Tagetes Species Research Articles

Chemical composition of Tagetes hydrolates and in vitro and in vivo evaluation against disease ssociated fungi in strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa)

Background / Objective. Aromatic plants contain chemical compounds with potential to formulate antifungal products. The objective of this study was to characterize the chemical composition in hydrolates of Tagetes species and to evaluate their effect in vitro and in vivo against disease-associated fungi in strawberry. Materials and Methods. The hydrolates of T. coronopifolia, T. minuta, T. parryi and T. terniflora were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometry. Hydrolates at 100, 75, 50 and 25 % and Promyl commercial fungicides were evaluated in vitro against Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani and Ridomil Gold against Phytophthora capsici. In the in vivo evaluation, strawberry plants sprayed with the hydrolates and 24 h later the plants were inoculated with 1 x 106 spore suspension. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and Turkey’s means test (p ≤ 0.05). Results. Monoterpenes were the major compounds in the four Tagetes species. T. parryi hydrolate in vitro totally inhibited the growth of B. cinerea being effective as a preventive treatment in the in vivo evaluation. F. oxysporum, P. capsici and R. solani were less susceptible to all the hydrolats. Conclusion. T. parryi hydrolate can be applied as a preventative against B. cinerea on strawberry plants.

Tagetes dombeyi (Asteraceae, Tageteae), a new species from the Central Andes first collected in the 18th century

Abstract Tagetes dombeyi (Asteraceae, Tageteae), a new species from the Central Andes first collected in the 18th century. A new annual species of Tagetes from the Central Andes of Peru and Bolivia, T. dombeyi, is described and illustrated based on herbarium collections and photographs of the plants in their habitat. Tagetes dombeyi is closely related to Tagetes imbricata, Tagetes multiflora - both of which can occasionally be found mixed with the former on the same herbarium sheet - and Tagetes iltisiana. However, they can be distinguished by diagnostic characters of leaf, corolla, and pappus. A morphological description is provided along with an illustration, a range map, and a key to differentiating the Tagetes species that inhabit Peru and Bolivia.

Comparative Arsenic Tolerance and Accumulation Potential Between Wild Tagetes patula and Tagetes minuta

Arsenic (As) is a bioactive metalloid that is highly toxic to humans, animals, and plants. Environmental contamination of As especially in groundwater increases due to natural and anthropogenic activities. The present study was performed to evaluate the potential of wild Tagetes species for the phytoremediation of As contaminated soil/water. This comparative research aims to analyze As accumulation and tolerance in two wild species of Tagetes, T. minuta and T. patula. The 20 days old seedlings were grown hydroponically and exposed to the different concentrations of As, 0, 50, 150, and 300 µM As2O3 for 1-, 4- and 7- days intervals. Effect of As stress was measured on the rate of seed germination, growth parameters like fresh and dry biomass weight, root/shoot length, chlorophyll contents and As contents in root and shoot in both Tagetes species. Increasing concentration of As restricts the growth activity of T. minuta with toxicity symptoms on leaves such as chlorosis. Accumulation of As in the shoot was significantly (p ≤ 0.01) high (634 µg g-1 DW) in T. patula as compared to T. minuta (397 µg g-1 DW) at 300 µM As2O3. Both Tagetes species exhibited high variation for As tolerance parameters as well as for As accumulation patterns. Comparatively good tolerance and accumulation of As in T. patula suggests that this species could be used in phytoextraction and re-vegetation in As contaminated sites.

A comparative study of marigold (Tagetes species L.) genotypes for growth, flowering and yield attributes under Banda agro-climatic conditions

A comparative study of marigold (Tagetes species L.) genotypes for growth, flowering and yield attributes under Banda agro-climatic conditions

Volatile Composition and Biological Activities of Tagetes (Marigold): An Overview

Tagetes commonly known as wild marigold is a plant belonging to family Asteraceae. Tagetes minuta L., commonly known as African marigold, is reputed as a source of ‘Tagetes oil’ of trade that finds an extensive use in food, flavoring, pharmaceutical, perfumery and cosmetic industry. The plant is valued for its essential oil, which is present almost in every part of the plant with little percentage in the stem and roots. The plant is native to South America and has been introduced to many countries since the time of Spanish conquest. Many species of this genus, such as T. minuta, T. erecta, T. patula, and T. tenuifolia, are cultivated as ornamental plants and studied for their medicinal properties based on the basis of their use in folk medicine. Different parts of the Tagetes species are used as remedies to treat various health problems, including dental, stomach, intestinal, emotional, and nervous disorders and muscular pain, across the world. Furthermore, these plants are studied in the field of agriculture for their fungicidal, bactericidal, and insecticidal activities. The plant occurs in temperate forests and mountain regions of the world. Himachal Pradesh, Uttrakhand and Jammu & Kashmir are the main sources of “Tagetes oil” in India where it occurs at an altitude of 1000 to 2500m AMSL. The major constituents (90-95%) of Tagetes minuta essential oil are Z-ß-ocimene, limonene (hydrocarbons) and acyclic unsaturated monoterpenes ketones, dihydrotagetone, tagetones (E, Z) and ocimenones (E, Z). The plant possess pharmacological, phytotoxic effect, antibacterial and antifungal effect, insecticidal properties, nematicidal properties, antiviral and antimicrobial activity and also find use in perfume and flavour industry. Its oil has a great demand, so the species holds a lot of potential for undertaking its large-scale cultivation.

Alleviation of Nematode-Mediated Apple Replant Disease by Pre-Cultivation of Tagetes

Apple replant disease (ARD) is a severe problem in orchards and tree nurseries caused by yet unknown soil biota that accumulate over replanting cycles. This study tested the contribution of nematodes to ARD, and cultivation of Tagetes as a control option. In a pot experiment, Tagetes patula or Tagetes tenuifolia were grown in ARD soil, incorporated or removed. Nematodes extracted from untreated ARD soil and washed on 20-µm sieves induced ARD symptoms when inoculated to apple plantlets growing in a sterile substrate. In contrast, nematodes from Tagetes treated ARD soil did not reduce root growth compared to uninoculated plants, irrespective of Tagetes species and incorporation. In plots of five apple tree nurseries or orchards, either Tagetes or grass was grown on ARD soil. Nematodes extracted from the grass plots and inoculated to apple plantlets significantly reduced plant growth compared to nematodes from Tagetes plots for all five farms. Apple rootstocks showed overall a significantly higher increase in shoot base diameter when grown on Tagetes-treated plots compared to grass plots, while this effect differed among farms. Plant-parasitic nematodes were too low in abundance to explain plant damage. In conclusion, Tagetes alleviated ARD by changing the nematode community in soil.

Influence of foliar fertilizer Panamin Agro on the growth and decorative characteristics of Tagetes species in leaf application

Species of the genus Tagetes are some of the most common plants in gardening practice in Bulgaria. One of the key problems in the production of planting material of these species is the slow growth of seedlings in the beginning of their cultivating. The application of foliar fertilizers is one way to solve this problem. This study examines the impact of foliar fertilizer Panamin Agro on growth processes and biometric characteristics of three species of tagetes: T. erecta L.; T. patula L.. and T. signata Bartl. Foliar fertilizer Panamin Agro was used in 3 different concentrations: 0.5%; 1.0% and 1.5%. The treatment started with the formation of the first true leaf in 90% of the cultivated plants and was applied every 14 days three times until the seedlings were taken outdoors and planted in a permanent place. It was found that the growth characteristics of the treated plants exceed substantially those of the untreated control plants. With the highest and thickest stems of plants, the highest number and size of leaves and flowers and accelerated, enhanced and prolonged the period of photosynthesis are three species of tagetes treated with 1.0% PanaminAgro. Treatment with a concentration of 1.5% does not always have a positive effect on the growth characteristics of the treated plants. The effect of leaf treatment with PanaminAgro on the biometric characteristics of the root system is insignificant. We offer the use of PanaminAgro in the nursery practice in the production of planting material of african marigold in a concentration of 1.0%.

Insilico Molecular Docking Studies of Volatile Compounds Identified by GC-MS from Tagetes Species Against Mamestra brassicae (Linnaeus, 1758)

Plants evolved to be a potential source of pharmacologically active compounds that are being widely accepted as insect repellent compounds for generations. Products of natural origin are mostly preferred over synthetic compounds because of fewer side effects on human health and the environment, have the potential to be produced locally, cost-effective, and are proved to be more efficient. They are best suited in organic food production and can play a much greater role in developing countries as a new class of eco-friendly products for controlling pests. In turn, the development of repellents is desirable alternatives to synthetic chemical insecticides for controlling pests. In the process of continual search for insect-based repellents of natural origin, a wide number of Tagetes species have been archived and all parts of this plant from root to seed possess a range of phytochemicals that are responsible for the repellent activity. The present study concentrates on the identification of active volatile compounds from Tageteserecta leaves by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis and further evaluation through molecular docking studies of identified compounds against Mamestra brassicae.

Foliar micromorphology, ultrastructure and histochemical analyses of Tagetes minuta L. leaves

Many Tagetes species are known for producing essential oils and commercially useful bioactive compounds. This study investigated the micromorphological features of the internal and external foliar structures of Tagetes minuta that produce and store these compounds. Stereomicroscopy, light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and histochemical analyses were used to examine T. minuta leaves at three developmental stages. The development of the subdermal secretory cavities revealed that the cells undergo autolysis to form a schizolysigenous cavity in the mature leaves. The ultrastructure of the parenchymal sheath and secretory epithelium within the secretory cavity revealed that plastids change to contain lipid and osmiophilic molecules. The histochemical analyses showed that trichomes on the surface of T. minuta leaves appear to be linear and non-glandular but maintain the ability to store bioactive phytocompounds. These are new findings for T. minuta and provide a better understanding of the exudation process, which can help to optimise essential oil production for industrial applications.

Gas chromatography coupled with mass analysis phytochemical profiling, antiproliferative and antimigratory effect of tagetes lucida leaves extracts on cervical cancer cell lines

Background: Tagetes species have been extensively employed in folk medicine and have been demonstrated to exert various biological activities due to its phytochemical constituents, including those related to cancer. Objectives: The aim of this study was to identify, in Tagetes lucida organic leaf extracts, the bioactive compounds with antiproliferative and antimigratory activities on the human cervical cancer (CCa) cell lines human cervical cancer cell line (HPV-16) (SiHa) and human cervical cancer cell line (HPV-18) (HeLa), and on the non-cancer cell line human immortalized keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT). Materials and Methods: The phytochemical profile of all Tagetes leaves extracts was determined by Gas chromatography mass spectroscopy analysis and tested on SiHa, HeLa, and HaCaT cell lines using (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and wound-healing assays. Results: The Gas chromatography coupled with mass analysis analysis revealed two main constituents identified in all extracts, the coumarins herniarin (17.152%–56.904% content) and scoparone (2.778%–34.817% content), the rest of identified constituents were terpenes where the geranyl acetate was the major constituent on hexane extract. On the anti-proliferative potential of T. lucida extracts, our present investigation revealed that all extracts decreased HeLa cell viability (half-maximal inhibitory concentration value of <190.26 mg/mL at 24 h and <220.41 mg/mL at 48 h) dose dependently; the cell viability of SiHa and HaCaT was not affected. Furthermore, the migration capacity of SiHa and HeLa cells decreased after 24 and 48 h with acetonic and methanolic extracts treatment, while on HeLa cells a more evident effect was observed with a <80% decrease in wound closure. Conclusion: Our findings revealed the coumarins presented in T. lucida as potential candidates of inhibiting cell proliferation and migration preferably toward CCa (HeLa cell line).

Photodynamic activity of Tagetes minuta extracts against superficial fungal infections.

Candida and dermatophyte species are the most common causes of superficial mycoses because their treatment can be difficult due to limitations of current antifungal drugs in terms of toxicity, bioavailability, interactions, narrow-spectrum activity, and development of resistance. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves the topical administration of a photosensitizer in combination with light of an appropriate wavelength and molecular oxygen that produces reactive oxygen species (ROS), which promote damage to several vital components of the microorganism. Tagetes species are known as a source of thiophenes, biologically active compounds whose antifungal activity is enhanced by irradiation with UVA. The present investigation evaluated Tagetes minuta extracts as a photosensitizer on growth of Candida and dermatophytes and their effect on Candida virulence factors. T. minuta root hexane and dichloromethane extracts demonstrated high photodynamic antifungal activity. Bioautographic assays and chromatographic analysis revealed the presence of five thiophenes with reported photodynamic antifungal activities under UVA. Analysis of ROS production indicated that both type I and II reactions were involved in the activity of the extracts. In addition, the extracts inhibited virulence factors of Candida, such as adherence to epithelial surfaces and germ tube formation and showed efficacy against different Candida morphologies: budding cells, cells with germ tube and biofilms. Results suggested that PDT with T. minuta extracts might become a valuable alternative to the already established antifungal drugs for the treatment of superficial fungal infections.

Effect of silicon on protein and lignin contents of two annual flower species

Abstract The beneficial effect of silicon on plants is known, but there are no studies demonstrating the effect of this element on protein and lignin production in ornamental plants. This study aimed to assess the effects of monosilicic acid fertigation at 0, 2, 4, and 8 mmol L-1 of Si on protein and lignin production of two ornamental species: Viola x wittrockiana Gams ex Nauenb. &amp; Buttler ‘Majestic Giants II Fire’ e Tagetes erecta L. ‘Hero’ (color mix). The experiment was installed in a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement using a completely randomized design with five replications. After 90 days of the sowing, we assessed N and Si contents in shoot system, Si accumulation in shoot system, root, and total, and lignin and protein production. An increase in lignin followed by its reduction was observed from the concentration of 2.0 (4.29) and 4.3 (5.72) mmol L-1 of Si for Viola and Tagetes species, respectively. Silicon application promoted higher lignin content in T. erecta and V. x wittrockiana.

Genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance studies in Marigold (Tagetes species)

The present study was carried out to find out the estimates of genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance in marigold. The results showed significant differences among the genotypes in all traits. The phenotypic coefficient of variation was found to be higher than their corresponding genotypic coefficient of variation for all the characters. The high genotypic coefficient variation (GCV) was noted for flower yield per plant and high phenotypic coefficient variation (pCV) magnitude was observed for days to first flowering, plant height, stalk length, stem diameter, number of primary branches, number of secondary branches, number of flowers per plant, flower diameter, fresh weight per flower, dry weight per flower, flower yield per plant, thousand seed weight and yield per hectare, indicating the genetic control in the inheritance of these traits and selection pressure could be profitably if applied on these characters for yield improvement. High heritability (>60%) in broad sense was recorded for days to first flowering plant height, plant spread, stalk length, stem diameter, number of primary branches, number of secondary branches, duration of flowering, number of flowers per plant, flower diameter, fresh weight per flower, dry weight per flower, flower yield per plant, number of seeds per head, thousand seed weight and yield per hectare. Genetic advance as percent of mean was maximum (>20%) for flower diameter, fresh weight per flower, flower yield per plant and yield per hectare. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent of mean was observed for flower diameter, fresh weight per flower, flower yield per plant and yield per hectare which indicated that these traits are governed by additive gene action.

Marigold: From Mandap to Medicine and from Ornamentation to Remediation

Importance of medicinal plants to health care has been great and herbal preparations are being produced at industrial scale particularly in developing countries. The plant products obtained have a long history of use in therapeutics, aromatherapy and food depending on the chemical constituents and their bioactivity. In the recent past, marigolds have received a great attention in scientific research, because of their multiple use and also the information available about their phytochemistry and bioactivity. Tagetes species commonly known as marigold is native to Mexico, being used for medicinal and ornamental purposes. The plant is useful due to its unique phytoconstituents for a range of diseases and disorders and is reportedly effective against piles, kidney troubles, muscular pain, ulcers and wound healing and the flowers are helpful in fever, stomach and liver complaints and also in eye diseases. In India, marigold is also extensively used on religious and social occasions such as in the beautification of mandaps and pooja places; offerings at temples; marriage decorations and landscape planning due to variable size and colour of its flower. Present review is an effort to bring together the different strategies developed for the growth and cultivation of marigold, its ecophysiological and remediation relevance under a variety of environmental conditions and possible allelopathic potential. It includes reports on pharmacological aspects like antibacterial, antifungal, larvicidal, hepatoprotective, insecticidal, mosquitocidal, nematicidal, wound healing, antioxidant, anticancer and antidiabetic properties/activity of Tagetes.

Tagetes spp. Essential Oils and Other Extracts: Chemical Characterization and Biological Activity.

Tagetes (marigold) is native to America, and its cultivation currently extends to other countries in Africa, Asia, and Europe. Many species of this genus, such as T. minuta, T. erecta, T. patula, and T. tenuifolia, are cultivated as ornamental plants and studied for their medicinal properties on the basis of their use in folk medicine. Different parts of the Tagetes species are used as remedies to treat various health problems, including dental, stomach, intestinal, emotional, and nervous disorders, as well as muscular pain, across the world. Furthermore, these plants are studied in the field of agriculture for their fungicidal, bactericidal, and insecticidal activities. The phytochemical composition of the extracts of different Tagetes species parts are reported in this work. These compounds exhibit antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and enzyme inhibitory properties. Cultivation and the factors affecting the chemical composition of Tagetes species are also covered. In the current work, available literature on Tagetes species in traditional medicine, their application as a food preservative, and their antimicrobial activities are reviewed.

Quercetagetin and Patuletin: Antiproliferative, Necrotic and Apoptotic Activity in Tumor Cell Lines.

Quercetagetin and patuletin were extracted by the same method from two different Tagetes species that have multiple uses in folk medicine in Mexico and around the globe, one of which is as an anticancer agent. Their biological activity (IC50 and necrotic, apoptotic and selective activities of these flavonols) was evaluated and compared to that of quercetin, examining specifically the effects of C6 substitution among quercetin, quercetagetin and patuletin. We find that the presence of a methoxyl group in C6 enhances their potency.

ISOLATION AND INVESTIGATION OF PHYTOCHEMICALS AND PHARMACOLOGICAL SCREENING OF TAGETES ERECTA L. LEAVES EXTRACT

Extraction and isolation of plant constituents plays an important role as a therapeutic remedy. Isolation of active plant constituents helps in developing lead molecule in drug development process. Aim of present study is to extract, isolate plant constituents and spectral and pharmacological investigation. The major advantage of herbal drugs to synthetic drugs is that they produce more therapeutic effect and fewer side effects. Herbal drugs also have potential in drug development by generating a lead molecule which helps in designing of synthetic drugs. Tagetes species belonging to family Asteraceae, are most common in plant kingdom, which is used in different areas like cosmetic preparation, medicines as well as it is most commonly used as ornamentals. Flowers are mainly used for all these purposes by using extraction process. Tagetes species contains mainly lutien such as carotenoids or xanthophylls containing two cyclic end groups and basic C-40 isoprene unit. The leaves are reported to possess wound healing, antiulcer, muscular pain relief activities10. The basic criteria of present work are to isolate the active plant constituents from these plants and to avail about its anticancer activity on cancer cell line

Low doses of bioherbicide favour prion aggregation and propagation in vivo

Public concerns over the use of synthetic pesticides are growing since many studies have shown their impact on human health. A new environmental movement in occidental countries promoting an organic agriculture favours the rebirth of botanical pesticides. These products confer an effective alternative to chemical pesticides such as glyphosate. Among the biopesticides, the α-terthienyls found in the roots of Tagetes species, are powerful broad-spectrum pesticides. We found that an α-terthienyl analogue with herbicidal properties, called A6, triggers resistant SDS oligomers of the pathogenic prion protein PrPSc (rSDS-PrPSc) in cells. Our main question is to determine if we can induce those rSDS-PrPSc oligomers in vitro and in vivo, and their impact on prion aggregation and propagation. Using wild-type mice challenged with prions, we showed that A6 accelerates or slows down prion disease depending on the concentration used. At 5 mg/kg, A6 is worsening the pathology with a faster accumulation of PrPSc, reminiscent to soluble toxic rSDS-PrPSc oligomers. In contrast, at 10 and 20 mg/kg of A6, prion disease occurred later, with less PrPSc deposits and with rSDS-PrPSc oligomers in the brain reminiscent to non-toxic aggregates. Our results are bringing new openings regarding the impact of biopesticides in prion and prion-like diseases.

Accumulation of Carotenoids and Metabolic Profiling in Different Cultivars of Tagetes Flowers.

Species of Tagetes, which belong to the family Asteraceae show different characteristics including, bloom size, shape, and color; plant size; and leaf shape. In this study, we determined the differences in primary metabolites and carotenoid yields among six cultivars from two Tagetes species, T. erecta and T. patula. In total, we detected seven carotenoids in the examined cultivars: violaxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, α-carotene, β-carotene, 9-cis-β-carotene, and 13-cis-β-carotene. In all the cultivars, lutein was the most abundant carotenoid. Furthermore, the contents of each carotenoid in flowers varied depending on the cultivar. Principal component analysis (PCA) facilitated metabolic discrimination between Tagetes cultivars, with the exception of Inca Yellow and Discovery Orange. Moreover, PCA and orthogonal projection to latent structure-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) results provided a clear discrimination between T. erecta and T. patula. Primary metabolites, including xylose, citric acid, valine, glycine, and galactose were the main components facilitating separation of the species. Positive relationships were apparent between carbon-rich metabolites, including those of the TCA cycle and sugar metabolism, and carotenoids.

Variation in ornamental traits, physiological responses of Tagetes erecta L. and T. patula L. in relation to antioxidant and metabolic profile under deficit irrigation strategies

The present study evaluated the effect of deficit irrigation strategies on the ornamental traits, physiological, biochemical and antiradical potential of two cultivars PNG and MGO of Tagetes erecta L.and Tagetes patula L, respectively. Deficit irrigation was applied in two ways a) plants were subjected to deficit irrigation (DI) at 50% field capacity (FC) as compared to control treatment (100% FC), b) regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) where DI was restricted to two stages of plants i.e. before initiation of floral buds and after 50% flowering. In between these two stages, non-limiting water supply was given to cultivars (100% FC).Findings of the experiments revealed that induction of secondary metabolites under DI and RDI could be taken into account for increased antioxidant activities in both the cultivars of Tagetes spp. Under second DI strategy (RDI), showed significant difference with DI at all phases. Flower yield was not significantly distinguishable compare to control treatment. Volatile principles of flowers of Tagete spp. produced under control, DI and RDI, were analyzed through GC–MS. Alpha-pinene, bicyclo heptane, limonene, p-cymene terpinolene, increased in RDI and DI compared to non-limiting water supply (control) in both Tagetes cultivars. Ocimene and n-decaldehyde content decreased under water deficit conditions as compared control.In both Tagetes species, ornamental traits like number of flowers, flower diameter and flower yield, exhibited positive correlation with photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs) and relative chlorophyll content (RCC). In contrast, negatively relation was found with SOD, CAT and electrolyte leakage.