Tactical Mistakes Research Articles

The Economic Freedom Fighters of South Africa:What do they Stand for, and who Votes for them?

The Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) have emerged as a significant force in South African politics during the past eight years. Still, only a few scholarly studies have been published analysing its ideology, strategy, and tactics, who is voting for the party, and why. The authors argue that the EFF had emerged as a challenger to the African National Congress (ANC) by positioning itself to the left of the ruling party with a set of ideas and policy proposals that emerged from the ANC Youth League when current EFF leader Julius Malema led it. Survey and exit polling data analysed by the authors indicate that the EFF is gaining traction election by election with younger black voters in the townships on issues of land and jobs and, in the process, threatens the single-party dominance of the ANC in future South African elections. However, despite a good start, the party appears to have lost some momentum after the fall of former President Jacob Zuma and made some tactical mistakes.

Traumatic brain injuries in winter sports : An overview based on the winter sports skiing, snowboarding and ice hockey

In winter sports, skiers, snowboarders and ice hockey players have the highest risk of traumatic brain injuries (TBI). In skiing/snowboarding severe TBIs are of concern; in ice hockey, repetitive minor TBIs are frequent. The main causes of TBI in recreational skiing are collisions with trees; in professionals falls due to technical or tactical mistakes are the main causes. In ice hockey 10-15% of all injuries are due to asports-related concussion (SRC), mostly caused by player-opponent contact. The pathomechanism in TBI is acombination of rotational and linear acceleration during head impact, which causes adiffuse axonal injury. Long-term complications such as neurodegenerative diseases and functional deficits are of relevance. Prevention by wearing helmets is effective, but less effective in TBI/SRC than in focal injuries.

The left-sided location of Amyand hernia in a 2-year-old child

EDITORIAL COMMENT. The symptom complex presented in the article (a syndrome of edematous hyperemic scrotum in a child with an irreducible left-sided hernia) was undoubtedly an indication for emergency surgical treatment. The cause of the left-sided localization of Amiand hernia requires additional examination – irrigography.Introduction. Amyand hernia or inguinal hernia is the hernia in which the vermiform appendix is located within the hernial sac. There are still debates among researchers what is a true Amyand hernia – strangulation of the vermiform process in the hernial sac of an inguinal or postoperative hernia with its development into gangrenous appendicitis or an inguinal hernia with non-inflamed, or inflamed-altered, or perforated vermiform process. Debates on the surgical treatment, reasonability of appendectomy with an unchanged appendix in the hernial sac and ways of hernia repair are still controversial too. Unfortunately, decisions often have to be made right during surgery since the revealing of vermiform process and its morphology in the hernial sac before surgery is a problematic issue.Literature describes cases of similar hernias, both in adults and in children, but with the right-sided location. Amyand hernias are seen, by different authors, in 0.07–0.13 to 2–4%.Relevance. In the available medical literature, there is no any description of such hernia with the left-sided location, so the authors have considered it appropriate to publish a rare clinical case.Objective. To analyze a rare case of the left-sided inguinal-scrotal hernia with a destructive vermiform process in the hernial sac and to identify possible diagnostic and therapeutic errors occurred during medical care.Material and methods. Clinical case: a 2-year and 8 months old child was admitted to the hospital having emergency symptoms of a left-sided strangulated inguinal-scrotal hernia with a gangrenous-altered vermiform process in the hernial sac and concomitant acute pharyngitis. Anamnesis: child from the first pregnancy which was accompanied by moderate preeclampsia; chronic arterial hypertension of degree II, risk 2; mitral valve prolapse of degree II–III; mild anemia; placental disorders; threats of pregnancy termination. The child was born at 27–28 week gestation with the Caesarean section. It had an extremely low body weight (610 grams), bronchopulmonary dysplasia, congenital pneumonia.Conclusion. Amyand hernia is an insidious pathology. It has specific clinical manifestations, specific anamnesis and child’s life; it is difficult for diagnostics and can lead to tactical mistakes which are described in the given clinical case as an example.

Anatomic-hemodynamical types of recurrence of the lower extremities varicose disease

Objective. To improve the results of treatment in patients with postoperative recurrence of varicose disease of the lower extremities with the help of studying of peculiarities of disorders in regional venous hemodynamics and determination of anatomic-hemodynamic types of the disease.
 Materials and methods. There were examined 85 patients with postoperative recurrence of varicose disease of the lower extremities. Ultrasonic duplex scanning of veins was performed on apparatus «EnVisor», manufactured by «Philips» (Holland) using a multifrequency linear sensor with the 12 - 5 MHz frequency for subcutaneous veins and a convex sensor with the 5 - 2 MHz frequency - for deep veins.
 Results. There were delineated 8 anatomic-hemodynamical types of recurrences of varicose disease of the lower extremities. The investigation conducted have permitted to systematize the causes and signs of the disease. Objective criteria for prognostication of the varicose disease of the lower extremities recurrence may be applied for optimization of volume of primary surgical intervention and prophylaxis of its complications.
 Conclusion. The main causes of the recurrence development in varicose disease of the lower extremities are tactical and technical mistakes of surgeons during performance of primary surgical interventions in patients, suffering varicose disease of the lower extremities. Studying of peculiarities in development of recurrence of varicose disease of the lower extremities permits to elaborate the practical anatomic-hemodynamical classification, which systematizes the main causes of the varicose disease recurrence and constitutes the base for the reoperations tactics elaboration.

Труднощі й помилки ведення пацієнта з подагрою

У статті обговорюються питання найбільш частих помилок і труднощів у ранній верифікації діагнозу подагри і подальшій курації пацієнтів. Відомо, що діагноз «подагра» встановлюється в перший рік захворювання лише в 1/4 випадків, у середньому ж проходить 7–8 років до встановлення правильного діагнозу. Тільки в одному з 4–5 випадків подагра правильно верифікується на ранніх стадіях. Причиною пізньої діагностики є особливості перебігу подагри з періодами відсутності симптомів (інтермітуюча подагра), діагностичні помилки при першому зверненні пацієнта, раннє проведення рентгенологічного дослідження без виявлення типових ознак захворювання, відсутність пункції суглоба й верифікації кристалів сечової кислоти в синовіальній рідині. Ще однією причиною діагностичної помилки є визначення рівня сечової кислоти в сироватці крові під час гострого нападу. Несвоє­часна діагностика подагри призводить до низки подальших діагностичних і тактичних помилок. Насамперед це стосується призначення нестероїдних протизапальних препаратів і глюкокортикоїдів без правильно встановленого діагнозу. Сучасні рекомендації щодо ведення пацієнтів з подагрою акцентують, що застосування глюкокортикоїдів при подагрі можливо тільки короткими курсами, їх тривале вживання неприпустиме в зв’язку з високим ризиком розвитку побічних ефектів у даного контингенту хворих, які часто мають супутні захворювання. Ще однією тактичною помилкою є призначення уратзнижуючих препаратів у періоді гострого артриту без титрації дози й проведення протизапальної терапії. У статті наведений клінічний випадок пізньої діагностики подагри, нераціонального лікування із тривалим застосуванням глюкокортикоїдів, відсутністю прийому уратзнижуючих препаратів, що призвело до серйозних побічних ефектів — розвитку цукрового діабету та артеріальної гіпертензії. Проводиться детальний розбір допущених клінічних помилок, а також надані рекомендації з раціональної тактики в даному випадку.

Challenges in diagnosis and treatment of pneumothorax and giant bullae

Spontaneous pneumothorax is the most common acute chest disease. Often, giant bullae give the impression of the presence of air in the pleural cavity. Inadequate differential diagnosis leads to vain drainage of the pleural cavity, damage to the lung with its collapse and pneumothorax.The aim. Analyze diagnostic and tactical mistakes in patients with pulmonary emphysema, which manifests with giant bullae, and outline the ways to prevent complications.Methods. The analysis of the treatment of 1,636 patients with pulmonary emphysema and its complications undergoing treatment in the thoracic surgical department of the Samara Regional Clinical Hospital named after V.D.Seredavin in the period from 2001 to 2018 is presented.Results. Giant bulla were diagnosed in 35 (2.1%) patients, 16 of them were hospitalized ungently. In 6 patients, the diagnosis of a giant bulla of the lung was correct, and the patients were referred to the thoracic surgical department. In 10 patients, a giant bulla of the lung was regarded as pneumothorax, and pleural drainage was performed before referral to the thoracic surgical department.Conclusion. The correct interpretation of the radiological data and comparison with the clinical picture allows avoiding diagnostic errors and the associated danger and complications.

Operation Lam Son 719 amid “Vietnamization” Strategy during Vietnam War

Fifty years ago, Operation Lam Son 719 was organized by the US Army and the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) to realize their scheme to cut off the Indochina battlefield separating the Vietnam revolutionary forces from the revolutionary movement of Laos and Cambodia. Based on historical evidence from previous Vietnamese and USA documents, this article aims to prove that Operation Lam Son 719 made many strategic mistakes in assessing the military power of ARVN and the revolutionary alliance of Vietnam - Laos – Cambodia during the Vietnam War, as well as the tactical mistakes on the battlefield of ARVN. The failure of Operation Lam Son 719 dealt a heavy blow to the Vietnamization strategy, showing the passive strategic approach in the Doctrine of Vietnamization. Operation Lam Son 719 played a big role in forcing the U S to agree to negotiate with Democratic Republic of Vietnam in Paris.

Принципы рациональной антибактериальной терапии респираторных инфекций

Continuously increasing resistance of infectious agents together with rapid decrease in the number of novel antibacterial drugs makes the rational antibiotic selection one of the important challenges facing modern medicine. The urgency of the issue is also growing because of strategic and tactical mistakes in treatment of respiratory tract infections significantly affecting the disease outcome. The paper reports principles of respiratory tract infection antibiotic therapy based on contemporary federal guidelines on management of infectious respiratory tract diseases. Clinical example of rational antibiotic therapy selection in patient with community-acquired pneumonia is provided.

WORLDWIDE EPIDEMICS AND MARINE MEDICINE - PERCEWPTION OF EVENTS IN THE FIRST YEAR OF PANDEMIC COVID-19

Epidemics always accompanied humanity at all historic stages, that wielded major influence on development and demographical indices. Coronavirus infections with respiratory syndrome represented by epidemic foci appeared in human civilization and were identified as SARS and MERS from the beginning of the century. Newly coronavirus infection COVID-19 took the form of pandemic and made adjustments in various branches of activity coming under the scrutiny of specialists of many spheres of activity. The lecture showed some features of newly coronavirus infections, ways of spread and transfer of the virus. It was marked that seaport towns and closed premises with a large number of people on ships and civil and war ships are the most vulnerable places for the spread of COVID-19. Examples of transmitting the infection on civil and war ships as well as issues of restricting the infection and treatment of infected people in sea were described. Russian and foreign health organizations developed recommendations, governments of states designed instructions and other information materials on COVID-19 and marine sector for prevention of spread of newly coronavirus infection on civil and war ships. Throughout the year, the first experience of marine medicine was gained and it allowed to avoid a lot of tactical and clinical mistakes.

Proving Corruption in the Investigative and Judicial Practice of Ukraine: Problems and Solutions

The work is based on the analysis of the scientific literature, criminal and criminal procedural legislation of Ukraine, which regulates public relations associated with the identification, detection, investigation and judicial review of cases of illegal benefit by officials, on the precedents of the European Court of Human Rights on this issue, as well as the study and summarizing the materials of 200 criminal cases on illegal benefits considered by the courts of Ukraine in 2015-2019. It has been established that proof of corruption offences in criminal proceedings is the activity of the subjects of criminal proceedings, which consists of collecting, assessing and verifying factual data in order to establish circumstances relevant to the investigation. At the same time, procedural and tactical mistakes, as well as abuses on the part of prosecution agents, which lead to deficiencies in the process of proving the guilt of officials who commit corruption offences, are very common in the practice of the Ukrainian law enforcement agencies in this area.

M. Sharapova and the meldonium scandal: anti-crisis communications in personal branding

The article simulates and analyzes a practical case of building anti-crisis communications by tennis player Maria Sharapova in the meldonium scandal. The factors of the development of the crisis are analyzed, strategic and tactical mistakes and blunders are revealed, strategic and tactical successes and achievements are indicated.

REASONS FOR JURIES PASSING ACQUITTALS (BY THE EXAMPLE OF JUDICIAL PRACTICE OF DISTRICT COURTS OF THE UDMURT REPUBLIC)

In the article, the authors consider the points of view of scientists regarding additions to the criminal procedure code of the Russian Federation that grant powers to district courts to consider criminal cases with the participation of jurors. Using concrete practical examples, the author analyzes the reasons for the acquittal of jurors in the district courts of the Udmurt Republic. Having come to reasonable conclusions, the authors suggest that public prosecutors take additional organizational and methodological measures when preparing for the consideration of criminal cases by a court with the participation of jurors. Some of the proposals have been tested in practice and have allowed prosecutors to prepare more carefully for court sessions than to avoid professional and tactical mistakes that lead to acquittal verdicts. Taking these measures into account, in the new criminal cases, the jury returned a guilty verdict, which formed the basis of the guilty verdict, in particular, despite the appeal supported by a higher court.

RESULTS OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE FOR EURASIAN STATE AND LEGAL SPACE (COMPARATIVE STATE STUDYING ANALYSIS)

European Union aiming at accelerated integration has done a lot of strategic and tactical mistakes. The most serious among them are liberal immigration policy and expansive judge-making of the European Court of Justice. Eurasian Economic Union has a chance to avoid pernicious mistakes of the EU. It´s important to limit the power ambitions of the executive organs and its Court. Cosmopolitan liberalism must be curbed and ideology of national self-esteem is necessary to cultivate.

How Do Leadership Decapitation and Targeting Error Affect Suicide Bombings? The Case of Al-Shabaab

Targeted killing is a cornerstone of counter-terrorism strategy, and tactical mistakes made by militant groups are endemic in terrorism. Yet, how do they affect a militant group’s suicide bomber deployment? Since joining Al-Qaeda, Al-Shabaab has carried out various types of suicide attacks on different targets. Using a uniquely constructed dataset, I introduce two typologies of suicide bomber detonation profiles – single and multiple – and explore the strategic purposes these have served for the group during multiphasic stages following targeted killings against the group’s leadership and targeting errors committed by Al-Shabaab. The findings reveal that targeted killing has the opposite effect of disrupting suicide attacks, instead, leading to a rapid proliferation of unsophisticated single suicide attacks against civilian and military targets to maintain the perception of the group’s potency. Thus, I argue that targeting errors made by Al-Shabaab have a more serious detrimental effect on its deployment of suicide attacks than any counter-terrorism measure.

The causes of unsatisfactory results and mistakes in treatment of patients with pigmented villo-nodular synovitis (teno-synovial giant-cell tumor) of a knee joint

Objective. To reveal the causes of unsatisfactory results and mistakes in treatment of patients with pigmented villo-nodular synovitis of a knee joint with the objective to improve this disease diagnosis, as well as the results of treatment and rehabilitation/ Materials and methods. Through the period 2010 - 2018 yrs we conducted a retrospective analysis of medical documents (the case histories) in 77 patients with pathohistologically verified diagnosis of pigmented villo-nodular synovitis of a knee joint, who were treated in the clinic of Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics (ITO), Kyiv and operated on a knee joint. Results. The causes of unsatisfacory results of treatment for pigmented villo-nodular synovitis of a knee joint are the disease severity, and its diffuse form, absence of the diagnosis-treatment algorithm for this process and rehabilitation of the patients, what leads to diagnostic and tactical mistakes on the treatment process stages. Conclusion. The awaiting tactics in diagnosis and treatment of pigmented villo-nodular synovitis constitutes a wide-spread tactical mistake. Insufficient knowledge of traumatologists in a knee joint surgery leads to tactical faults as well. Most treatment mistakes occur as a consequence of unreadiness of orthopedist-traumatologist for possible intraoperative accidental revealing of pigmented villo-nodular synovitis of a knee joint, as well as because of absence of intraoperative tactics and material gears for treatment of this disease and its outcomes.

ڕەوشی ئۆپۆزسیۆن لە هەرێمی كوردستاندا: بزوتنەوەی گۆڕان وەك نموونە

In the Kurdistan region, prior to the establishment of Kurdish de-facto autonomy in 1991, Kurdish political parties’ duties mainly included armed insurrection against the Iraqi government to procure rights for Kurds. After the 1991 uprising against the Baathist state, the Kurdish people hoped for a new start for the region which would bring about freedom, development, and participation in a new democratic process. However, shortly after the founding of the first Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG), civil war broke out in Iraqi Kurdistan between the PUK and KDP. After hostilities ended in 1994, the two parties decided to divide power among them both equally without the need for elections. As they were heavily armed and had established partimonial networks with smaller, supporting parties, there was no possibility of challenging the new system in place. This situation lasted until 2008-2009 with the emergence of Gorran, a newly established political party which aimed to be the region’s first true democratic opposition. Gorran participated in the third KRG parliament between 2009-2013. In coalition with the Kurdistan Islamic Group (KIG) and Kurdistan Islamic Union (KIU) parties, they formed the first official parliamentary opposition bloc. For the four years that the coalition lasted, there was a noticable change in quality of debates and legislative work in Parliament. Despite the good start to the their existence, in the fourth parliament in 2013, the opposition decided to join the government and made several strategic and tactical mistakes. The stated goal of joining the grand coalition government was to hold the government accountable internally. This, however, did not materialise and slowly opposition as a political entity became increasingly weak. This study attempts to study all the causes of this failure, In particular the reasons that led to the weakening of Gorran, as the previously main opposition power, wich was not only became weaker, but also lost their effectiveness as a political movement.

Осложнения после удаления зубов мудрости и их лечение

On the basis of the analysis of primary medical records of 106 (63 men and 43 women) patients aged from 18 up to 76 years, the methods of managing the complications after wisdom teeth extraction, which are applied in dental facilities of different forms of ownership were studied. It has been noticed that in some cases doctors make tactical mistakes in choosing a method of treating complications, in particular, dry socket syndrome or perforation of a maxillary sinus. In public municipal and organization-owned facilities dentists do not properly use the available wide range of medicines manufactured for managing infectious and inflammatory complications arising after tooth extraction.

THE DEFINITION OF INDICATION FOR THE SURGICAL TREATMENT ON MENISCI

Pathology of knee menisci (KM) leads to osteoarthritis (OA) de­velopment in 20–40% in nearest 7–10 years after primary surgical treatment. The same situation is observed after the arthroscopic interventions.Goal of investigation: to show the most common tactical mistakes during the surgical interventions on menisci.Methods of investigation: the results of treatments of 131 patients with meniscus pathology of different genesis from 5 to 36 years after primary surgery. The patinets were divided into 3 groups: I (85 patietns) — meniscogenic syndrom, determined by congenital predisposition, II (19 patients) — traumatic injury of meniscus; III (7 patients) — pathic pathology. OA stages were determined according to Kellgren-Lawrence classification.Results: the most common mistakes in the meniscus surgery were determined. It was found out, that the worst results developed in the conditions of frontal deformity on knee level. The resection of meniscus under these circumstances increased OA development. The development of pain, in remote terms after operation, localized in anterior parts determined by the status of femur-patella joint. It was proved that if an angle of varus deformity on knee joint (KJ) is equal to 8°, pressure on medial meniscus is increased on 30.8 %, that provokes its disruption. Outcome: its necessary to assess KJ structure during the planning of meniscus surgery. Lateral X-ray view charcterizes the interrelationship between patella and distal femur joint surface contacting with patella, that play a large role for determing an abnormality of patella-femoral joint. MRI and CT are the modern methods of investigation, meanwhile they allow to assess meniscus damage only, but not the status of KJ in general. That is why these methods of investigation are just additional for the patients with meniscus abnormality.

Two clinical cases of nonspecific aortoarteritis

Non-specific aortoarteritis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the aorta and its main branches with the stenosis or occlusion development of the affected blood vessels and secondary ischemia of organs and tissues. The main clinical symptoms most often are pulselessness or low-tension pulse on one of hands, the asymmetry of brachial artery systolic blood pressure, intermittent claudication, weakness, weight loss. Non-specific aortoarteritis is an uncommon condition for general practitioners, and the disease manifestations are often interpreted as symptoms of another pathology. It causes large number of diagnostic and tactical mistakes in management of these patients. The relative rarity of nonspecific aortoarteritis becomes one of the factors determining the complexity and time lag of its diagnosis, inadequate treatment, what leads to early disability and high risk of life-threatening complications development. The article considers two clinical cases of non-specific aortoarteritis. In one of them abdominal pain syndrome is on the foreground, in the other - cephalalgia. Often clinicians consider given symptoms in young people as a manifestation of dyspepsia (in the first patient) and one of the vasoneurosis symptoms (in the second one). The difficulty in diagnosis is that there is no specific laboratory and instrumental symptoms which are pathognomonic for nonspecific aortoarteritis as in other vasculitis.

The factors affecting the results of mechanical jaundice management

To improve the results of obstructive jaundice management by rational diagnostic and treatment strategies. Outcomes of 820 patients with obstructive jaundice syndrome were analyzed. Diagnostic and tactical mistakes were made at pre-hospital stage in 143 (17.4%) patients and in 105 (12.8%) at hospital stage. Herewith, in 53 (6.5%) cases the errors were observed at all stages. Retrospective analysis of severe postoperative complications and lethal outcomes in patients with obstructive jaundice showed that in 23.8% of cases they were explained by diagnostic and tactical mistakes at various stages of examination and treatment. We developed an algorithm for obstructive jaundice management to reduce the number of diagnostic and tactical errors, a reduction in the frequency of diagnostic and tactical errors. It reduced the number of postoperative complications up to 16.5% and mortality rate to 3.0%.