Taguchi Orthogonal Array Research Articles

Development of Machine Learning Algorithms for Application in Major Performance Enhancement in the Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) System

Machine learning is used in this study to deal with the reduction in the design period and major performance improvement of the selective catalyst reduction system. The selective catalyst reduction system helps in the reduction in NOx emission in the diesel engine. The existing methods for the design and performance improvement of selective catalyst reduction systems tend to be inefficient, due to layout changes that require modification when mounting a vehicle based on previously designed models. There are some factors that can affect the design of the diesel engine selective catalyst reduction system that can be identified by applying an optimized design. The Taguchi orthogonal array design is used with the eight factors and three levels of the main design factors. The distance of the urea injector, the distance of the mixer, the inflow angle of the exhaust gas, the angle of the urea injector, the angle of the mixer, the mounting angle in the direction of rotation of the mixer inside the selective catalyst reduction pipe, the number of mixer blades, the and bending angle of the mixer blade are identified as the eight major factors involved. These factors can also be considered manufacturing factors and can be established through machine learning. Machine learning has the advantage of being more efficient compared to other methods in determining the relationship between the data for each mutual factor. Machine learning can help in reducing processing time, which can further decrease the cost of the design analysis and improve the performance of the selective catalyst reduction system. This study shows that the results are statistically significant as the p values of the mixer blade number and cone length are lower than 0.05.

Study and Optimization Defect Layer in Powder Mixed Electrical Discharge Machining of Titanium Alloy

Electrical discharge machining (EDM) has recently become very popular for processing titanium alloys, but surface quality is a major problem. During machining, a defect layer inevitably forms on the surface, which can have a negative impact on surface quality. One of the ways to reduce the defect layer is to add powder to the dielectric. However, it is not yet completely clear which powder and in what quantity it should be added to reduce the defect layer. In this sense, the present study aims to investigate the effects of machining parameters on the defect layer in powder-mixed electrical discharge machining of titanium alloys. The main goal is to achieve the minimum thickness of the defect layer by optimally adjusting the input parameters. Experimental studies were performed using the Taguchi orthogonal array L9, considering discharge current, pulse duration, duty cycle, and graphite powder concentration as input parameters. Based on the Taguchi and ANOVA analyses, the discharge current was found to have the greatest effect on the defect layer. In addition, analysis of variance revealed that pulse duration was the second influential parameter, followed by graphite powder and duty cycle. The minimum thickness of the defect layer is obtained at a discharge current of 1.5 A, a pulse duration of 30 µs, a duty cycle of 50%, and a graphite powder concentration of 12 g/L. The results obtained in this study provided answers to some of the unresolved research questions and confirmed the findings that the proposed method can be applied in the industry.

Evaluation of characteristics for microwave-assisted polymer coating of the steel substrate

Abstract Polymeric barrier coatings are one of the most sought-after methods for protecting metallic parts from corrosion and for ensuring a glossy appearance. In this work, pure polyester barrier coating was applied on a steel substrate using a microwave-assisted curing process with an experimental design based on L9 Taguchi orthogonal array. It included three key factors, viz. voltage, powder output from the spray gun and microwave power with three levels of each. The heat required for curing was achieved through electromagnetic-thermal energy conversion with the aid of a graphite susceptor. A multi-physics numerical study was carried out to identify the magnitude of temperature attained at different levels of microwave power and irradiation time. This was used to build the microwave curing set-up. The impact of parametric variation of the microwave-assisted process on the gloss was quantified. In addition, an assessment of dry film thickness, corrosion resistance, and impact strength was performed. Taguchi analysis reveals that out of three factors used, microwave power has the most significant impact on the gloss units. The desired level of impact strength was achieved for all samples, with the exception of the one coated with the factor combination of the least levels. Corrosion resistance for specimens was measured to be 240 h using a standard salt spray test. Specimen prepared with larger power input showed lesser blistering. The results substantiate the feasibility of a microwave-assisted process route for the industrial coating process.

Multiple Response Prediction and Optimization in Thin-Walled Milling of 6061 Aluminum Alloy

In this study, the multi-objective optimization method for thin-wall milling of 6061 aluminum alloy is addressed. The technological parameters including the cutting speed Vc, the feed of tooth fz, and the width of cut ar are considered input variables, while the manufacturing responses are surface roughness Ra, production rate MRR, and flatness deviation FL. The goal is to find the optimum cutting parameters to minimize Ra and FL and maximize MRR, at the same time. To solve this problem, the desirability function approach was used based on Taguchi orthogonal array. Twenty-seven experiments were conducted and the measured data were collected. The mathematical regression models for responses Ra, MRR, and FL were then generated and evaluated by using the analysis of variance method. Then, the multiple objective optimization problems were solved by using the desirability function approach. The optimum cutting parameters set are Vc=120m/min, fz=0.06mm, and ar=0.13131mm, corresponding to Ra=0.1613µm, MRR=17197.45cm3/min, and FL=0.0995mm.

Parameter Optimization of Sandcasting of Silumin (Aa6061) Using Genetic Algorithm

Automobile and engine components are often sand cast during manufacture because of its simplicity in operation. Manufacturing processes and conditions were appropriately carried out by developing a Design of Experiment platform to effect a fair randomization of the various experimental runs. Taguchi Orthogonal array was used to develop a layout for the sand casting experiment. Multiple linear Regression technique was used to develop mathematical models for the 3 responses-fatigue strength, wear rate and hardness. The Weighted Average method was applied in ascribing criteria weights. The single composite objective function generated was inputted into the Genetic algorithm tool box which yielded optimal levels for the four cases adopted. Case 4 which is the maximum importance for fatigue strength had its optimal conditions to be 749.99 o C, 49.999Hz, 30.01seconds and 265.35mm 2 for pouring temperature, vibration frequency, vibration time and runner size respectively. Validation test conducted showed that the values obtained from the actual experiment were similar to that yielded by the predictive models. Keywords: Sand casting , Optimization, Genetic algorithm and Taguchi design DOI: 10.7176/IEL/13-1-06 Publication date: April 28 th 2023

An experimental design approach for investigating the influence of various factors on wax deposition in production tubing and pipelines

This research work employed the design of experiment approach to investigate the influence of various factors including the inhibition concentration, crude oil temperature and speed of rotation on wax deposition in production tubing and pipelines. A combination of Taguchi orthogonal array of designed experiments with a subsequent application of a standard response surface methodology based central composite design was carried out using the StatEase DesignExpert Software Version 12. The individual effects of variables and its interaction effects towards the dependent variables were studied with the shear rate/degree of viscosity reduction taken as the dependent variable. The results of the study showed that less wax deposition inferred from the degree of viscosity reduction was significantly affected by the crude oil temperature and speed of rotation. The 2FI model was selected based on the significant lack of fit obtained. Model equations were derived based on the results and the predicted values of the response (shear rate/degree of viscosity reduction were obtained at a sufficient degree of correlation. Thus, the Design Expert can be a valuable tool to quantify and detect the special relationships of two of more factors known as interactions regarding how these factors could affect a process, especially for screening purpose.

Multi-Objective Taguchi Optimization of Cement Concrete Incorporating Recycled Mixed Plastic Fine Aggregate Using Modified Fuller’s Equation

Motivated by the multiple benefits of recycling plastic ingredients in cementitious materials, the present study focuses on the design of sustainable cement concrete incorporating recycled mixed plastic fine aggregate (MPFA) as a partial replacement of natural sand (NS). The MPFA produced in this work is composed of a combination of polymer types with similar concoctions to those observed in the postconsumer waste streams. This study approach is vastly different from past reported studies on the use of sorted, highly purified single-type recycled plastic aggregate in cement concrete. A multi-criteria decision-making technique, Best-Worst Method (BWM), was integrated with the Taguchi method to maximize the quality of MPFA concrete based on the Fuller–Thompson theory. More specifically, an L9 (34) Taguchi orthogonal array with four three-level design factors was adopted to optimize the fresh, durability, and mechanical properties of MPFA concrete. The results showed that MPFA concrete produced with 400 kg/m3 cement content, 0.43 water/cement ratio, 0.43 fine aggregate/total aggregate ratio, and 10 vol% MPFA content exhibited the highest quality. Findings from the present work also revealed that MPFA concrete produced with tailored particle size distribution of MPFA NS fine aggregate system achieved superior, if not comparable, qualities to those of conventional concrete.

Production of Methanol Tolerant Cell-bound Lipase of Magnusiomyces spicifer SPB2 and Application as Whole-cell Biocatalyst in Transesterification Reaction

Cell-bound lipase (CBL) is a potential biocatalyst for production of fatty acid alkyl ester (FAAE), which is feasible replacement for diesel fuel. This study aimed to improve both hydrolysis and transesterification activities of CBL from the yeast Magnusiomyces spicifer SPB2, which could be employed as whole-cell biocatalyst for transesterification reactions through optimizing the growth medium using Taguchi orthogonal array experimental method (L9). The optimized medium, resulting the highest CBL transesterification activity, consisted of soybean oil, peptone, Gum Arabic and an initial pH of 5. Interestingly, the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield increased up to 33.28 times when compared with non-optimized medium. Moreover, cell morphology of M. spicifer SPB2 varied depending on the culture medium component. The single cell was more active to be used as the whole-cell biocatalyst than the pseudomycelial form for transesterification reaction. The highest FAME yield was 93.86 % when refined palm oil to methanol molar ratio of 1:8 was used as substrates. Whole-cell lipase from M. spicifer showed favorable activity to iso-butanol as an acyl accepter, resulting in fatty acid butyl ester (FABE) yield of 86.80 % at 1:3 molar ratio of palm oil to iso-butanol. The FAME and FABE yields dramatically decreased from 93.86 and 86.80 % to 57.02 and 4.48 %, respectively after the reuse of the enzyme to the second batch of reaction. These results indicated that the whole-cell biocatalyst developed from M. spicifer was an efficient and economical approach to improve enzyme activity and stability in the transesterification reaction. HIGHLIGHTS Methanol tolerant cell-bound lipase and extracellular lipase of spicifer SPB2 were produced The whole-cell biocatalyst of spicifer SPB2 was developed for FAME production The optimized medium was developed to prepare whole-cell lipases from spicifer SPB2 Gum Arabic was the most influencing factor for synthetic activity of whole-cell CBL from yeast Single cell morphology exhibited higher transesterification activity than pseudomycelial form GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Applying the Taguchi to Optimization the densification, and flexural strength of ZrB2–SiC–ZrC-CNFs

The purpose of this research is to optimize the densification, microstructure and flexural strength of ZrB2-25 vol% SiC composites reinforced by carbon nano fibers (CNFs) and zirconium carbide (ZrC). Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) was applied for composites consolidation. Taguchi orthogonal array L9 as the design of statistical experiments (DOE) was evaluated to optimize the additives, as well as SPS parameters (temperature and time). Three levels were defined for each factor. The relative density (R.D%) and flexural strength of the samples were calculated based on Archimedes' law and the three-point bending test. Moreover, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was utilized to determine the importance of effective parameters and to optimize the SPS variables and compounds (the amount of CNFs and ZrC). The microscopic structure of surfaces was examined through field emission scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (FE-SEM, EDS). The results showed that the best output of relative density and flexural strength was equal to 99.8% and 610 MPa, respectively, with an average ZrB2 grain size of 9.6 μm in a composite containing 15 vol% CNFs and 10 vol% ZrC and SPSed at 1875 °C for 7 min.

Experimental investigation of suspension-type abrasive water jet machining of nitrile rubber for positive displacement motor applications

The lightweight elastomers (such as nitrile rubber) frequently used in the Positive Displacement Motor (PDM) stator assembly are subjected to harsh environmental conditions. These elastomeric components are manufactured by primary casting/shaping methods, followed by secondary manufacturing/machining processes. The production of intricate shapes/sizes in single or batch-size elastomeric components using primary casting methods requires a customized mould to fulfil the requirement of sudden breakdown conditions, which is uneconomical. It necessitates an alternate production method that can satisfy the need for the elastomeric component at the stage of failure. The current research focuses on the possibility of producing nitrile rubber components using a non-conventional machining method, Suspension-type Abrasive Water Jet Machining (AWJM), suitable for batch production with better dimensional stability and versatility in shape/size. This work presents the experimental investigation of Suspension-type AWJM of nitrile rubber specimens (15 mm thick) using a custom-designed Tungsten Carbide (WC) nozzle under room-temperature condition. The top surface of the machined slot is analyzed to determine the mineral composition and abrasive particle embedding through Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDX) and Backscatter Electron (BSE) detector. The Taguchi Orthogonal Array (OA) is employed to study the effect of the process parameters (Water Jet Pressure (WJP), Traverse rate (Vf), and Stand-Off Distance (SOD)) on the performance parameters (Kerf Taper Ratio (KTR), and Material Removal Rate (MRR)). The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is applied to check the statistical significance and percentage contribution of each process parameter on the performance of Suspension-type AWJM. The uniformity in the geometry of the machined slot is analyzed by the waviness patterns observed in the profile images of the cut specimen. The analysis of the EDX results reveals the presence of Manganese (Mn) and an increased percentage of Silicon (Si) particles near the top surface of the machined slot. The SOD influences KTR the most, whereas Vf highly influences MRR. It is observed that the waviness pattern is minimal at high WJP experimental runs. The outcome of this research work provides a quick and economical method of producing the PDM bushings instead of the casting/moulding method.

Multi-criteria optimization of TIG welding process parameters on AISI 409M stainless steel by Grey Taguchi method

AISI 409M ferritic stainless steel materials were examined in this study. TIG welding was utilized for the creation of butt welded joints in the construction of the L9 Taguchi orthogonal array experiment. A visual and X-ray examination of the joints followed the procedure. After the butt-joining, a slew of experiments were run to figure out the material’s specific properties. There has been an evaluation of the weld quality in terms of the specimens’ ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and percentage elongation (PE). Grey-Taguchi methodology was used to interpret, discuss and analyse the collected data. It appears that the investigation has led to some conclusive results.

Multi-response optimization of TIG dissimilar welding of AISI 1008 mild steel and AISI 316 stainless steel using grey-based Taguchi method

This article presents a reliable method of multi-performance characteristics optimization of TIG dissimilar welding of mild steel and stainless steel. Grey-integrated Taguchi optimization approach was adopted for the optimization of the welding process parameters such as the welding current, the welding voltage and the gas flow rate for multi-performance characteristics such as the ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, percentage elongation and Vickers microhardness of the fusion zone. L9 Taguchi orthogonal array was employed with three process parameters all at three levels. The welding current was the most significant process parameter for the multi-performance characteristics of the weld joint. The optimal setting for the multi-performance characteristics of the weld joint was obtained as welding current at level 1 (110 A), welding voltage at level 1 (11 V) and gas flow rate at level 3 (18 l min−1). The corresponding response variables at the optimal setting were ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, percentage elongation and Vickers microhardness of 493.29 MPa, 395.38 MPa, 31.35% and 390.52 HV respectively. These values are all found to be higher than the values obtained at the initial settings. This shows that grey-integrated Taguchi optimization is an effective method in multi-performance characteristics optimization of dissimilar welded material.

Optimizing fused filament fabrication process parameters for quality enhancement of PA12 parts using numerical modeling and taguchi method

Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) is an Additive Manufacturing (AM) technique implemented in widespread applications and several components. Despite its benefits, the physics behind the FFF process is quite complicated and requires fast heating and cooling rate of the extruded material. Consequently, the component experiences extremely non-uniform internal stresses that might lead to warpage deformation. It is necessary to optimize the printing parameters as they are associated with the warpage deformation of printed components. One method for achieving this target is conducting physical tests that offer precise findings, but it is an expensive strategy. Another approach is to simulate the printing parameters with special software. In this work, Digimat-AM was employed to develop a thermomechanical Finite Element Model of the FFF to simulate parts made of Polyamide12 (PA12). An L27 orthogonal array, a tool of the Taguchi orthogonal array, and an analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to estimate the impact of five printing parameters and their ultimate levels to improve the dimension's quality by minimizing the warpage deformation. Results showed a significant impact of the bed temperature on the warpage deformation values. The infill density contributed 2.84% in reducing the warpage deformation, and the rest of the parameters' contribution was less than 1% for each.

Surface characterization of SAE 304 after WED cutting: an experimental investigation and optimization

Stainless steel 304 is an iron-chromium-nickel-based alloy developed for structural applications. This alloy exhibits good mechanical strength along with excellent resistance to various atmospheric conditions. Due to the increasing demand for complex, precise, and high-quality structural components, the wire-electrical-discharge-cutting (WEDC) process is recommended as a powerful technique instead of conventional machine tools. The experimental layout is designed based on L27 Taguchi orthogonal array where pulse-on-time, pulse-off-time, servo voltage, and wire feed are selected as control variables. Post experimentation, roughness profile, topography, morphology, recast surface, and subsurface microhardness of the cut section of SAE 304 alloy were evaluated. Thereafter, the desirability function approach is used to find the optimum cutting conditions. The experimental investigation reveals lower profile roughness, smoother topography, no micro-cracks, least recast layer, and minimum hardness alteration under a trim-cut strategy which is found to be useful for safe, durable, and high–strength complex structural components.

Mechanical processing of hydroxyapatite through sintering and multi-objective optimization technique for biomedical application

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) has been widely applied in the area of tissue engineering, however, its poor mechanical properties limit it in load bearing biomedical application. To improve the mechanical integrity of HAp, this study reports the synthesis, optimization and the significance of processing parameters on the physic-mechanical properties of HAp. The HAp was produced from biogenic source through at 900 °C. The L9 Taguchi orthogonal array was employed, considering two processing parameters namely, HAp particle size (100, 300, and 600 mathrm{mu m}) and compaction load (3, 6, and 9 KN). The raw bones (RB) and the synthesized HAp were characterized for phase structure and functional groups analysis. The analysis showed the characteristics of a typical calcium phosphate material. The multiple response optimization revealed that 600 mathrm{mu m} particle size 6 KN compaction load are the optimal processing parameters in the manufacturing of high biomedical performance HAp.Graphical

Novel ZIF-67-derived Co@CNTs nanocomposites as effective adsorbents for removal of tetracycline and sulfadiazine antibiotics

Tetracycline (TCC) and sulfadiazine (SDZ) are two of the most consumed antibiotics for human therapies and bacterial infection treatments in aquafarming fields, but their accumulative residues can result in negative effects on water and aquatic microorganisms. Removal techniques are therefore required to purify water before use. Herein, we concentrate on adsorptive removal of TCC and SDZ using cobalt@carbon nanotubes (Co@CNTs) derived from Co-ZIF-67. The presence of CNTs on the edge of nanocomposites was observed. Taguchi orthogonal array was designed with four variables including initial concentration (5–20 mg L−1), dosage (0.05–0.2 g L−1), time (60–240 min), and pH (2–10). Concentration and pH were found to be main contributors to adsorption of tetracycline and sulfadiazine, respectively. The optimum condition was found at concentration 5 mg L−1, dosage 0.2 g L−1, contact time 240 min, and pH 7 for both TCC and SDZ removals. Confirmation tests showed that Co@CNTs-700 removed 99.6% of TCC and 97.3% of SDZ with small errors (3–5.5%). Moreover, the kinetic and isotherm were studied, which kinetic and isotherm data were best fitted with pseudo second-order model and Langmuir. Maximum adsorption capacity values for TCC and SDZ were determined at 118.4–174.1 mg g−1 for 180 min. We also proposed the main role of interactions such as hydrogen bonding, π–π stacking, and electrostatic attraction in the adsorption of antibiotics. With high adsorption performance, Co@CNTs-700 is expected to remove antibiotics efficiently from wastewater.

Using Kriging surrogate model to analyze hydrogen generation with dimethyl ether in partial oxidation catalytic fluidized bed reactor

The study aimed to present a fluidized bed reactor filled with 50% platinum catalytic beads and 50% quartz sand for syngas generation via the partial oxidation of dimethyl ether (DME). For obtaining useful information, experiments were carried out using Taguchi orthogonal array method, which cut test run by 75.3%, with the results being used for constructing the Kriging surrogate model. The model was then modified to reduce the mean square error. It is validated that the model can predict the results reasonably well. The outcome shows that the proposed reactor can self-sustain the syngas reforming reaction without incurring extra heat for reactants preheating. In the operation region, the results show that the start-up temperature is most negligible in hydrogen generation. The yield rate of hydrogen increases in sync with the increase of oxygen's molar ratio and DME, thanks to higher reaction temperature. The results also suggest that the higher the molar ratio of oxygen and DME, the more significant the reverse water shift reaction. Playing a key role in the fluidized bed in the proposed reactor for hydrogen generation, the normalized velocity must be at a proper level, in order to induce bubbling fluidization without causing a lower hydrogen yield, the latter due to the short residence time of reaction caused by excessive velocity. The sensitive analysis of independent variables also proved the inference from the measured results. By comparing with the literature, the performance of the proposed reactor in the present study shows a reasonably well performance. Given focused hydrogen generation, the study's findings can be used as a basis for evaluating DME as a hydrogen carrier and the proposed fluidized bed reaction.

Grey-based taguchi method for multi-weld quality optimization of gas metal arc dissimilar joining of mild steel and 316 stainless steel

Welding processes play a significant role in many fabrication and manufacturing industries. Among various welding processes that have been developed over the years, Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) or Metal Inert Gas Welding (MIG) has received a lot of interest due to its ability to weld a variety of metallic materials, easy adaptation for automation, high deposition rate, high efficiency, and low capital requirement. This study focus on the optimization of the multi-performance characteristics of MIG welded butt joint of AISI 1008 mild steel and AISI 316 austenitic stainless steel by hybrid Grey based Taguchi method. L9 Taguchi orthogonal array was adopted for the optimization of the MIG welding current, voltage and gas flow rate. The weld joint integrity has been assessed in terms of the tensile strength, yield strength, percentage elongation and Vickers microhardness of the fusion zone. Welding current of 180 A, voltage of 14 V, and gas flow rate of 19 l/min were obtained as the optimal parameter setting for the MIG welding process. The tensile strength, yield strength, percentage elongation and hardness of 559.25 MPa, 382.22 MPa, 33.34%, and 250.63 HV respectively were obtained at the optimal setting. Voltage was the most significant process parameter with 63.76% contribution for the multi-performance of the weldments. The confirmatory test was performed to validate the optimization process which proved Grey based Taguchi method to be an easy but yet effective method for multi-performance characteristics optimization of welded joints.

Energy Consumption vs. Tensile Strength of Poly[methyl methacrylate] in Material Extrusion 3D Printing: The Impact of Six Control Settings.

The energy efficiency of material extrusion additive manufacturing has a significant impact on the economics and environmental footprint of the process. Control parameters that ensure 3D-printed functional products of premium quality and mechanical strength are an established market-driven requirement. To accomplish multiple objectives is challenging, especially for multi-purpose industrial polymers, such as the Poly[methyl methacrylate]. The current paper explores the contribution of six generic control factors (infill density, raster deposition angle, nozzle temperature, print speed, layer thickness, and bed temperature) to the energy performance of Poly[methyl methacrylate] over its mechanical performance. A five-level L25 Taguchi orthogonal array was composed, with five replicas, involving 135 experiments. The 3D printing time and the electrical consumption were documented with the stopwatch approach. The tensile strength, modulus, and toughness were experimentally obtained. The raster deposition angle and the printing speed were the first and second most influential control parameters on tensile strength. Layer thickness and printing speed were the corresponding ones for the energy consumption. Quadratic regression model equations for each response metric over the six control parameters were compiled and validated. Thus, the best compromise between energy efficiency and mechanical strength is achievable, and a tool creates significant value for engineering applications.

Enhanced castor seed oil extraction assisted by the synergistic effect of ultrasound and microwave: Impact on extraction effectiveness and oil quality

The present study first time utilizes synergistic effect of ultrasound and microwave for oil extraction from castor seeds, with methanol as solvent. Taguchi's orthogonal array is selected as a tool for design of experiment for castor oil extraction through mechanical stirring, ultrasound, and hybrid (ultrasound + microwave) intensification techniques. The maximum extraction yield effectiveness of 98.37% is achieved based on optimized process conditions: 45 s grinding time, 12:1 solvent-to-seed ratio (v/w), 30 min extraction time, and 50 °C temperature. Along with the yield, significant enhancement in extracted oil quality in terms of oxidation stability and chemical composition is observed. The chemical composition of oil extracted through a hybrid technique shows a lower unsaturation level than ultrasonication. Ultrasound and hybrid technique both significantly increased proportion of ω-6 and ω-9 fatty acids, which has industrial as well as medicinal values. The viscosity of the oil extracted through hybrid solvent extraction is 199 ± 6 cp, which is significantly lower than that of a crushing-based technique (279 ± 6 cp). The energy consumption for the hybrid reactor is reduced by up to 40 % and 28 % than conventional mechanical stirring and ultrasound techniques, respectively. The developed process is industrially viable and environmentally sustainable.