Tail Part Research Articles

Optimal reinsurance with multivariate risks and dependence uncertainty

In this paper, we study the optimal reinsurance design from the perspective of an insurer with multiple lines of business, where the reinsurance is purchased by the insurer for each line of business, respectively. For the risk vector generated by the multiple lines of business, we suppose that the marginal distributions are fixed, but the dependence structure between these risks is unknown. Due to the unknown dependence structure, the optimal strategy is investigated for the worst-case scenario. We consider two types of risk measures: Value-at-Risk (VaR) and Range-Value-at-Risk (RVaR) including Expected Shortfall (ES) as a special case, and general premium principles satisfying certain conditions. To be more practical, the minimization of the total risk is conducted under some budget constraint. For the VaR-based model with only two risks, it turns out that the limited stop-loss reinsurance treaty is optimal for each line of business. For the model with more than two risks, we obtain two types of optimal reinsurance strategies if the marginals have convex or concave distributions on their tail parts by constraining the ceded loss functions to be convex or concave. Moreover, as a special case, the optimal quota-share reinsurance with dependence uncertainty has been studied. Finally, after applying our findings to two risks, some studies have been implemented to obtain both the analytical and numerical optimal reinsurance policies.

Development of the technology of restoration of the tail part of the body of the cutter of the road cutter

Purpose. The purpose of this work is to study the patterns of wear and develop a technology for restoring the tail part of the cutter body of the road cutter. They conducted an analysis of the wear of the cutters and found that most of them are suitable for use, since the shape of the carbide tip has not changed much and can still be used for grinding asphalt-concrete mixture. Methodology/approach. The method of restoration of the caudal part of the body of the incisors was developed and proposed. The recovery route is as follows: 1. Cleaning the incisor. 2. Heating the tail part of the cutter with a propane-oxygen flame. 3. Plastic deformation of the cutter body in the die. 4. Air cooling. 5. Control measurement of size changes. The recommended heat treatment temperature for plastic deformation depends on the concentration of carbon and alloying elements of the steel, and lies in the temperature range from 800 to 1280°С, the heating time is 1.33 min. Before distribution, the body of the cutter was heated using a propane-oxygen flame. Deposition was carried out in a closed die with the help of a special Poisson. A cutter head was placed in the matrix, on which a guide with a punch was installed. The developed technology of restoration of the tail part of the incisor by handing. Findings. According to the proposed technology, the tail part of the cutter body is distributed from 0.04 mm to 0.73 mm per side. Research limitations/implications. In this way, the cutters of the road cutters are restored to almost the dimensions of a new part, which enables repeated use.

A Comparative Study on the Muscle and Gut Microbiota of Opsariichthys bidens from Rice Field and Pond Culture Breeding Modes.

To investigate difference in the quality of the different parts (back, tail muscles, and fish skin) of Opsariichthys bidens from pond and rice field cultures, a comparative study was conducted in terms of nutritional composition, volatile flavor profiles and gut microbiota. In detail, the texture, free amino acids, fatty acids were further assessed. The results suggested that the moisture content, crude protein and crude fat content in the skin of O. bidens are higher than those in the back and tail muscles, regardless of breeding modes. The fish cultured in the rice field had a higher protein content than those from the pond culture, while the fat content of the rice field-cultured fish was significantly low compared to the fish from the pond culture, especially in the back and tail parts. A total of 43 volatile components were detected by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), with a maximum of 18 types of aldehydes and the highest concentration being nonanal. Compared to pond cultures, the fish from the rice field cultures showed more abundant flavor composition and odor-active compounds. The total content of DHA (Docosahexaenoic Acid) and EPA (Eicosapentaenoic Acid) in the rice field-cultured fish was higher than that of the pond group, while no significant disparity in amino acid composition was observed (p > 0.05). Comparative and clustering analyses of gut microbiota revealed notable discrepancies in the gut microbiota of O. bidens from two aquaculture systems. However, an inherent correlation between the gut microbiome and meat quality would be further emphasized in further studies. This study can offer a theoretical reference for the development of high-quality aquatic products by selecting the appropriate aquaculture models.

A new species of the newt genus Hypselotriton (Amphibia, Urodela, Salamandridae) from Jiangxi Province, southeastern China.

A new newt species, Hypselotritonhuanggangensis sp. nov., is described based on nine specimens collected from Huanggangshan Mountains, Yanshan County, Jiangxi, China. Morphologically, the new species is characterized by the combination of nine external characters: (1) obvious black patches with clear boundaries on the whole body; (2) ground color of the dorsal body tan; (3) ground color of venter bright orange; (4) skin rough; (5) vertebral ridge weak; (6) fingers and toes overlapping when forelimb and hindlimb adpressed towards each other along body; (7) postocular orange spot absent; (8) small white warty glands around the eye; (9) two discontinuous longitudinal lines formed by white warty glands from neck to lateral parts of tail. Molecularly, the new species forms an independent clade with strong support in the phylogenetic trees of the genus based on the mitochondrial locus of NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2) gene fragments. The new species distinctly differs from H.fudingensis by differences in its body measurements, vertebral ridge, dorsal black patches, and ventral black patches. Furthermore, the new species and H.fudingensis are geographically isolated by a series of high mountain ranges, including the Wuyishan and Jiufengshan Mountains. The number of Hypselotriton species is now 11.

Tail-approach based design, synthesis, and molecular modeling of benzenesulfonamides carrying thiadiazole and urea moieties as novel carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.

We synthesized herein 16 compounds (SUT1-SUT16) as potential carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitors utilizing the tail-approach design. Based on this strategy, we connected benzenesulfonamide, the zinc-binding scaffold, to different urea moieties with the 1,3,4-thiadiazole ring as a linker. We obtained the target compounds by the reaction of 4-(5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide with aryl isocyanates. Upon confirmation of their structures, the compounds were screened for their ability to inhibit the tumor-related human (h) isoforms human carbonic anhydrase (hCA) IX and XII, as well as the physiologically dominant hCA I and II. Most of the molecules demonstrated Ki values ≤ 10 nM with different selectivity profiles. The binding modes of SUT9, SUT10, and SUT5, the most effective inhibitors of hCA II, IX, and XII, respectively, were predicted by molecular docking. SUT16 (4-{5-[3-(naphthalen-1-yl)ureido]-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl}benzenesulfonamide) was found to be the most selective inhibitor of the cancer-associated isoforms hCA IX and XII over the off-target isoforms, hCAI and II. The interaction dynamics and stability of SUT16 within hCA IX and XII were investigated by molecular dynamics simulations as well as dynophore analysis. Based on computational data, increased hydrophobic contacts and hydrogen bonds in the tail part of these molecules within hCA IX and XII were found as favorable interactions leading to effective inhibitors of cancer-related isoforms.

Anti-windup design for supercavitating vehicle based on sliding mode control combined with RBF network

During the longitudinal motion of a supercavitating vehicle, the stability control problem is complicated because of the nonlinear planing force on the tail part. The dynamic model of a supercavitating vehicle in longitude plane is nonlinear, simultaneously, the control instructions of a supercavitating vehicle may exceed the physical limits of an actuator. Therefore, designing a longitudinal stability control system for a supercavitating vehicle, not only the treatment of nonlinear planing force, but also the physical constraints of the actuator should be considered. For the longitudinal motion model of supercavitating vehicle, a cascade model is proposed, which decomposes the longitudinal motion of supercavitating vehicle into two subsystems. Sliding mode control based on RBF neural network compensation is adopted in the controller design process, and RBF neural network is exploited to approach the deviation caused by actuator saturation. The proposed control method can effectively compensate the performance degradation caused by control variable saturation, and has strong robustness.

Методика уточненного расчета давления в тормозных цилиндрах поезда с учетом влияния утечек сжатого воздуха, распределенных по длине тормозной магистрали

Objective: to develop a methodology for estimating the filling value of the brake cylinders of a freight train, taking into account the amount of air leakage distributed along the length of the brake line. As initial data for determining the pressure of the brake cylinders, use the pressure drop in the brake line along the length of the train, the amount of charging pressure in the head of the train and the discharge stage of the equalizing tank. Methods: experimental study of gas dynamic processes in key volumes of the braking system in the head and tail parts of the train, such as: brake line and brake cylinder. Approximation of experimental data obtained from the braking system of a real train with the derivation of generalized equations. Results: as a result of the research, refined mathematical models were obtained that allow determining the pressure in the brake cylinder of any car, as well as the average pressure in the brake cylinders along the length of the train, taking into account the amount of leakage of the charging pressure in the head of the train and the length of the train in the cars. Practical significance: The application of a new methodology for calculating the filling value of brake cylinders will allow taking into account the influence of the length of the brake line on the braking force of each train car. This will help to correct the equation of train movement and improve the accuracy of calculating the braking distance of freight trains, taking into account the technical condition of the braking network.

Description of a new sandstone-dwelling species of genus Cnemaspis (Sauria: Gekkonidae) from Gunung Santubong National Park, southwestern Sarawak, Malaysia

A newly discovered sandstone-dwelling species of the rock gecko, genus Cnemaspis, is described from Santubong National Park, 25 km north of Kuching, southwestern Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. Molecular phylogenetic analysis confirmed that Cnemaspis puterisantubongae sp. nov. is closely related to other Cnemaspis species in southwestern Sarawak, except for C. kendallii, although these relationships remain unclear. The new species differs from closely related species in having a moderate snout–vent length of up to 66.7 mm; 10–14 precloacal pores in males; 9–14 obviously-convex precloacal pore-bearing scales in females; enlarged, smooth, flat median subcaudal scales; sharp-edged, broad black markings on the trunk dorsum; and a black–gray banding pattern on the posterior part of the original tail, with white median subcaudal scales in males. This discovery of this new species from Santubong National Park, which is highly accessible due to its proximity to Kuching, highlights the need for extensive inventory surveys throughout the national parks of Sarawak.

Identification of pigmentation genes in skin, muscle and tail of a Thai-flag variety of Siamese fighting fish Betta splendens

Pigmentation genes expressed in skin, body muscle and tail of Thai-flag compared with Blue, White and Red varieties of Siamese fighting fish Betta splendens were identified. In total, 22,919 new unigenes were found. Pearson correlation and PCA analysis revealed that expression profiles of genes in muscle, skin and tail across solid color variety were similar. In contrast, those in skin and red tail part of Thai-flag were closely related but they showed different expression profiles with the white tail part. Moreover, 21,347–64,965 SNPs were identified in exonic regions of identified genes. In total, 28,899 genes were differentially expressed between paired comparisons of libraries where 13,907 genes (48.12 %) were upregulated and 14,992 genes (51.88 %) were downregulated. DEGs between paired libraries were 106–5775 genes relative to the compared libraries (56–2982 and 50–2782 for upregulated and downregulated DEGs). Interestingly, 432 pigmentation genes of B. splendens were found. Of these, 297 DEGs showed differential expression between varieties. Many DEGs in melanogenesis (Bsmcr1r, Bsmcr5r, and Bsslc2a15b), tyrosine metabolism (Bstyr, Bstyrp1b and Bsdct), stripe repressor (BsAsip1 and BsAsip2b), pteridine (Bsgch2) and carotenoid (BsBco2) biosynthesis were downregulated in the Thai-flag compared with solid color varieties. Expression of Bsbco1l, Bsfrem2b, Bskcnj13, Bszic2a and Bspah in skin, muscle and tail of Thai-flag, Blue, Red and White varieties was analyzed by qRT-PCR and revealed differential expression between fish varieties and showed anatomical tissue-preferred expression patterns in the same fish variety. The information could be applied to assist genetic-based development of new B. splendens varieties in the future.

Efficient Water Supply Scheduling in IoT Sector With Modified Exploration-Based Artificial Gorilla Troops Optimizer

The main contribution of the proposed work is to minimize the capacity of the canal region and functional step for the head gate of the supply canal depending on the canal constraint. Due to the communication and interconnection over the sensors in IoT, the required decision variables are obtained for the operation of water supply scheduling. Then, the proposed model utilizes several decision variables such as start time, and discharge rate. In various sections, the decision variables change from the head of the canal to the tail, which is also to be gradually decreased as well. To overcome this constraint, the Modified Exploration-based Artificial Gorilla Troops Optimizer (ME-AGTO) algorithm is proposed in this article, where the start time, and discharge rate is efficiently optimized. The newly developed ME-AGTO algorithm is applied for the two-way water supply and acquires the optimal scheduling of the water supply. Hence, the canal capacity is considered with optimized variables at different sections throughout the head and tail parts of the canal. Thus, the schedules are created for the inflow of water with the aid of the rotation period and head gate. The performance is estimated to obtain the desired results of less conveyance loss.

MANAGEMENT OF SCABIOSIS WITH ANCYLOSTOMIOSIS IN LOCAL BREED PUPPY

Parasitic disease is the most common problem found in dogs, caused by endoparasites and ectoparasites. Sarcoptes scabiei is one of the ectoparasites that can infect dogs and is zoonotic. Hookworm infection in dogs is one of the endoparasites and also zoonotic. The purpose of this case report is to find out the effectiveness of the treatment used in treating scabiosis and ancylostomyosis in puppies. A case dog named Selen with a local breed, female, itching with a level of pruritus 8/10, hair loss around the eyes, ears, neck, dorsal, cranial and caudal extremities, tail, and caudal parts. Crusts on the ears, several spots on the front and back extremities, and erythema on the neck and back. Observed blood spots in the stool which had a mushy consistency fecal scoring 5/7. The physical examination was continued with a skin examination which was carried out using the skin scraping method which showed Sarcoptes scabiei agents, stool examination using the floating method showed the presence of Ancylostoma sp.’s egg and a Complete Blood Count showed that the dog had hypochromic normocytic anemia, lymphocytosis, granulocytosis, thrombocytosis, and eosinophilia. Treatment is carried out with causative treatment, anthelmintic pyrantel pamoate (Cazitel®) and antiparasitic sarolaner (Simparica®), symptomatic treatment of antihistamine Chlorpheniramine Maleate, metronidazole antibiotics, and vitamin B complex as supportive therapy (Livron®). On evaluation day 14, the rate of pruritus decreased to 2/10. In the previously alopecia, crusting, and erythema began to show improvement. Stool no longer contains blood spots with a solid consistency fecal scoring 2/7.

Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of lyophilized plasma

Objective. To assess the hemostatic potential, preclinical safety and in vitro efficacy of lyophilized plasma in patients and blood donors.Materials and methods. The study of acute toxicity was carried out on outbred mice of both sexes (n=120), pyrogenicity – on rabbits of both sexes (n=30), abnormal toxicity – on mice (n=25) and guinea pigs (n=6). Histopathological studies were carried out on preparations of five fragments of the middle part of the mouse tail after intravenous administration of the maximum dose (4500 mg/kg) lyophilized plasma (LP), physiological solution, fresh frozen plasma (FFP) and pathogen-reduced FFP (PRFFP) using the Intercept system. The proand anticoagulant activity was investigated by clotting and chromogenic method to evaluate the hemostatic potential of PL. The effect on hemostasis was studied in vitro by thromboelastometry when FFP and LP were added to blood samples of patients (n = 23) and donors (n = 20). Results. Acute toxicity study showed the absence of death and clinical signs of intoxication in all series. On the 14th day, body weight gain was observed in animals of all series. Regardless of the used LP dosage, no development of effusion and adhesions in the thoracic and abdominal cavities, as well as macroscopically detectable pathologic changes of the main organs were observed in animals. The analysis of the relative weight of internal organs of animals did not reveal statistically significant differences in experimental and control series relative to the values of similar indicators in intact animals. The studied hemostatic potential showed that LP was not inferior to PRFFP in the content of coagulation factors of the blood system. Evaluation of the effect of LP application in vitro in female patients showed statistically significant correction of CT (clotting time) index, which indicates the effectiveness of its application for replenishment of blood coagulation factors (BCF).Conclusion. Preclinical animal studies of LP have proven its safety and efficacy compared to FFP.

Object tracking-based deep learning for calculating the quantity of eel seedlings (Anguilla bicolor)

Anguilla bicolor is a highly economically valuable species of eel, whose cultivation needs to be carried out to the maximum. One of the factors supporting successful aquaculture is the optimal stocking density. The current calculation method for determining seedling quantity for stocking density is ineffective for large-scale cultivation. Therefore, in this study, an object-tracking-based calculation method using deep learning was applied to address this issue. Deep learning using YOLO v8 is an advanced method for counting and detecting objects including fish. This algorithm was used with the addition of the ByteTrack algorithm for object tracking and supervision for object counting. Object tracking is applied such that during seed counting, moving objects can be tracked and not counted repeatedly. Training was conducted on two datasets with different labels, namely the head and tail parts, using 300 epochs, 16 batches, and learning rate of 0,001 and 0,01. Based on the training results, the model with the head label has higher precision and recall than the tail-labelled model, with values of 0,91 and 0,93 respectively. The model performed well at a stocking density of 63 individuals/m², with accuracy and F1 scores of 90,91% and 0,95 respectively.

Damping oscillations of a cylinder with a coaxial disc and a stabilizer

The damped rotational oscillations of the cylinder, which is equipped with a coaxial disk in the head part, and has a stabilizer in the tail part, are studied. The elongation of the cylinder (the ratio of length to diameter) is nine. The cylinder is mounted in the test section of the low velocities wind tunnel with a wire suspension containing steel springs. In the equilibrium position, the axis of the cylinder is horizontal and parallel to the velocity vector of the incoming flow. Under the action of the air flow, the attenuation of rotational oscillations of the cylinder changes. A semiconductor strain gauge is attached to one of the suspension springs, which measures the dependence of spring tension on time during oscillations. The voltage at the output of the strain gauge is transmitted to the PC oscilloscope. The digital signal of the oscilloscope is transmitted to the computer. After calibration of the device, the frequency and amplitude of damped rotational oscillations around a horizontal axis passing through the center of the cylinder and perpendicular to the velocity vector of the incoming flow are determined. The effect of the air flow is described by analogues of rotational derivatives, which in the case of bluff bodies depend on the amplitude of the oscillations of the angle of inclination of the body and on the amplitude of the angular velocity. A simple model of the stabilizer’s effect on rotational derivatives is proposed.

Industrial Czochralski n‐type Silicon Wafers: Gettering Effectiveness and Possible Bulk Limiting Defects

An assessment of the bulk material quality of industrial Czochralski (Cz) grown phosphorus‐doped n‐type silicon (Si) wafers along an ingot is reported. The minority charge carrier lifetimes of the Cz‐Si wafer bulk before and after phosphorous (POCl3) diffusion gettering are assessed, by applying room‐temperature superacid surface passivation to avoid any additional gettering or hydrogenation effect. A substantial increase in the bulk lifetime of all of the n‐type Cz‐Si wafers along the ingot is observed, indicating the effectiveness of a gettering step for such wafers and the presence of getterable metallic impurities in these wafers. By experimentally monitoring the lifetime changes upon a gettering anneal and simulating the gettering kinetics based on different metal diffusivities, iron is identified to be a limiting defect, at least for the wafers from the tail part of the ingot. A dissolved iron concentration of is estimated from the bulk lifetimes of the tail wafers. This lifetime kinetics approach is also a demonstration of a new method to identify iron, or other getterable metals with moderate diffusivities such as chromium, in n‐type silicon wafers.

CO Mapping of Cygnus-X—Volume Density Distribution

We present CO(2-1) and 13CO(2-1) maps of the Cygnus-X molecular cloud complex using the 10 m Heinrich Hertz Submillimeter Telescope. The maps cover the southern portion of the complex, which is strongly impacted by the feedback from the Cygnus OB2 association. Combining CO(1-0) and 13CO(1-0) maps from the Nobeyama 45 m Cygnus-X CO Survey, we carry out a multitransition molecular line analysis with RADEX and derive the volume density of velocity-coherent gas components. We select those components with a column density in the power-law tail part of the column density probability distribution function (N-PDF) and assemble their volume density into a volume density PDF (ρ-PDF). The ρ-PDF exhibits a power-law shape in the range of 104.5 cm−3 105.5 cm−3 with a fitted slope of α = −1.12 ± 0.05. The slope is shallower than what is predicted by simulations of rotationally supported structures or those undergoing gravitational collapse. Applying the same analysis to synthetic observations with feedback may help identify the cause of the shallow slope. The ρ-PDF provides another useful benchmark for testing models of molecular cloud formation and evolution.

SIMULATION OF THE PROPAGATION OF A PLANE ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE IN AN INHOMOGENEOUS NONABSORBING MEDIUM

Analytical solutions of the Ishimaru's parabolic equation for the coherence function of the electromagnetic field, which describe the temporal properties of the pulse at the output of a heterogeneous non-dissipative medium, are considered. A generalization of the approach used in the Ishimaru model to describe the time evolution of a monochromatic electromagnetic pulse enveloping in homogeneous non-dissipative media is obtained for the case of non-homogeneous non-dissipative media. Thus, an attempt was made to take into account the influence of the heterogeneity of the medium on the shape of the resulting pulse. When solving the given problem, the difficulties associated with the calculation of the continuous integral arising in the space of diffusion trajectories were overcome. This made it possible to obtain an explicit expression for the Green's function of the task and to build a computational algorithm based on which a number of numerous experiments were conducted. The analysis of the work was carried out based on the apparatus of quadratic integral functionals based on the solutions of differential stochastic equations. In the paper, the invariant temporal properties of the envelope of monochromatic electromagnetic pulses recorded after passing through a flat layer of a scattering heterogeneous medium, i.e., properties that remain unchanged when the parameters of the medium vary, in particular, the distribution of the concentration of scattering centers. The dynamics of the formation of time plumes of the scattered wave, in which the tail part is located in the peripheral time area, were analyzed. When propagating at the speed of transformation of the wave front, it reflects the appearance of the layers of the scattering region and its longitudinal shape. It is noted that the development of the proposed approximation approach to the processes affecting the time delay of electromagnetic pulses can be the accounting for the attenuation of radiation during its propagation in an inhomogeneous absorbing medium.

LTACL: long-tail awareness contrastive learning for distantly supervised relation extraction

Distantly supervised relation extraction is an automatically annotating method for large corpora by classifying a bound of sentences with two same entities and the relation. Recent works exploit sound performance by adopting contrastive learning to efficiently obtain instance representations under the multi-instance learning framework. Though these methods weaken the impact of noisy labels, it ignores the long-tail distribution problem in distantly supervised sets and fails to capture the mutual information of different parts. We are thus motivated to tackle these issues and establishing a long-tail awareness contrastive learning method for efficiently utilizing the long-tail data. Our model treats major and tail parts differently by adopting hyper-augmentation strategies. Moreover, the model provides various views by constructing novel positive and negative pairs in contrastive learning for gaining a better representation between different parts. The experimental results on the NYT10 dataset demonstrate our model surpasses the existing SOTA by more than 2.61% AUC score on relation extraction. In manual evaluation datasets including NYT10m and Wiki20m, our method obtains competitive results by achieving 59.42% and 79.19% AUC scores on relation extraction, respectively. Extensive discussions further confirm the effectiveness of our approach.

An Exponentiality Test of Fit Based on a Tail Characterization against Heavy and Light-Tailed Alternatives

Log-concavity and log-convexity play a key role in various scientific fields, especially in those where the distinction between exponential and non-exponential distributions is necessary for inferential purposes. In the present study, we introduce a testing procedure for the tail part of a distribution which can be used for the distinction between exponential and non-exponential distributions. The conspiracy and catastrophe principles are initially used to establish a characterization of (the tail part of) the exponential distribution, which is one of the main contributions of the present work, leading the way for the construction of the new test of fit. The proposed test and its implementation are thoroughly discussed, and an extended simulation study has been undertaken to clarify issues related to its implementation and explore the extent of its capabilities. A real data case is also investigated.

Ensembling noisy segmentation masks of blurred sperm images

Background:Sperm tail morphology and motility have been demonstrated to be important factors in determining sperm quality for in vitro fertilization. However, many existing computer-aided sperm analysis systems leave the sperm tail out of the analysis, as detecting a few tail pixels is challenging. Moreover, some publicly available datasets for classifying morphological defects contain images limited only to the sperm head. This study focuses on the segmentation of full sperm, which consists of the head and tail parts, and appear alone and in groups. Methods:We re-purpose the Feature Pyramid Network to ensemble an input image with multiple masks from state-of-the-art segmentation algorithms using a scale-specific cross-attention module. We normalize homogeneous backgrounds for improved training. The low field depth of microscopes blurs the images, easily confusing human raters in discerning minuscule sperm from large backgrounds. We thus propose evaluation protocols for scoring segmentation models trained on imbalanced data and noisy ground truth. Results:The neural ensembling of noisy segmentation masks outperforms all single, state-of-the-art segmentation algorithms in full sperm segmentation. Human raters agree more on the head than tail masks. The algorithms also segment the head better than the tail. Conclusions:The extensive evaluation of state-of-the-art segmentation algorithms shows that full sperm segmentation is challenging. We release the SegSperm dataset of images from Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection procedures to spur further progress on full sperm segmentation with noisy and imbalanced ground truth. The dataset is publicly available at https://doi.org/10.34808/6wm7-1159.