, and other associated metabolic disorders.

Phytochemical and Safety Evaluations of Finger Lime, Mountain Pepper, and Tamarind in Zebrafish Embryos.

Plants play a pivotal role in drug discovery, constituting 50% of modern pharmacopeia. Many human diseases, including age-related degenerative diseases, converge onto common cellular oxidative stress pathways. This provides an opportunity to develop broad treatments to treat a wide range of diseases in the ageing population. Here, we characterize and assess the toxicological effects of finger lime (Citrus australasica), mountain pepper (Tasmannia lanceolata), and small-leaved tamarind (Diploglottis australis) extracts. The characterization demonstrates that these Australian native plants have antioxidant potential and, importantly, they have high concentrations of distinct combinations of different antioxidant classes. Using zebrafish larvae as a high-throughput pre-clinical in vivo toxicology screening model, our experiment effectively discriminates which of these extracts (and at what exposure levels) are suitable for development towards future therapies. The LC50-96h for finger lime and tamarind were >480 mg/L, and 1.70 mg/L for mountain pepper. Critically, this work shows that adverse effects are not correlated to the properties of these antioxidants, thus highlighting the need for combining characterization and in vivo screening to identify the most promising plant extracts for further development. Thus, we present a high-throughput pre-clinical screening that robustly tests natural plant products to utilize the diversity of antioxidant compounds for drug development.