Tactical Information Research Articles

The effect of different navigation voices on trust and attention while using in-vehicle navigation systems

IntroductionAutomobiles are suffused with computers and technology designed to support drivers at all levels of the driving hierarchy. Classic secondary devices, such as in-vehicle navigation systems (IVNS), present strategic and tactical information to drivers. In order to mitigate the potential distraction and workload when interacting with these devices while driving, IVNS often employ voices to deliver navigational instructions. In contrast, voices are used during interpersonal encounters to engage the listener, provide clues about the speaker's personality and make judgments about them, for example, whether to like them and to trust them. MethodA study conducted within a fixed-based medium-fidelity driving simulator investigated if drivers made similar ‘personality’ attributions to voices emanating from an IVNS and if this subsequently affected how they engaged with the device while driving. Twenty-nine experienced drivers and IVNS users drove to a specified destination with a simulated IVNS and authentically reproduced UK road signage to support their route-finding. Either of two navigation voices were used; one considered ‘high-trust’ and the other ‘low-trust.’ Presented with a conflict scenario, where the verbal route guidance differed to the road signs, 22 drivers followed the IVNS instruction rather than the road signs. Of these, the majority were using the ‘high-trust’ voice. ResultsA post-drive questionnaire revealed that, despite the fact that message content and delivery remained equivalent, participants recognized different attributes (‘personalities’) associated with each of the navigation voices. This influenced their attitudes towards them, including how much they liked them, their preferences for use, and the level of trust that they associated with each voice. Practical applicationsWhile these, so-called, social responses may be invited and indeed encouraged in other contexts, in the automotive domain they are likely to conflict with the intended benefits of using a voice to deliver route guidance and therefore have implications for road safety and design.

FINDING OPTIMAL STRATEGIES IN TENNIS FROM VIDEO SEQUENCES

The analysis of tennis data from broadcast video in order to identify tactical information is broadly an unexplored field, and the existing analytical approaches usually consist of simply providing general statistical information. In this paper, we present a tennis model based on Markov decision processes (MDPs), which describes the dynamic interaction between the players and we introduce a novel Monte Carlo-based method with an aim to extract optimal strategic information. In order to test the approach with real tennis data, we also present a system that transforms broadcast video tennis sequences into discrete temporal data that is fed into the model. We show that this framework, based on states, actions and rewards, allows for the identification of optimal strategies.

Simulation and Analysis of Transmission Performance of JTIDS

As a very important part of Link-16, Joint Tactical Information Distribution System (JTIDS) has a good performance. In this paper, the primary technologies of JTIDS are presented and their Transmission performance are simulated and analyzed. And in the different conditions, the bit error rate simulation is tested based on the rationale of JTIDS. In the end of this paper, anti-jamming ability of JTIDS is simulated and the results show that JTIDS has high performance of anti-jamming.

전술 모바일 애드 혹 네트워크를 위한 위치 기반의 신뢰성 제공을 위한 라우팅 방법

최근 정보통신 산업 및 네트워크 분야의 기술발달로 국방 무기체계에 새로운 패러다임 변화가 형성되었고, 군에서도 이러한 전쟁양상에 변화에 맞추어 TICN(Tactical Information Communication Network)이라는 통신체계를 도입하여 구축 중에 있다. TICN체계가 그 기능을 갖추기 위해서는 전장의 소규모 전투로부터 신뢰성 있는 정보를 실시간으로 전송 받아야 하는데, 이러한 기능을 지원해 주는 기술의 핵심적인 요소가 바로 MANET(Mobile Ad-Hoc Network) 라우팅 프로토콜이다. 본 논문에서는 일반 MANET 라우팅 프로토콜에서 주로 사용되는 최단경로 설정 기법의 전술네트워크 적용에 따른 문제점을 식별하고, 소규모 전투부대의 전술환경을 바탕으로, 중계 노드들의 위치와 속도, 데이터 크기 등을 고려하여 경로의 신뢰성과 데이터 지연 시간을 계산함으로써, 신뢰성 있는 정보를 실시간으로 전송 받을 수 있는 효율적인 전술 MANET 라우팅 프로토콜을 제안해 보고자 한다. Recently, developments in the field of communication and network technologies induced new paradigm in the defense weapon system. As a consequence, military authorities develop the Tactical Information Communication Network(TICN) system to adapt to the changing paradigm. One of the most important functions of TICN is real-time communication. As a result, TICN system needs to receive real-time information from the battlefield, and the key technology to support these features is MANET(Mobile Ad-Hoc Network) routing protocol. In this paper, we analyze problems of the shortest path scheme in tactical Ad-Hoc networks, which is widely used in common Ad-Hoc networks. We propose efficient routing protocol for tactical MANET by considering the environment of small combat units, such as node position, speed and data size. The proposed algorithm shows reliable data transfer and low latency in battlefield.

차세대 전술정보통신체계에서의 무선 메쉬 MSAP 노드 간 상호 인증 기법

The tactical mobile communication network, which comprises a part of the next-generation Tactical Information and Communication Network (TICN), provides means of communication and control for Tactical Multi-Functional Terminals (TMFT) belonging to a Mobile Subscriber Access Point (MSAP). The next-generation of MSAP is capable of constructing a backbone network via LCTR and HCTR directional antennas. At the same time, WMN modules are used to create and manage a wireless mesh backbone. When directional antennas are used in mobile environments, seamless services cannot be efficiently supported as the movement of the node prevents the angle of the antenna to constantly match. Therefore, data communication through the wireless mesh networks is required to provide direct communication between mobile MSAPs. Accordingly, mutual authentication and data encryption mechanisms are required to provide reliable data transmission in this environment. To provide efficient mutual authentication between MSAP devices, the process of verifying a certificate of the other MSAP device through its own authentication server is required. This paper proposes mutual authentication mechanisms where the MSAP requiring authentication and the MSAP that permits it initiates low-cost and efficient authentication in a distributed way. More specifically, we propose a method of applying EAP-ELS (Extensible Authentication Protocol-Transport Layer Security) in the next-generation TICN.

Development of logistics information systems

Introduction: An adequate logistics information system provides real time automated data processing, distribution and of information according to Terrain Commander's requirements, which leads to timely fulfillment of logistic demands of units. SAP ERP The SAP ERP application is the integrated (ERP) software capable of working with complex organisational structures, personnel, equipment, and finance. It enables planning and combining forces for every type of operations. The system also enables the determination of the readiness status of modelled forces. ISL The Information System for Logistics (ISL) is a comprehensive information system of the Ministry of Defence (MoD) and the Army of the Czech Republic that covers many areas: acquisition, supply, ammunition and equipment maintenance, logistics, etc. The ISL provides support for military logistics in all important areas of consumer and acquisition logistics, satisfaying all kinds of Defence Forces needs in the country and abroad. LOGFAS The information system LOGFAS comprises Logistics Database (LOGBASE), Movement and Transportation software (M&T), Allied Command Europe Resource Optimisation Software System (ACROSS) and Logistic Reporting System (LOGREP). The Logistics Database LOGBASE represents a logistics information source and also a database related to assets, forces, geography, infrastructure, targets, supplies, movements and medical data. The main software tools which rely on the LOGBASE are M&T, ACROSS and LOGREP. GCSS-Army The original impetus to create the SALE came in the mid-90s when the United States Department of Defense (DoD) started a logistics modernisation programme. One of tasks was to build The Single Army Logistics Enterprise (SALE) for the purpose of covering the whole organisational structure of the DoD. There are three components of the SALE: GCSS-Army, PLM+ and LMP. Each of them uses the commercial Enterprise Resource Planning SAP Software with a Web access. The main component, GCSS-Army (Global Combat Support System-Army Field/Tactical), is intended for the tactical level and it will replace 14 tactical logistics information systems and connect them with the rest of the information environment. Tendencies in the development of logistics information systems In line with the presented information solutions, it is possible to extract relevant conclusions about tendencies in the development of these types of systems all around the world. These conclusions should be implemented, through adequate principles, into domestic software development. Three main tendencies are visible in modern solutions: using centralised databases, integration of existing separated software solutions, and connecting previously autonomus systems. Conclusion In accordance with present time requirements, logistic support should be realised as close as possible to the origin of a logistic need, in real time and adequately. Information systems enable real time delivery of information needed for a quality logistic support in all phases of operations as well as for a faster generation of all types of documents.

TICN 전술백본망 최적의 프로토콜 분석 및 설계

한국 육군은 차기 전술통신망인 TICN을 개발 및 구축하고 있는데 전술통신망에서 백본망의 기능은 배우 중요한 역할을 수행하게 될 것이며, 따라서 백본망을 지원하게 될 표준 백본 프로토콜의 성능을 비교 분석하는 것은 매우 중요한 요소이다. 이전 연구에서는 대표적인 백본 라우팅 프로토콜인 OSPF와 IS-IS 프로토콜의 성능 분석 및 비교를 통하여 IS-IS 프로토콜이 향후 TICN 백본망 라우팅 프로토콜로 적합하다는 연구를 실시하였으며, IS-IS 프로토콜의 hello 시간 변수값 등을 조정하여 TICN 백본망 지원을 위한 IS-IS 프로토콜의 성능 개선이 가능하다는 결과를 얻었다. 이를 바탕으로 본 연구에서는 TICN 백본망의 QoS 정책을 지원할 수 있는 IS-IS 프로토콜을 수정 및 설계하였고 실험을 통하여 전술환경의 적용가능성을 분석하였다. The Korea Army are developing the TICN(Tactical Information Communication Network) which is the next army tactical communication system. The TICN tactical backbone's ability is very important. So analysis of the standard protocol for the data transmission guarantee are obliged. For the TICN tactical backbone, previous paper analysed routing protocol efficiency index and compared to superiority of the OSPF and IS-IS protocols in the tactical environment and conclusively IS-IS protocol was more suitable for TICN backbone routing protocol. And We got the result that It could improve the performance of IS-IS protocol as a TICN tactical backbone protocol under the tactical environments by adjusting some time parameters of IS-IS protocol. This paper modified and designed the IS-IS protocol in order to support the QoS strategies of TICN and analyzed it's adaptability through simulation.

전술정보통신체계(TICN)에 적합한 침입탐지 기법

Tactical Information Communication Network(TICN), a concept-type integrated Military Communication system that enables precise command control and decision making, is designed to advance into high speed, large capacity, long distance wireless relay transmission. To support mobility in battlefield environments, the application of Ad-hoc networking technology to its wireless communication has been examined. Ad-hoc network works properly only if the participating nodes cooperate in routing and packet forwarding. However, if selfish nodes not forwarding packets of other nodes and malicious nodes making the false accusation are in the network, it is faced to many threats. Therefore, detection and management of these misbehaving nodes is necessary to make confident in Ad-hoc networks. To solve this problem, we propose an efficient intrusion detection technique to detect and manage those two types of attacks. The simulation-based performance analysis shows that our approach is highly effective and can reliably detect a multitude of misbehaving node.

전술 Ad-hoc 네트워크에서 하이브리드 키 관리 기법

A next generation military communication system called Tactical Information Communication Network(TICN) is designed to advance into large capacity, high speed, and long distance wireless relay transmission. To support mobility in battlefield, the application of Ad-hoc networking technology to its wireless communication is being considered. In Ad-hoc network, the key management technique is very important to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and authentication. In this paper, we propose a new hybrid key management scheme considering the hierarchical characteristics of the tactical ad-hoc such as TICN. For upper layer with sufficient energy and computation capability, we apply PKI based key management scheme. For lower layer with restricted resources, we propose a new key management scheme using the location-based authentication to ensure the energy efficiency.

Tactic analysis based on real-world ball trajectory in soccer video

Tactic analysis is an exciting and challenging problem in sport video analysis. The trajectories of ball and players convey rich tactic information, so the trajectory extraction and analysis are important for the soccer tactic analysis. Previous research on tactic analysis was generally based on finding object's mosaic trajectory which does not capture the rich semantic information of the real-world trajectory. In this paper, we propose a complete framework to systematically analyze soccer tactics. Specifically, we first propose an efficient real-world trajectory extraction method based on field line detection. Secondly, we define and recognize six typical soccer attack patterns for tactic analysis. With experiments on user study, the proposed method can improve the tactic analysis in terms of the conciseness, clarity, and usability.

Networking and application interface technology for wireless sensor network surveillance and monitoring

Distributed unattended ground sensor networks used in battlefield surveillance and monitoring missions, have proven to be valuable in providing a tactical information advantage required for command and control, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance planning. Operational effectiveness for surveillance missions can be enhanced further through network centric capability, where distributed UGS networks have the ability to perform surveillance operations autonomously. NCC operation can be enhanced through UGSs having the ability to evaluate their awareness of the current joint surveillance environment, in order to provide the necessary adaptation to dynamic changes. NCC can also provide an advantage for UGS networks to self-manage their limited operational resources efficiently, according to mission objective priority. In this article, we present a crosslayer approach and highlight techniques that have potential to enable NCC operation within a mission-orientated UGS surveillance setting.

Applications of GPS Technologies to Field Sports

Global positioning system (GPS) technology was made possible after the invention of the atomic clock. The first suggestion that GPS could be used to assess the physical activity of humans followed some 40 y later. There was a rapid uptake of GPS technology, with the literature concentrating on validation studies and the measurement of steady-state movement. The first attempts were made to validate GPS for field sport applications in 2006. While GPS has been validated for applications for team sports, some doubts continue to exist on the appropriateness of GPS for measuring short high-velocity movements. Thus, GPS has been applied extensively in Australian football, cricket, hockey, rugby union and league, and soccer. There is extensive information on the activity profile of athletes from field sports in the literature stemming from GPS, and this includes total distance covered by players and distance in velocity bands. Global positioning systems have also been applied to detect fatigue in matches, identify periods of most intense play, different activity profiles by position, competition level, and sport. More recent research has integrated GPS data with the physical capacity or fitness test score of athletes, game-specific tasks, or tactical or strategic information. The future of GPS analysis will involve further miniaturization of devices, longer battery life, and integration of other inertial sensor data to more effectively quantify the effort of athletes.

TICN 전술백본망을 위한 IS-IS 프로토콜 성능 개선

Recently Korea Army are developing the TICN(Tactical Information Communication Network) which is the next army tactical communication system. The TICN tactical backbone`s ability is very important. So analysis of the standard protocol for the data transmission guarantee are obliged. For the TICN tactical backbone, previous paper analysed routing protocol efficiency index and compared to superiority of the OSPF and IS-IS protocols in the tactical environment. Conclusively IS-IS protocol was more suitable for TICN backbone routing protocol. As follow-up study of previous paper, this paper try to find the proper parameters of IS-IS protocol in order to improve the performance of IS-IS protocol as a TICN tactical backbone protocol under the tactical environments. Finally it selected four time-parameters of IS-IS protocol, those can improve performance of the protocol.

Spreading Their Bets: The Effects of Epistemic Motivation on Tactical Information Search in Pre-Negotiation

We address what happens before negotiators reach the table. We hypothesize that negotiators, particularly novice negotiators who may have little insight into the advantages of certain kinds of substantive information, will prefer relational over substantive information when given the choice to select it. We also hypothesize that Negotiators who are epistemically motivated will be more likely to choose heterogeneous information compared to those who are not epistemically motivated.

Environmental Security in Arctic Ice-Covered Seas: From Strategy to Tactics of Hazard Identification and Emergency Response

AbstractEnvironmental change and increasing industrial activity in the maritime Arctic require strategies to adapt to change and ensure safe operations. This problem has been defined at the broader strategic level. We evaluate key aspects of environmental security in ice-covered waters, focusing on tactical and operational information needs, which have received less attention. Monitoring of environmental hazards and effective emergency response in sea ice environments require high-resolution data of ice hazard distributions (e.g., multiyear ice, landfast ice breakout, and ice push events), ice movement and deformation, as well as ice characteristics and dynamics relevant to emergency response. We have developed a prototype coastal observing system at Barrow, Alaska, that addresses such information needs. Imagery obtained from a marine X-band radar with a digital controller is combined with data from on-ice sensors (ice thickness, ice and water temperature, sea level) and assessments of potentially hazardous ice conditions by local experts. Digital imagery and data are processed and disseminated in near-real time. Using a combination of image processing approaches (optical flow, Lucas-Kanade tracker), ice velocity fields, floe trajectories, and boundaries of stationary ice are derived automatically. Early onset of hazardous events is detected through Hidden Markov Modeling, providing potential decision support in operational settings. We evaluate the utility of the system and strategies towards integration with broader emergency response efforts.

Tactical information upon the intentions on application of kinds of actions in fencing battle

173 выявлено. К окончанию педагогического эксперимента (дети 6-7 лет) контрольной и экспе-риментальной групп наблюдался дальнейший прирост результатов. Однако достоверной разницы в показателях контрольной и экспериментальной группы не выявлено в тесто-вых заданиях «Подъем туловища» и «Наклон вперед сидя» (p>0,05 при t=1,7; t=1,8). При этом в тесте, характеризующем гибкость («Наклон вперед сидя») значительной динамики не выявлено, а наблюдалось даже небольшое ухудшение результатов в контрольной группе. ВЫВОД Использование методики занятий с использованием упражнений на уменьшенной опоре, вращением, балансировкой и выбором направления дальнейшего движения со-гласно дидактическим ориентирам способствует развитию двигательной координации и повышению уровня физической подготовленности детей 5-7 лет. ЛИТЕРАТУРА 1. Бесшапошникова, С.Ю. Развитие двигательной координации у детей 5-7 лет с использованием гимнастических упражнений на уменьшенной опоре : автореф. дис. … канд. пед. наук / Бесшапошникова С.Ю. – Ярославль, 2006. – 23 с. 2. Горелов, А.А. Интеграция народного творчества в режиме двигательной ак-тивности дошкольников / А.А. Горелов, Е.В. Немеровский // Ученые записки универси-тета имени П.Ф. Лесгафта. – 2008. – № 9 (43). – С. 19-22. 3. Немеровский, В.М. Интеграция оздоровительного инвентаря в развитии вариа-тивной двигательно-познавательной сферы дошкольников // Ученые записки университе-та имени П.Ф. Лесгафта. – 2008. – № 1 (35). – С. 71-75. 4. Правдов, М.А. Влияние занятий на основе использования элементов игры в футбол на развитие координационных способностей у детей 5-7 лет / М.А. Правдов, Ю.Н. Ермакова, Д.М. Правдов // Ученые записки университета имени П.Ф. Лесгафта. – 2010. – № 5 (63). – С. 83-87. 5. Чистякова, А.А. Интеграция двигательной и познавательной деятельности в процессе формирования основ безопасной жизнедеятельности у детей дошкольного воз-раста / А.А. Чистякова, М.А. Правдов // Ученые записки университета имени П.Ф. Лес-гафта. – 2011. – № 1 (71). – С. 136-139. Контактная информация

Situation variable effects and tactical performance in professional association football

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of match location (i.e. home vs. away), match status (i.e. winning vs. drawing vs. losing) and competitive season (i.e. season one vs. season two) upon tactics-related performance indicators of a professional association football team. The Noldus Observer Video Pro 4.1 behavioural measurement package (Noldus Information Technology, 2002) was employed to observe and record relevant tactical information (i.e. pass incidence and spatial distribution of pass origins upon the pitch surface) from 47 pre-recorded matches sampled from two consecutive domestic league seasons (season one = 25 matches, season two = 22 matches). Log-linear modelling procedures indicated that the occurrence of passes performed by the team varied as an interactive function of match location, match status and the competitive season. Distribution of passes across the pitch surface was also influenced by match location, match status and the competitive season but the effects were independent as opposed to interactive. The findings highlight the complex nature of football performance under differing contexts and outline the need for sports scientists and coaches working within football to consider the influence of situation variables upon tactical performance indicators. The presence of season associated effects also suggests care should be taken when extrapolating findings from one time period to another. Future research should examine alternative methods for assessing the impact of situation variables upon football performance and verify the extent to which the findings presented in the current study can be generalised to other teams and footballspecific populations (e.g. amateur, women and youths).

Performance analysis and simulations of 32‐ary cyclic code‐shift keying

AbstractCyclic code‐shift keying (CCSK) is the baseband 32‐ary symbol modulation scheme used by the Joint Tactical Information Distribution System (JTIDS), the communication terminal for Link‐16. CCSK is not orthogonal and an analytic expression for the probability of symbol error for CCSK has thus far been elusive. In this paper, an analytic upper bound on the probability of symbol error of CCSK is derived for the 32‐chip CCSK starting sequence chosen for JTIDS. The analytically obtained probability of symbol error is compared with two different Monte Carlo simulations for additive white Gaussian noise. The results of both simulations match the analytic results very well and show that the analytic method yields a tight upper bound. A new 32‐chip CCSK starting sequence which has a smaller maximum off‐peak cross‐correlation value than the current JTIDS starting sequence is proposed and evaluated both analytically and by simulation. The results obtained for the new CCSK starting sequence compare favorably with the CCSK starting sequence chosen for JTIDS. Published in 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Examining Tactical Information Technology — Business Alignment

The goal of strategic IT-business alignment has been to deploy IT applications that support business strategy. In spite of voluminous “strategic” IT plans and numerous studies on strategic IT-business alignment, accounts of wasted IT investments and deployment of business-irrelevant applications are rampant, indicating lack of alignment at the tactical level, that is, lack of execution-level processes addressing issues of resources, objectives and implementation-priority matching, between IT and the business. We answer the question: What are the aspects and outcomes of tactical IT-business alignment? We (1) identify six aspects of tactical IT-business alignment, and (2) show how they lead to four outcomes — implementation of planned applications, execution of IT-enabled aspects of business strategy, increased credibility of the IT function and increased business value from IT projects. Our results are based on qualitative primary data (45 hours of interviews with 28 IT and functional managers and company documents) from four organizations.

Tactical coalition voting and information in the laboratory

Tactical coalition voting (TCV) is a balancing strategy where voters choose to vote for their second preferred party in order to influence the policy direction of the government coalition formed. In this paper, we experimentally evaluate the extent voters in a PR system engage in TCV. We find significant evidence that voters in the laboratory, even those not experienced with PR systems, choose strategically to affect post election coalitions using a balancing strategy, although the percentage of voters who do so is much less than that predicted by the theory. We also find that although voters who are less informed are less likely to use a balancing strategy, strategic motivations are still a factor in their behavior.