History Of Taiwan Research Articles

‘Pity the Fishing People’: Taiwan’s Legal and Illegal Fishing in the 20th-century Pacific

ABSTRACT Newspapers and archives from Taiwan indicate a long history of Taiwan’s commercial fishing in the Pacific that has largely been overlooked. Using these resources, this article analyses the relationship between the Taiwan government and Taiwan fishermen in the Pacific from the 1940s to the 1980s, demonstrating how non-state actors such as fishermen dictated Taiwan’s official engagements in the region. I first outline the history of legal and illegal fishing by commercial Taiwan vessels in the Pacific from the 1940s to the 1980s. I then draw on two case studies: illegal fishing incidents in Tuvalu and Australia involving commercial Taiwan fishermen, and legal fishing operations in American Samoa. These case studies demonstrate how commercial fishermen impacted Taiwan-government engagements in the Pacific and were viewed by the government as a liability. The article concludes by connecting Taiwan’s commercial fishing history in the Pacific with the larger history of Taiwan in the region.

Radiant Reflections: Crystal Boys, Rose Boy, and Taiwan's Queer History

“The essay delves into Taiwan's queer history through the lens of two pivotal events: the "Rose Boy" Incident and the publication of the groundbreaking novel, Crystal Boys. It explores the interconnectedness of these events and their lasting impact on Taiwanese society's perception of LGBT individuals. Crystal Boys, authored by Pai Hsien-yung in the repressive era of martial law, dared to depict the lives of gay men in Taipei's New Park, challenging societal norms and censorship. The New Park emerged as both a refuge and a perilous space for the gay community, where they formed bonds amidst societal oppression. The essay also discusses the subsequent activism sparked by Crystal Boys, leading to milestones like the legalization of same-sex marriage in Taiwan. Conversely, the tragic death of Ye Yongzhi, dubbed the "Rose Boy," exposed the harsh realities faced by LGBT youth in Taiwan, igniting societal outrage and calls for change. Through literary analysis and historical context, the essay illustrates how art and activism intersect to shape queer narratives and propel the fight for equality in Taiwan and beyond.”.

Taiwan inside‐out: Rescaling colonial constructions of Taiwan through a Tayal‐focused lens

AbstractThis research deals with issues of Indigeneity and autonomy in Taiwan by notionally turning things inside‐out. We aim to contextualise international geopolitics and local polity by considering the Tayal people, one of 16 nationally recognised Indigenous groups living in northern Taiwan. We reject the conventional geopolitical lens of Great Power claims as the only and best way to understand contemporary Taiwan and chooses to refocus and rescale the geopolitical lens. We seek to reconsider Taiwan’s history, geography, and territory by reference to the conceptual lenses that apply to Tayal peoples’ experiences. The research methods employed include geographical fieldwork, literature reviews, and archival studies. The research acknowledges Tayal people’s custodianship over their territory and provides an in‐depth discussion on the colonial history and geography of Taiwan. In the process, we unsettle what is taken‐for‐granted and rescale erasure, violence, and resistance in Indigenous Taiwan. In building a Tayal‐centred positionality, we reframe geopolitical dynamics as connections within territories and across boundaries rather than as disputes over deeply contested boundaries. Neither Tayal people nor other Indigenous peoples in Taiwan ever ceded their sovereignty. Regardless of any broader geopolitics shifts, Tayal territory remains just the way it always has—Tayal territory.

민진당 재집권 이후의 대만사 연구 경향

This article aims to elaborate on the current trends and features of Taiwan history research and to provide a direction for Korean academic to understand Taiwanese society and history. In the main, this article will attempt to analyse the current trends and characteristics of Taiwanese history research, with a particular focus on the changes since the DPP's return to power and their impact. In the 2016, Taiwanese presidential election, the DPP won power, and Tsai Ing-wen was re-elected in the 2020 presidential election. There is an ongoing debate on how these political changes affect the study of Taiwanese history, and how Taiwan's identity and inherent capabilities have been historically emphasised in the context of de-Chinaisation.
 In addition, the overall trend in Taiwanese history research has been to move away from a focus on colonialism and continental nationalism in the past, and to emphasise the need for Taiwanese to write their own history and to be seen as the agents of Taiwan's history. This shows that the study of Taiwanese history is endeavouring to understand historical agency from different perspectives. The study of population movements and migration to Taiwan since prehistoric times is also being conducted from a variety of perspectives. Recent research trends have been characterised by an exploration of the background and characteristics of Taiwan's population movements in various areas, including geographical and economic causes, as well as political fluctuations, changes in political structures, and changes in identity.
 Since 20 century, the study of Taiwan history has reflected a diversity of values and emphasised the recognition that Taiwan is a pluralistic society. In particular, efforts have been made to identify the impact of social phenomena such as migration, economic change, and natural disasters on Taiwanese history, as well as political change and the expansion of power. In addition, recent studies of Taiwanese history have sought to demonstrate that ethnicity, religion, and community are indicators of current social conflicts. These themes are emerging as important aspects of Taiwanese history, which is an indication of the growing interest in studying how they operate as axes of change and conflict within Taiwanese society.

Satirizing News Media, Changing Taiwan’s Feelings: The Night Night Show with Brian Tseng’s Adaptation of the American Satire News Format

The US television program The Daily Show has inspired creative talents worldwide to adapt the American political satire news formats to their own political environments. One example is The Night Night Show, hosted by Brian Tseng between 2018 and 2020 and produced by the STR Network from Taiwan. Instead of approaching the show as the result of the diffusion of the US cultural and political model into the rest of the world, this article contextualizes The Night Night Show’s adaptation of an American satirical news format in the Sinophone political discourse of laughter and satire in the modern history of Taiwan. It argues that while the show’s adaptation of an American satirical news format demonstrates how satire can dismantle linguistic and national boundaries as a transnational bonding force, it also brings this American format to critical scrutiny. In particular, the principal cultural understanding of news media as sensationalistic and propagandist instead of truthful in the local context contests the notions of “truthiness” central to the American satire news formats.

Mnemonic Politics around the Japanese Colonial Era in Post–Cold War Taiwan: Wei Te-sheng's Colonial Trilogy and Post–New Cinema

This article examines mnemonic politics after 1987’s democratization in Taiwan by discussing the cinematic representation of colonial memory, mainly focusing on Wei Te‐Sheng's films set in the Japanese colonial era. After the end of martial law in 1987, prohibited issues such as Japanese colonialism and Indigenous Taiwanese in the representational sphere began to appear on the screen. Therefore, the colonial memory that emerged on screen entangles with Cold War politics and the postcolonial geopolitical situation. In Wei's films, he links heroic Indigenous people in the history of Taiwan with the archetypical land. The suffering of those who are tightly bound to the land inspires a sense of deprived sovereignty—that is, occupation. The sense of occupation indicates the long history of colonial Taiwan, from the time of the Netherlands and Spain, via the Qing Dynasty and Japan, to the KMT government. Wei's films reclaim Taiwanese history from the perspective of the Indigenous people who lived in Taiwan before 1945 rather than that of the occupiers. Regardless of the memory of resistance, surrender, victory, or defeat, Wei's films, however, romanticize the memory of the Japanese colonial era. In doing so, his films denounce the time of KMT “occupiers” in the postcolonial era and reinforce Taiwanese nationalism against Chinese nationalism. Through textual analysis of Wei's films and comparison with other films provoking colonial memory, this article investigates how colonial memories are negotiated in the post–Cold War Taiwanese cinema to reformulate the contentious idea of “nation” and “nationalism” in Taiwan.

Exploring the Interplay between Trade and Industrial Policies and the Impact of Geopolitics on the Transformation of Taiwan's Economy

Over the past five decades, Taiwan's economy has shifted from inward-oriented to outward-oriented, from an import-substitution policy to an export-expansion policy. This evolution in economic structure has also brought about changes in the industrial landscape. While there is an ongoing debate about the respective roles of the market and the government in promoting Taiwan's economic growth, this article argues that the history of Taiwan's economy demonstrates a mutually beneficial relationship between trade and industrial policies. The integration of market forces and government intervention has played a crucial role in Taiwan's economic success story. However, the dynamics between the United States and China, as well as the emergence of new Asian regionalism, pose challenges to Taiwanese industries and enterprises. In conclusion, this article emphasizes the importance of refining trade and industrial policies in line with the geopolitical context in order to maintain the momentum of Taiwan's economy.

Colonial development of Taiwan as viewed by contemporary Japanese scholars (using the example of the book by Toshio Watanabe <i>The Meiji Japanese Who Made Modern Taiwan</i>). Review of: Watanabe T. <i>The Meiji Japanese Who Made Modern Taiwan</i>

This review analyzes the monograph by a famous Japanese economist, professor of Takushoku University Toshio Watanabe, which focuses on the colonial history of Taiwan in the first half of the 20thcentury. The author provides a vivid picture of the Japanese transforming the entire economy of the island and “transplanting” the model of Meiji modernization into their colony.

With and against the Grain

Abstract This article studies the Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (AVRDC) in Taiwan. It begins with the Sino-American Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction (JCRR), a US-funded agency championing plant breeding and land reform. Capitalizing on Japanese colonial legacy, a technocratic Chinese nationalism, and Cold War geopolitics, the JCRR boosted the productivity of rice while diversifying the agricultural economy through vegetable cultivation. The AVRDC, supported by the Rockefeller Foundation and the US government, was created in 1971 to bring this vision to Southeast Asia. The expulsion of Taiwan from the United Nations nonetheless threatened the center's survival. To carve out its sphere of influence, the AVRDC combined vegetable breeding programs with experiments on home gardening and small-scale agriculture, inserting itself into a bourgeoning sustainability discourse in the 1980s. The article argues that the center's ambiguous position within the international agricultural research network prompted it to adopt a “modest narrative” that celebrated not heroic figures but the collaborative endeavor of scientists sympathetic to farmers. However, the marginalization of agriculture and shifting identity politics in Taiwan made the center's achievement increasingly less relevant to its host country, thus complicating the significance of the AVRDC to the agricultural history of Taiwan.

Mnemonic-Historical Materials of Literature: Local Prose Genealogy and Historical Context of Taiwanese Writers during Japanese Colonial Period in the Post-war Era

<p>當前臺灣文學本土論研究的解釋框架中，多以小說作為主軸，散文相對受到忽視。然而，散文對於臺灣文學本土論而言，其實有著不可或缺的意義，因為它作為個人經歷或歷史經驗的表述與再現，具有奠基於真實性的基礎，不僅涉及文學表意，更包含記憶政治的問題。日治作家在戰後回溯過去生命經歷的「散文」，具有述史的性質，因而既是自傳，同時也是「記憶性文學史料」。在日治記憶遭受壓抑的戒嚴期間，他們的散文集是戰後世代認識日治的第一手文本，更是建構日治臺灣史與臺灣文學史的重要一環。本文聚焦由戰後初期至解嚴之前這段期間，曾於生前或身後出版散文集的日治本土作家，透過文本分析，考察日治作家的生命史與精神史，以彰顯個人的歷史意識，並梳理散文的文類概念與語言使用，藉此探討不同時代散文集的出版意義，試圖指出在戰後戒嚴體制的時空情境裡，本土散文具備重建歷史記憶的功能，形成一個有別於中國抒情傳統的本土「述史」傳統。沿著這個脈絡，進而重新評估本土散文在臺灣文學史上的重要性，以拓展臺灣本土文學論的內涵。</p> <p> </p><p>The current studies of Taiwanese literary localism have built its framework mostly on novel; prose, by contrast, is often overlooked. However, prose has crucial significance for Taiwanese literary localism, in that it articulates and represents personal lives and historical experiences. Prose is based on reality, engaging with literary expression and the politics of memory. When Taiwanese writers who lived through the Japanese colonial period wrote about their past experiences in prose, their writings were characterized by a historical narrative. As such, their writings are both autobiographies and “Mnemonic-Historical Materials of Literature.” During the martial law era when Japanese colonial memories are suppressed, their prose collections are the first-hand texts for the post-war generation to learn about Japanese colonization; furthermore, they play a vital role in constructing the history of Taiwan under Japanese Colonial Rule and the history of Taiwanese literature. This paper focuses on Taiwanese writers under Japanese Colonial Rule, who had published prose collections during the life time or posthumously, from the early post-war years to the period just before the lifting of martial law. Through textual analysis, the paper investigates the life histories and spiritual histories to foreground the historical consciousness in these individuals. The paper also explores the notion of genre and the language use of prose to discuss the significance of publishing proses in a different era. The paper seeks to indicate that local proses serve to reconstruct historical memories during the martial law era, forming a local history narrative tradition distinct from the Chinese lyrical tradition. Following this vein, the paper reevaluates the significance of Taiwanese local prose in the history of Taiwanese literature, so as to enrich the scope of Taiwanese literary localism.</p> <p> </p>

Problems of the historical past in Taiwanese history textbooks

Taiwan, which was ruled by the Japanese Empire from 1895 to 1945, still remains one of the few regions whose inhabitants do not emphasize the negative aspects of the colonial period. Because of traditionally close relations between Tokyo and Taipei the problems of the historical past have never been on the agenda of bilateral relations, and actualization of these problems was most commonly related with current domestic policy. According to current policy conducted by authorities of the Republic of China (ROC, Taiwan) interpretation of some historical periods are also usually revised in Taiwanese history textbooks. The article studies the approaches to the interpretation of colonial period of Taiwan history, role of education policy in Taiwan in formation of historical memory about Japanese period and its relation with interpretation of Kuomintang ruling period in 1950–80s. The article analyzes several curriculums of history education accepted in Taiwan in 1990–2010s, studies specific of interpretation of historical past in these curriculums and role of Taiwan local history in the context of general history of China.

Editing as an Act of Intersemiotic Translation in A City of Sadness: From Poetic Language to Cinematic Language

Abstract A City of Sadness (1989) is a groundbreaking Taiwan film classic directed by Hou Hsiao-Hsien. This research paper aims to comment on and contribute to academic discussions of the film by investigating the performance of Chinese poetics in Liao Ching-Song’s editing. Using an inverted sequence of the February 28 Incident as an example, this paper explores the film editor’s cultural discourse of Du Fu’s influence on his own Qi-Yun editing method that he employed to edit the sequence. Through dialogues between the ancient and the contemporary, poetics and narratives, subjectivity and objectivity, as well as the theories of Roman Jakobson, Wai-lim Yip, Pier Paolo Pasolini, and David Bordwell, this paper provides a fresh perspective for re-examining the once harshly criticised method of cinematic ellipses in the film, reaffirming the film’s aesthetic function of allowing audiences to re-access a past obliterated from modern Taiwanese history.

Between Reality and Society: Lee Kuohsiu’s Far Away from Home

Abstract This paper presents the argument that the practice of modern theatre constitutes a crucial method for reorienting the particular traumas of the Chinese diaspora in contemporary Taiwan. In particular, it offers a close reading of Far Away from Home (西出陽關, Xichu yangguan, 1988) by Taiwanese playwright Lee Kuohsiu (李國修, 1955‒2013) and its performance archive of 2004. Lee deploys theatre as a negotiating space in which to reflect the social formations, identities, and history of Taiwan in the late 1980s—a period that saw Taiwan’s complicated relationship with China become the subject of intense scrutiny as the Cold War came to an end and the pressures of rapid globalisation mounted.

From Detention to Devotion: Historical Horror and Gaming Politics in Taiwan

This article provides a theoretical review of Detention (Fanxiao 返校) and Devotion (Huanyuan 還願) by Red Candle Games. The international recognition received by these two horror video games is unprecedented in the history of Taiwan. The first part of the article surveys the design and production of the two horror-themed games, both set in the Martial Law period of the island-state. While Detention combines individual and collective memories of the White Terror and the dreadful atrocities committed by the Kuomingtang (KMT) government during the 1960s, Devotion is centred on the parent-child relationship and religious frenzy on the island in the early 1980s, with a focus on a small Taiwanese family. Both games insightfully capture the representation of horror in response to socio-political turmoil and cult culture in the specific historical contexts of the local community. In the second part, the article addresses the issue of how the two video games subtly speak to local and cross-Strait politics via the horror genre. Through a Sinophone lens, this article brings into focus the complex representation of gaming politics and examines how Red Candle Games repackages and revitalizes the horror genre in the videoludic world.

Re‐imagining the ‘Taiwanese’ nation in the interpretation of the Chinese‐oriented heritage

AbstractThis study aims to discuss how Chinese‐oriented heritage from Ming and Qing dynasties has been incorporated in the discourse of ‘Taiwanese’ culture to bolster the identity of Taiwan. Drawing upon the interconnected theoretical concepts of ‘imagined communities’ and ‘nationalising the past’, this study focuses on the ‘selective’ presentation of the Chinese‐oriented monuments in historic Tainan City, where the documented history of Taiwan began. This study concludes that these Chinese‐oriented monuments are represented as containing a wealth of transposable imagery, as one embodiment in the context of Taiwanese culture, and the mark of political distinction between ‘Taiwan’ and ‘China’, in the process of heritagisation. In the interpretation of heritage, this research result also suggests that the state of Republic of China (ROC) re‐invented ‘Taiwanese’ nationhood and that the state's goals of cultural establishment could be reinforced through social agents.

A History of Taiwan Literature transed. by Christopher Lupke

Reviewed by: A History of Taiwan Literature transed. by Christopher Lupke Géraldine Fiss (bio) Christopher Lupke, translator and editor. A History of Taiwan Literature by Ye Shitao. Cambria Press, 2020. 385 p. Ye Shitao 葉石濤 (1925-2008), a pioneering writer and historian, specialized in the literary history of Taiwan and the lives of ordinary Taiwanese people. A History of Taiwan Literature is his most important work that conveys the uniqueness of Taiwanese culture, ethnicity, and historical experience in contrast to mainland China. In this masterful translation of Ye Shitao's opus, which won the 2021 MLA Aldo and Jeanne Scaglione Prize for a translation of a scholarly study of literature, Christopher Lupke allows readers to gain insight into the evolution of Taiwan literature throughout centuries of colonization and subjugation by foreign powers. He highlights the crucial link between literature and "a new consciousness that reflects an awareness of the historical legacy" of Taiwan (12). Framed by Lupke's incisive introduction and epilogue, this book presents a rigorous, comprehensive treatment of Taiwan's literary history in a fair and even-handed way. It devotes attention to major and minor writers whose accomplishments were ignored for decades since there was a virtual denial or ignorance of their literary worth. The work foregrounds Ye Shitao's outlook as a "doubly marginalized" (4) bentu 本土 (of this land) writer of southern Taiwan who advocated an understanding of Taiwanese culture and literature as separate from mainland China. Due to Lupke's inclusion of extensive notes for each chapter, both by Ye Shitao and two Japanese scholars, as well as a rich bibliography and a helpful index, this work is a valuable resource for anyone interested in learning about the historical events, authors, literary journals, and texts that lie at the core of Taiwan's literary heritage. Published in the watershed year of 1987, when martial law in Taiwan was finally lifted, the ultimate goal of this history is to consider Taiwan's literature as a complex, variegated whole and to correct the unbalanced role Taipei had played in Taiwanese literary history. Evoking the "centripetal" effect of Taipei as a "cultural island within the island of Taiwan" (4), Lupke's introduction emphasizes Ye Shitao's life-long purpose to focus on and elucidate other locations and [End Page 145] cultural elements on the island, such as the rural south, that have little in common with the northern capital Taipei. What also becomes clear is Ye Shitao's strong concern with authentic realism that reflects the lived experiences of the vast majority of Taiwanese people. The book begins 220 million years ago "when land first protruded from the sea to form an island" (15) and then concisely traces millennia of contact with mainland China when "diplomats were sent to mollify, and troops to quash Taiwan" (17) while the dissemination and transplantation of traditional Chinese literature continued. Discussing travelogues, travel poems and essays by emissaries to Taiwan, Ye Shitao draws a clear distinction between travelers and native people, stating that texts by visiting officials "lacked the depth that could only be attained from the point of view of a native, whose works described hardship among the people" (23). This powerful sense of "native consciousness" (31) is a quality that Ye Shitao situates in the poetry and prose of Taiwanese writers. The heart of Ye Shitao's treatise is Chapter 2, where he describes the historical significance of the Taiwan New Literature Movement during the fifty-one years of the Japanese Colonial Period (1895-1945). During these years, the Taiwan cultural enlightenment movement, strongly influenced by May Fourth thinkers on the mainland, became linked to the Taiwan vernacular movement as well as Taiwan's striving for national self-determination and resistance to the Japanese. The problem of language comes to the foreground here since nativist writers sought to emulate the people's spoken vernacular to "penetrate the world of the broad masses" (70). Tracing the difficult tensions at the heart of this moment in Taiwan's literary history, Ye Shitao sheds light on thinkers like Zhang Wojun 張我軍 (1902-1955) and Lai He 賴和 (1894-1943), who sought to provide a theoretical foundation for the "essence, content, and style of New Taiwan...

Evaluation of a new NS1 rapid diagnostic test using a single acute-phase serum panel collected during the largest dengue outbreak in Taiwan history in 2015.

Dengue virus (DENV) infection results mostly from the bites of virus-carrying Aedes mosquitoes, which results in dengue fever (DF) with or without warning signs, severe dengue, or asymptomatic infections in humans. For point-of care identification of DENV-infected patients, a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) for DENV nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) has been developed to achieve early diagnosis and timely clinical management. We evaluated the performance of a new commercially available dengue NS1 RDT AsiaGen Dengue NS1 Antigen Rapid Diagnosis Test using real-time qRT-PCR as a reference method and compared the results with SD BIOLINE Dengue NS1 Ag using a single acute-phase serum panel collected during the largest dengue outbreak in the history of Taiwan in 2015. The results suggested that the sensitivity and specificity of AsiaGen Dengue NS1 Antigen RDT (96.9% and 100%) were similar to those of SD BIOLINE Dengue NS1 RDT (100% and 100%) for detection in the acute phase of DENV-2 infection. The results suggested that the sensitivity of both RDTs was similar (95.4% ~ 100%) for the sera collected at less than or equal to three days postsymptom onset (PSO). Our results suggested that the two DENV NS1 RDTs used in this study were promising for the timely diagnosis of DENV infection during dengue outbreaks, at least for DENV-2 in areas where authorized medical laboratories are not available or medical resources are limited. However, the performance of AsiaGen DENV NS1 RDTs in the detection of primary/secondary infections and infection by serotypes of DENV other than DENV-2 requires further investigation.

Maritime law enforcement on border-crossing fishing vessels: Experience of Taiwan’s practices under its unique political relationship

Due to political factors, Taiwan is separated from Mainland China. Although the two sides are only separated geographically by the Taiwan Strait, direct exchanges between them have not been possible for many years. The special relationship between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait has led to certain cross-strait relational issues, which Taiwan must enact special laws to resolve, such as the Act Governing Relations between the People of the Taiwan Area and the Mainland Area. This Act established the “Prohibited Waters” and “Restricted Waters” to regulate the entry of the Mainland fishing vessels into the Waters surrounding Taiwan. Taiwan’s regulation of the fishing activities of Mainland fishing vessels in the “Prohibited Waters” and “Restricted Waters” is based on this Act rather than on the Fisheries Act, the Law on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone, and the Law on the Exclusive Economic Zone and the Continental Shelf. This study analyzes the unique relationship between Taiwan and Mainland China and the special laws formulated by Taiwan to deal with the issues related to Mainland China. It also explores Taiwan’s law enforcement against the Mainland fishing vessels in these Waters and the history of Taiwan’s prevention of the Mainland fishing vessels from crossing the border. This study further analyzes the methods used at different phases and their effectiveness, hoping that future dialog and negotiation between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait will work towards the sustainable use of fisheries resources in shared waters.

The forgotten body: history of sport and physical education for people with physical disabilities in Taiwan, 1945–1971

The history of sport and physical education (PE) for people with physical disabilities is dominated by an ideological discourse that, through the process of omission, argues that the developments in the field are Western in origin. In this article, we examine how Taiwan independently developed a new medium of sport and PE for individuals disabled by the epidemics of poliomyelitis during the mid-twentieth century. We first studied the period of Taiwanese history from the end of the Japanese occupation of Taiwan in 1945 until 1971. To explore this transformation, we engaged with Foucauldian genealogy to study the epidemics between the 1940s and the 1960s in Taiwan, when the number of children having physical paralysis increased dramatically. The high number of people infected with poliomyelitis turned it into a significant social problem that warranted being addressed by the government. Some of the children with physical disabilities were placed in institutions, and sport and PE were a part of their daily routine. Physical rehabilitation was extensively conducted through sport and PE and was administered on people with physical disabilities in institutions. By encouraging sport and PE for the disabled, the rehabilitative movement’s ultimate goal was to restore the functions of impaired bodies and efface the disabled in the society.

Taiwan History: Teaching in a Circle

Taiwan History: Teaching in a Circle