Form Of Tags Research Articles

Argos satellite transmitters enable billfish research at finer scales

Abstract Satellite transmitters that provide Doppler-based locations and telemeter data via the Argos satellite system have revealed a wealth of information on the movement ecology of diverse fauna such as marine mammals, turtles, and sharks. In contrast, satellite telemetry studies of bony fishes have almost exclusively relied on pop-up satellite archival tags (PSATs) that use light-based geolocation to estimate movements. However, track reconstructions based on light and other sensor data transmitted by PSATs exhibit positional error that is orders of magnitude higher than those from Argos Doppler-based locations, effectively limiting our understanding of bony fish movement ecology to coarse scales. Although PSATs continue to be the technological workhorse of billfish research, with more than 1000 data records published to date, a handful of pioneering studies have tried using tags capable of providing Argos Doppler-based locations to better understand these taxa. We assess the applicability of Argos satellite transmitters to study billfish in the context of their depth distribution and by comparing alternative tag attachment strategies and form factors. We present two case studies that highlight how these data can explicitly be used for fine-scale ecological and oceanographic research. This work culminates with the introduction of a new Smart Position and Temperature (SPOT) transmitting tag designed specifically for billfish and other pelagic fishes that has the potential to open new avenues of research, revealing dimensions of behavior that previously could not be investigated.

AlpaPICO: Extraction of PICO frames from clinical trial documents using LLMs

In recent years, there has been a surge in the publication of clinical trial reports, making it challenging to conduct systematic reviews. Automatically extracting Population, Intervention, Comparator, and Outcome (PICO) from clinical trial studies can alleviate the traditionally time-consuming process of manually scrutinizing systematic reviews. Existing approaches of PICO frame extraction involves supervised approach that relies on the existence of manually annotated data points in the form of BIO label tagging. Recent approaches, such as In-Context Learning (ICL), which has been shown to be effective for a number of downstream NLP tasks, require the use of labeled examples. In this work, we adopt ICL strategy by employing the pretrained knowledge of Large Language Models (LLMs), gathered during the pretraining phase of an LLM, to automatically extract the PICO-related terminologies from clinical trial documents in unsupervised set up to bypass the availability of large number of annotated data instances. Additionally, to showcase the highest effectiveness of LLM in oracle scenario where large number of annotated samples are available, we adopt the instruction tuning strategy by employing Low Rank Adaptation (LORA) to conduct the training of gigantic model in low resource environment for the PICO frame extraction task. More specifically, both of the proposed frameworks utilize AlpaCare as base LLM which employs both few-shot in-context learning and instruction tuning techniques to extract PICO-related terms from the clinical trial reports. We applied these approaches to the widely used coarse-grained datasets such as EBM-NLP, EBM-COMET and fine-grained datasets such as EBM-NLPrev and EBM-NLPh. Our empirical results show that our proposed ICL-based framework produces comparable results on all the version of EBM-NLP datasets and the proposed instruction tuned version of our framework produces state-of-the-art results on all the different EBM-NLP datasets. Our project is available at https://github.com/shrimonmuke0202/AlpaPICO.git.

Encoding Near-Synonym Relations in Monolingual English Learner's Dictionaries: The Case of Germanic and Latinate "Equivalents"

ABSTRACT: This article examines the semantic relations between pairs of Germanic and Latinate near-synonyms in contemporary English, such as hug/embrace, isle/island , and brave/courageous , which dictionaries traditionally treat as equivalent in meaning, regardless of context-independent differences between them. These word pairs are challenging for learners of English as a Foreign Language, especially when their L1 is a Romance language. Monolingual English learner's dictionaries (MELDs) do not, in general, clearly or systematically disambiguate near-synonyms of different origin. An improvement in dictionary treatment of near-synonyms is thus called for. After outlining the main types and subtypes of meaning relations identified through the analysis of a sample of Germanic and Latinate word pairs, synonymy in the "Big Five" MELDs is examined. Proposals are then made to better encode synonym similarities and differences with cross-reference information in the form of tags, labels, and usage notes.

Trypanosoma cruzi RNA-binding protein DRBD3: perinuclear foci formation during benznidazole exposure.

Benznidazole (BZ) is the trypanocidal compound of choice for Chagas disease, a neglected tropical disease in the Americas. However, this drug often fails to cure the infection. The regulation of gene expression in Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, is based on post-transcriptional mechanisms. When environmental changes cause translational arrest, RNA-binding proteins, and their target mRNAs assemble into cytoplasmic bodies, known as RNA granules, which act as RNA sorting centers. We have characterized the T. cruzi RNA-binding protein DRBD3, which has two RRMs domains, and a C-terminal low-complexity sequence rich in proline and glutamines. Using a tagged form of TcDRBD3 (rTcDRBD3), we showed that this protein resides in the cytoplasm, but localizes into perinuclear cytoplasmic foci after BZ exposure. RNA staining after BZ also showed that this molecule accumulates into perinuclear cytoplasmic foci. Moreover, BZ and puromycin treatment enhanced the colocalization of rTcDRBD3 and RNA, suggesting that TcDRBD3 granules repertoire harbors RNAs released from polysomes. Under starvation, rTcDRBD3 granules localized throughout the cytoplasm and also increased in number in the presence of puromycin. Our results suggest that TcDRBD3 accumulates into perinuclear granules that harbor RNA and also that its localization varies according to the type of stress.

A nanobody-based strategy for rapid and scalable purification of human protein complexes.

The isolation of proteins in high yield and purity is a major bottleneck for the analysis of their three-dimensional structure, function and interactome. Here, we present a streamlined workflow for the rapid production of proteins or protein complexes using lentiviral transduction of human suspension cells, combined with highly specific nanobody-mediated purification and proteolytic elution. Application of the method requires prior generation of a plasmid coding for a protein of interest (POI) fused to an N- or C-terminal GFP or ALFA peptide tag using a lentiviral plasmid toolkit we have designed. The plasmid is then used to generate human suspension cell lines stably expressing the tagged fusion protein by lentiviral transduction. By leveraging the picomolar affinity of the GFP and ALFA nanobodies for their respective tags, the POI can be specifically captured from the resulting cell lysate even when expressed at low levels and under a variety of conditions, including detergents and mild denaturants. Finally, rapid and specific elution of the POI (in its tagged or untagged form) under native conditions is achieved within minutes at 4 °C, using the engineered SUMO protease SENPEuB. We demonstrate the wide applicability of the method by purifying multiple challenging soluble and membrane protein complexes to high purity from human cells. Our strategy is also directly compatible with many widely used GFP-expression plasmids, cell lines and transgenic model organisms. Finally, our method is faster than alternative approaches, requiring only 8 d from plasmid to purified protein, and results in substantially improved yields and purity.

Females with Increased Costs Maintain Reproductive Output: A Field Experiment in a Common Songbird.

Reproduction and self-maintenance are energetically costly activities involved in classic life history trade-offs. However, few studies have measured the responses of wild organisms to simultaneous changes in reproductive and self-maintenance costs, which may have interactive effects. In free-living female Barn Swallows (Hirundo rustica), we simultaneously manipulated reproductive costs (by adding or removing two nestlings) and self-maintenance costs (by attaching a ∼1 g weight in the form of a GPS tag to half of our study birds) and measured mass, immune status, blood glucose, feather growth, and reproductive output (likelihood of a second clutch, number of eggs, and time between clutches). GPS tags allowed us to analyze how movement range size affected response to brood size manipulation. Tagging altered females' immune function as evidenced by an elevated heterophil to lymphocyte (H:L) ratio, but all females were equally likely to lay more eggs. There was no evidence of interactive effects of the tagging and brood size treatment. Range size was highly variable, and birds with large ranges grew feathers more slowly, but analyzing the effect of brood size manipulation while accounting for variation in range size did not result in any physiological response. Our results support the theoretical prediction that short-lived vertebrates do face a trade-off between reproduction and self-maintenance and, when faced with increased costs, tend to preserve investment in reproduction at the expense of parental condition. This experiment also helps us to understand how movement patterns may be relevant to life history trade-offs in wild birds.

Physical-Layer Authentication for Ambient Backscatter-Aided NOMA Symbiotic Systems

Ambient backscatter communication (AmBC) and non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) are two promising technologies for the future wireless communication networks owing to their high energy and spectral efficiencies. The AmBC-aided NOMA symbiotic radio is a promising technology because of possessing advantages of AmBC and NOMA. Nonetheless, when a number of devices with limited power and computation capability access to the AmBC-based NOMA symbiotic networks, communication security becomes a critical issue. In this paper, we investigate physical-layer authentication (PLA) to identify the users and prevent illegal access and malicious activities for AmBC-based NOMA symbiotic networks. Moreover, channel estimation errors are considered when calculating the probability of false alarm (PFA) and probability of detection (PD) of the far user and near user. To enhance the authentication performance, three PLA schemes for the considered networks are designed according to the multiplexing form of the authentication tags: i) PLA with shared authentication tag (PLA-SAT); ii) PLA with space division multiplexing authentication tags; iii) PLA with time-division multiplexing authentication tags. To characterize the proposed PLA schemes, we first derive the PFA and the PD of the considered AmBC-based NOMA symbiotic networks. Then, the covertness is studied in terms of outage probability and asymptotic behavior in the high signal-to-noise ratio regime. Extensive analytical and computer simulated results show that: i) The PLA-SAT scheme has better performance than the other two authentication schemes with the same threshold; ii) The outage performance of systems employing authentication schemes is worse than those without authentication; iii) There exists a trade-off between robustness and covertness.

Radio Galaxy Zoo: Tagging radio subjects using text

AbstractRadioTalk is a communication platform that enabled members of the Radio Galaxy Zoo (RGZ) citizen science project to engage in discussion threads and provide further descriptions of the radio subjects they were observing in the form of tags and comments. It contains a wealth of auxiliary information which is useful for the morphology identification of complex and extended radio sources. In this paper, we present this new dataset, and for the first time in radio astronomy, we combine text and images to automatically classify radio galaxies using a multi-modal learning approach. We found incorporating text features improved classification performance which demonstrates that text annotations are rare but valuable sources of information for classifying astronomical sources, and suggests the importance of exploiting multi-modal information in future citizen science projects. We also discovered over 10000 new radio sources beyond the RGZ-DR1 catalogue in this dataset.

Prevalence and Clinical Profile of Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young among People with Diabetes Attending a Tertiary Care Centre.

Maturity onset diabetes of young (MODY) is considered to be the most underdiagnosed condition. The correct diagnosis of MODY has a definite bearing on the outcome and clinical course of the disease. We aim to determine the prevalence and clinical profile of MODY among young diabetic patients attending at Department of Endocrinology, a tertiary care institute in North India. It was a cross-sectional study involving all consecutive consenting patients with diabetes and age of onset ≤35 years. A total of 1,094 patients were included in this study, of whom 858 were having age of onset of diabetes <25 years. All patients were screened for MODY using clinical criteria and MODY Probability calculator (available on diabetesgenes.org). Patients with high clinical probability of MODY having negative anti-GAD65 antibody and fasting serum C-peptide levels >0.6 ng/mL were subjected to the Ala98 Val polymorphism (SNP) in hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF) 1a gene. The prevalence of MODY among the study cohort as per clinical criteria was found to be 7.7%. Males constituted the majority of patients (male vs female, 56% vs. 44%; P < 0.001). The patients with MODY were younger (p < 0.001), leaner (p < 0.001), had younger age at onset of diabetes mellitus (p < 0.001), and lower frequency of features of insulin resistance in the form of skin tags and acanthosis nigricans. Among the 40 patients who were subjected to Ala98Val polymorphism of HNF1α gene (MODY 3), the mutant genotype was seen in 20 (50%) patients. We report a higher prevalence of MODY in our young diabetic patients. A high index of suspicion is required to diagnose MODY as misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment may have a significant impact on quality-of-life (QOL) with increased cost and unnecessary treatment with insulin.

ACC1 and ACC2 Genes Expression Microalgae Skletonema costatum On Stress Aeration And fotoperiode In Simultans

Abiotic stresses such as photoperiod, aeration, CO2 concentration, pH, temperature, and salinity can affect and salinity the physiological processes of microalgae. One of the physiological processes that occur is a change in the lipid biosynthetic pathway towards the formation and accumulation of neutral lipids. Neutral lipid accumulation in the form of TAGs. TAGs as one of the defense mechanisms. The regulation of fatty acid biosynthesis is initiated by the ACC1 and ACC2 genes. This study aims to determine the expression of ACC1 and ACC2 genes under conditions of aeration stress and photoperiod simultaneously in microalgae Skeletonema costatum. The method used was the analysis of gene expression in the sample of S. costatum RNA extract using qRT-PCR. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the ACC1 gene was expressed and upregulated in the A2F2 treatment (24-hour aeration and 24:0 photoperiod) with a CT value of 36.85 while the ACC2 gene was expressed and upregulated in the A1F1 treatment (12-hour aeration and 12:12 photoperiod). with the CT value of 36,874.

Hip-hop, identity, and conflict: Practices and transformations of a metropolitan culture.

In this paper, I expose how it is possible to investigate the hip-hop culture on three levels of analysis—historical, semiotic, and phenomenological—precisely as theorized by Cohen (1997) for his study on modern subcultures. The analysis will focus on the hip-hop of the beginning, since the middle of the Seventies and Eighties in the United States, but then it will broaden to a reflection on its diffusion and re-invented, with particular reference to the interactions with the globalization and the changes occurred in contemporary metropolis. In this sense, considering hip-hop as a subculture in the following pages, I reflect (a) on the origin of rap music, its interrelation with the Afro-American culture and the concept of blackness which it conveys. Subsequently, I clarify (b) that the art of writing, in the form of Tag, and break dance have certificated the presence of young people from the United States outskirts, and then the passage to a precise historical moment. Finally, I try to demonstrate (c) that today, a different dimension of hip-hop is implemented, whose features have changed in parallel with the transformations that have affected the metropolis and the youth cultures. These last one are increasingly hybrid and involved in a recreational, market system, where the changing nature of hip-hop allows: its enormous success, with the domain of the musical market and other assimilation processes, such as clothing, which have contributed to its mutation in a global culture, some margins of autonomy.

Visitation rate, but not foraging range, responds to brood size manipulation in an aerial insectivore

Life history theory predicts that increased investment in current offspring decreases future fecundity or survival. Avian parental investment decisions have been studied either via brood size manipulation or direct manipulation of parental energetic costs (also known as handicapping). However, we have limited experimental data on the potential interactive effects of these manipulations on parent behavior. Additionally, we know little about how these manipulations affect spatial foraging behavior away from the nest. We simultaneously manipulated brood size and parental costs (via added weight in the form of a GPS tag) in wild female barn swallows (Hirundo rustica). We measured multiple aspects of parent behavior at and away from the nest while controlling for measures of weather conditions. We found no significant interactive effects of manipulated brood size and parental costs. Both sexes increased their visitation rate with brood size, but nestlings in enlarged broods grew significantly less post-brood size manipulation than those in reduced broods. Foraging range area was highly variable among GPS-tagged females but was unaffected by brood size. As such, increased visitation rate in response to brood size may be more energetically costly for far-ranging females. GPS-tagged females did not alter their visitation rate relative to un-tagged birds, but their mates had higher visitation rates. This suggests that GPS tagging may affect some unmeasured aspect of female behavior, such as prey delivery. Our findings indicate that investigation of foraging tactics alongside visitation rate is critical to understanding parental investment and the benefits and costs of reproduction.Significance statementAvian parental investment decisions have been studied by either brood size manipulation or direct manipulation of parental costs, but rarely both simultaneously. We simultaneously manipulated brood size and parental costs (via addition of a GPS tag) in a wild avian system, allowing us to examine interactive effects of these manipulations. Additionally, studies of parental investment often examine behaviors at the nest, but measurements of parental care behavior away from the nest are rare. Our study is unique in that we measured multiple aspects of parental care, including spatial foraging behavior tracked with GPS tags. We found no interactive effects of manipulated brood size and parental costs on visitation rate or nestling growth, and spatial foraging behavior of females was individually variable. Documenting foraging tactics alongside visitation rate is critical to understanding parental investment because the same visitation rate might be more costly for far-ranging females.

Comments in Tags: Examining Bookmarking Cultures on AO3

This paper examines the bookmarking tags present on Archive of Our Own (AO3) through a study into the practices from their public annotation. The probe examines the presence of cultures of practice, and usable research data available on the platform. Examined fics had minimums of 25.000 words and seven chapters, published over at least four months. In addition, the number of individual bookmarks was limited to works with 300 or more, selected from disparate fandoms. The number of relevant bookmarks averaged at 11% of the total, a significant representation in the data, pointing to general trends within the archive. The probe revealed several layers of communication, in the forms of interactive tags, pure text commentary, and connections to larger collections. Each of the individual bookmarks, based on content, are classed as “Annotation”, “Curation” and “Communication” for purposes of analysis. These categories also pointed to practices in annotations of targeting specific, individual, audiences. It shows several different trends in users’ application of the bookmark function. These trends of practice go beyond individual fandoms, pointing to cultures pervasive on AO3 as a platform. The probe also presents the difficulties this bring to the study of bookmark data.

EXPERT RECOMMENDATION THROUGH TAG RELATIONSHIP IN COMMUNITY QUESTION ANSWERING

Community Question Answering (CQA) services are technical discussion forums websites on social media that serve as a platform for users to interact mainly via question and answer. However, users of this platform have posed dissatisfaction over the slow response and the preference for user domains due to the overwhelming information in CQA websites. Numerous past studies focusing on expert recommendation are solely based on the information available from websites where they rarely account for the preference of users’ domain knowledge. This condition prompts the need to identify experts for the questions posted on community-based websites. Thus, this study attempts to identify ranking experts’ derived from the tag relationship among users in the CQA websites to construct user profiles where their interests are realized in the form of tags. Experts are considered users who post high-quality answers and are often recommended by the system based on their previous posts and associated tags. These associations further describe tags that often co-occur in posts and the significant domains of user interest. The current study further explores this relationship by adopting the “Tag Relationship Expert Recommendation (TRER)” method where Questions Answer (QA) Space is utilized as a dataset to identify users with similar interests and subsequently rank experts based on the tag-tag relationship for user’s question. The results show that the TRER method outperforms existing baseline methods by effectively improving the performance of relevant domain experts in CQA, thereby facilitating the expert recommendation process in answering questions posted by technical and academic professionals.

BIM-based design decisions documentation using design episodes, explanation tags, and constraints

The process of designing a building involves producing design concepts while fulfilling various requirements and regulations. Furthermore, during the project's life-cycle, multiple experts from multiple domains collaborate in developing the different partial models, including architectural, structural, and HVAC among others. Accordingly, clearly communicating the rationale behind design decisions is crucial for developing regulatory compliant designs that also fit the owner’s needs. The developed designs are the main deliverables exchanged and handed over. However, these deliverables do not include any explanation of design intentions or documentation of design decisions. Communication among parties and reuse of knowledge are hindered by the absent explanation of existing design. To overcome this deficiency, this paper proposes a methodology for digitally documenting design decisions, incorporating their intention and rationale. Architectural concepts and evaluation criteria are represented in the form of explanation tags as well as spatial and semantic constraints, which are assigned to the individual model elements and properties. Additionally, to document how design decisions fulfill owner requirements and regulatory documents, natural language processing (NLP) is employed to facilitate querying those documents and then the individual requirements are linked to specific elements, properties, and constraints. To evaluate the proposed methodology, a prototype was implemented as a plugin inside a BIM- Authoring tool and multiple real-world use cases are discussed.

Design Web-Based Attention System Using RFID

Absence is an activity of reporting and recording attendance in an institution, based on how it is used, the manual attendance system carried out in tertiary institutions requires students to fill out an attendance form with a signature during lectures. These deficiencies can be overcome by utilizing technology combined with the RFID system. An attendance system using web-based RFID is a system that utilizes RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology to record individual attendance. This system is designed by utilizing hardware in the form of RFID readers and tags, as well as software and network infrastructure. The software used in this attendance system will receive attendance data from the RFID reader and store it in a database. The attendance data can be accessed through a web interface that can be accessed by administrators or authorized users. This web interface will display individual attendance information, such as date, check-in time, and check-out time. In addition, the system can also provide periodic attendance reports or upon request. This web-based RFID attendance system provides convenience in recording individual attendance. Users no longer need to use manual methods such as attendance cards or attendance lists. By using RFID tags, the process of recording attendance can be done automatically and efficiently.

Factor quinolinone inhibitors disrupt spindles and multiple LSF (TFCP2)-protein interactions in mitosis, including with microtubule-associated proteins.

Factor quinolinone inhibitors (FQIs), a first-in-class set of small molecule inhibitors targeted to the transcription factor LSF (TFCP2), exhibit promising cancer chemotherapeutic properties. FQI1, the initial lead compound identified, unexpectedly induced a concentration-dependent delay in mitotic progression. Here, we show that FQI1 can rapidly and reversibly lead to mitotic arrest, even when added directly to mitotic cells, implying that FQI1-mediated mitotic defects are not transcriptionally based. Furthermore, treatment with FQIs resulted in a striking, concentration-dependent diminishment of spindle microtubules, accompanied by a concentration-dependent increase in multi-aster formation. Aberrant γ-tubulin localization was also observed. These phenotypes suggest that perturbation of spindle microtubules is the primary event leading to the mitotic delays upon FQI1 treatment. Previously, FQIs were shown to specifically inhibit not only LSF DNA-binding activity, which requires LSF oligomerization to tetramers, but also other specific LSF-protein interactions. Other transcription factors participate in mitosis through non-transcriptional means, and we recently reported that LSF directly binds α-tubulin and is present in purified cellular tubulin preparations. Consistent with a microtubule role for LSF, here we show that LSF enhanced the rate of tubulin polymerization in vitro, and FQI1 inhibited such polymerization. To probe whether the FQI1-mediated spindle abnormalities could result from inhibition of mitotic LSF-protein interactions, mass spectrometry was performed using as bait an inducible, tagged form of LSF that is biotinylated by endogenous enzymes. The global proteomics analysis yielded expected associations for a transcription factor, notably with RNA processing machinery, but also to nontranscriptional components. In particular, and consistent with spindle disruption due to FQI treatment, mitotic, FQI1-sensitive interactions were identified between the biotinylated LSF and microtubule-associated proteins that regulate spindle assembly, positioning, and dynamics, as well as centrosome-associated proteins. Probing the mitotic LSF interactome using small molecule inhibitors therefore supported a non-transcriptional role for LSF in mediating progression through mitosis.

LANGUAGE AND VISION

Natural language processing (NLP) and computer vision (CV) are two of the most essential areas in the artificial intelligence field (AI). CV is a topic of study that looks into the methods for teaching computers to perceive and interpret digital stuff like images and movies. NLP (natural language processing) is a discipline of linguistics that allows computers to process, interpret, and even synthesise human language. With the advent and development of deep learning over the last decade, there has been a continual flow of innovation and breakthroughs that convincingly push the boundaries and improve the state-of-the-art in both vision and language modelling. An noteworthy point is that research in the two areas is beginning to interact, and many previous experiences have demonstrated that this is a good thing. In general, visual and language interactions have taken place in two dimensions: vision to language and language to vision. In the form of tags [Reference Yao, Mei, Ngo and Li1], answers [Reference Anderson2], captions [Reference Yao, Pan, Li, Qiu and Mei3–Reference Yao, Pan, Li and Mei5], and comments [Reference Li, Yao, Mei, Chao and Rui6], the former primarily recognises or describes the visual content with a set of individual words or a natural sentence. In visual content, a tag, for example, usually represents a specific object, action, or event. An answer is a statement made in response to a question concerning the facts portrayed in a photograph or video. A caption is a natural-language utterance (typically a sentence) that goes beyond tags or answers. The purpose of this programme is to convert text into an image or a video. For example, given a textual description of "this small bird has a short beak and dark stripe down the top, the wings are a mix of brown, white, and black," text-to-image synthesis' purpose is to create a bird image that fits all of the requirements. This study examines recent state-of-the-art AI advancements that improve both vision to language, particularly image/video captioning, and language to vision. Real-world deployments in both domains are also shown as good instances of how AI improves user engagement and transforms consumer experiences in industrial applications. The following is a breakdown of the remaining sections. Section II outlines the evolution of vision to language by laying out a quick road map of significant image/video captioning technologies, distilling a typical encoder–decoder structure, and summarising the results of a common benchmark. Further, the practical applications of vision to language are discussed. Section III describes the technological advances in language to vision in terms of various situations and generation methodologies, and then concludes with a summary Progress in language to image, language to video, and AI-powered applications is summarised. Finally, Section IV brings the paper to a close

On the form of parsed sentences for relation extraction

Parsed sentences convey rich syntactic information like part-of-speech (POS) tags and dependency trees, and have been widely adopted in relation extraction. However, existing methods either suffer from error propagation when using tree or graph form of the imperfect parse tree, or neglect the independent POS sequence because each POS embedding is combined with a word embedding to form the representation of the word.We propose to exploit the sequential form of POS tags beyond the popular tree or graph form of parse tree of a sentence. Our method naturally fills the gap between the original sentence and imperfect parse tree. It also enables the learnt POS embeddings to correspond and interact with word embeddings pre-trained by sequential models like GloVe or BERT. This property is further leveraged in a downstream entity masking task designed for relation extraction. We conduct extensive experiments on various type of relation extraction tasks. The results demonstrate that our model significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art approaches.

Sequestration of TDP-43216-414 Aggregates by Cytoplasmic Expression of the proSAAS Chaperone.

As neurons age, protein homeostasis becomes less efficient, resulting in misfolding and aggregation. Chaperone proteins perform vital functions in the maintenance of cellular proteostasis, and chaperone-based therapies that promote sequestration of toxic aggregates may prove useful in blocking the development of neurodegenerative disease. We previously demonstrated that proSAAS, a small secreted neuronal protein, exhibits potent chaperone activity against protein aggregation in vitro and blocks the cytotoxic effects of amyloid and synuclein oligomers in cell culture systems. We now examine whether cytoplasmic expression of proSAAS results in interactions with protein aggregates in this cellular compartment. We report that expression of proSAAS within the cytoplasm generates dense, membraneless 2 μm proSAAS spheres which progressively fuse to form larger spheres, suggesting liquid droplet-like properties. ProSAAS spheres selectively accumulate a C-terminally truncated fluorescently tagged form of TDP-43, initiating its cellular redistribution; these TDP-43-containing spheres also exhibit dynamic fusion. Efficient encapsulation of TDP-43 into proSAAS spheres is driven by its C-terminal prion-like domain; spheres must be formed for sequestration to occur. Three proSAAS sequences, a predicted coiled-coil, a conserved region (residues 158-169), and the positively charged sequence 181-185, are all required for proSAAS to form spheres able to encapsulate TDP-43 aggregates. Substitution of lysines for arginines in the 181-185 sequence results in nuclear translocation of proSAAS and encapsulation of nuclear-localized TDP-43216-414. As a functional output, we demonstrate that proSAAS expression results in cytoprotection against full-length TDP-43 toxicity in yeast. We conclude that proSAAS can act as a functional holdase for TDP-43 via this phase-separation property, representing a cytoprotectant whose unusual biochemical properties can potentially be exploited in the design of therapeutic molecules.