Tacit Consensus Research Articles

КОНСТРУЮВАННЯ НОВИННОЇ РЕАЛЬНОСТІ В МАСМЕДІА

<p><strong><em>The purpose</em></strong><em> of the research is to characterize the construction of news reality in the information environment.</em></p><p><strong><em>Research methodology.</em></strong><em> The methodological basis of the study is the empirical method – we determined the news content, we characterized the researched news content on information platforms using the analysis method, the content of the news was singled out with the help of mass communication using the comparison method, where information penetrates into all spheres of social life, the observation method to influence the audience as a consumer of mass information. </em></p><p><strong><em>Results.</em></strong><em> News journalism in the modern information space is in the process of constructing reality, since all events taking place in the world receive an objective and unbiased reflection in the mass media. Quite naturally there is the question: what are the criteria that journalists use to determine the correctness of writing news, what should be transferred from the status of an event to the status of news , and which ones are not. If this issue remains understudied in both social communication theory and applied social communication technology research, there is a tacit consensus. Therefore, at the time of rapid development of online platforms, mass</em><em> </em><em>media should improve their news products for high-quality and successful promotion. Thus, the considered professional tradition of selection and presentation of news is paradoxically proportional to the imagination with the lens of ectivism and intuitionism.</em></p><p><strong><em>Novelty.</em></strong><em> The directions of construction of news reality are outlined, the advantages and disadvantages of news platforms are determined, and a comparative characterization of the essence of the genre-forming news tools, which serves for prompt, reliable, objective, balanced display of events, is carried out.</em></p><p><strong><em>Practical meaning.</em></strong><em> The obtained results of research work can be used in the empirical-applied component for the training of young specialists in news, cross-media journalism and news agency journalism.</em></p><strong><em>Key words:</em></strong><em> news journalism, mass media, media, information society, genreology, audience.</em>

Палеоконсервативное движение в США сквозь призму социального конструктивизма

The rise of new players — neoconservatives — to the leading positions in the Republican Party and American politics on the whole during the years of Ronald Reagan’s presidency spurred a reaction from far-right intellectuals, who united in a movement called “paleoconservatism”. Although this movement was not able to secure any important victories in the political field, its representatives made a significant contribution to the revival of the republican ideological tradition, having produced a rich intellectual legacy, which still remains relatively understudied. The article attempts to partially fill this gap by reconstructing the paleoconservative identity on the basis of the methodology of social constructivism. Searching for an answer to the question of who paleoconservatives are, the authors analyze the ideals and guidelines put forward by paleoconservatives as well as the set of principles they oppose. The conducted research shows that the identity of paleoconservatives includes two components. Its “positive” component is based on the partial identification with the agenda that the American right defended in the 1930s— 1950s, and its “negative” component is based on opposing themselves to neoconservatives and right-wing mainstream. According to the authors’ conclusion, paleoconservatism, being aimed at undermining the tacit consensus that developed in the United States between the center-right and center-left elites, de facto represents a struggle to define the essence of the American conservatism. Positioning true conservatism as anti-liberal, anti-(social)- democratic, anti-egalitarian, and anti-statist, paleoconservatives reject more moderate right-wing movements as blurring the boundaries of the conservative identity.

Whose Sidewalk?

Home is a nodal point in a series of polarities, including family-community; space-place; inside-outside; private-public; domestic-social. These may not be stable but seem both solidified and undermined as they play out their meaning and practice in and through the home. The “public” is traditionally the state’s domain, while the “private” the citizens’. But where does “private” end and “public” begin? Can a border or boundary be placed between the two? Is such a boundary culture-specific or universal? Is it static or dynamic? Scholars often perceive borders as barriers and bridges, porous and impenetrable, and border studies have shown that urban entities have their own internal and external borders. I argue that such internal urban micro-boundaries can be found in the domain of domestic space, separating the private from the public, and that they are dynamic and constantly negotiated. Not necessarily marked, they are acknowledged by a mutual and tacit agreement, a social and cultural consensus. In this paper, I focus on common expansions of private into public space in Limassol, Cyprus, and the ways in which, this social consensus is achieved through the use of several tactics. As I illustrate, all these tactics seem to transform public space into private, on a symbolic level. The paper’s contribution lies in the examination of this type of boundary, which has received little academic attention, as well as in the introduction of the term “tactics of inhibition.”

Do You Have to Have a Home to Leave?

This essay draws on diaspora theory’s longstanding focus on inheritance and generational prerogative in order to theorize the interdisciplinary identity of the South Asianist as the product of “reverse migration.” It proceeds from my own example: trained in interdisciplinary Literature and Rhetoric, I now work in a traditional discipline, English, as a scholar of South Asian Anglophone literature. My journey is contextualized as part of a larger, generationally-specific movement from interdisciplines into disciplines. Until recently, the typical trajectory was for a scholar to be trained in a traditional discipline like English, Philosophy, and History, and then leave to either found or take up residence in a program in Ethnic Studies, Area Studies, or Cultural Studies. The institutionalization of interdisciplines means that scholars of my generation made the opposite move. This essay challenges a longstanding, tacit consensus about earned, as opposed to inherited, interdisciplinarity. It reconceives interdisciplinarity as a mode of intellectual formation that confers a specific identity on student-scholars, who are then positioned to make interventions and contributions to the ongoing project of interdisciplinary field constitution.

Intellectual Map of Domestic Aesthetics: To the Results of the Work of the Second Russian Congress of Aesthetics

The article is an overview of a prominent scientific event — The Second Russian Congress of Aesthetics (Yekaterinburg, July 2021). The paper assesses the state of aesthetics as a scientific and educational discipline throughout its history of the Soviet and post-Soviet periods. The article highlights four stages of the Soviet history of aesthetics. The first stage, the 1930s, received following K. Clark, the nomination “return of aesthetics”, which was associated with the general conservative turn of the Stalinist cultural policy, the creation of the socialist realist canon, the program of building socialism, the denial of the functionalism of the previous (avant-garde) stage. The “return of aesthetics” had not only a political and pragmatic content but contributed to the saturation of Soviet culture with fragments of the classical heritage, primarily the philosophical one. At the second stage (late Stalinism), there was a rollback of aesthetics in the direction of extreme political instrumentalization. During a short period of the “thaw,” aesthetics began to go behind public liberal discourse, yielding leadership to journalism and art criticism. At the stage of the “long seventies”, aesthetics becomes an influential and in-demand scientific discipline, included in the program of “technical progress” and “education of the builder of communism”, important ideological, aesthetic, and applied tasks are assigned to aesthetics since it is expected to influence all spheres of life. Aesthetics as philosophy and science develops, responding to contacts with semiotics, psychology, anthropology, cultural history, and sociology. Relying on the selective stream of translations of Western art philosophy, Soviet aesthetics begins to resonate with world trends, which is facilitated by the tacit consensus of the idea of aesthetics as a part of philosophical and humanitarian knowledge that has its autonomy. The state of aesthetics in the 1990s and early 2000s is qualified as a change of scientific generations and the emergence of new groups of professionals in aesthetic and artistic knowledge, not related to academic aesthetics, forming their conceptual vision of the development of art and aesthetics relations. The current state of aesthetics was diagnosed with a brief description of the last 15 years, when contacts with foreign aesthetic schools became regular and academic aesthetics began to be in demand in master’s educational programs, intellectual venues for festivals, and biennials of contemporary art, and cultural management programs. A large portion of the article is devoted to the analysis of the composition of the participants, their professional interests and competencies, the frequent concepts discussed in the sections, the structure of polemical problems, and crosscutting topics of all congress participants.

The Occupational Status of Translators and Interpreters in Turkey: Perceptions of Professionals and Translation Students

This study aims to investigate the perceptions of professional translators/interpreters and undergraduate translation students enrolled at a state university in Turkey about the occupational status of the translation profession, the curricula of translator-training programmes, and the challenges of translators/interpreters. The participants were 24 translation and interpreting department students enrolled in the Department of Translation and Interpreting at a state university located in southern Turkey and 12 professional translators and interpreters working in various cities in Turkey. Data were collected through individual semi-structured interviews conducted face-to-face and online with the students and an online survey administered to the professional translators and interpreters. Through the lens of professional translators/interpreters and translation students, the study explored a tacit consensus over the status of translators, indicating that translation is perceived as a low-status occupation. By comparing the responses of the professionals and students, this study underscored the cardinal importance of translation students’ specialisation during the course of the undergraduate degree. Based on these findings, this study portrays a more inclusive picture of the translation and interpreting curricula of undergraduate programmes in Turkey and the perceived status of translators/interpreters. The study also presents the participants’ views about how to raise the status of translators in society. In line with the results, the study also provided suggestions regarding the undergraduate translation and interpreting education as well as the potential solutions to improve the status of translators and interpreters.

The unbearable lightness of nuclear jurisprudence

The nature of nuclear law as a peculiar legal discipline has been discussed in academic scholarship since the early 1960s. A special system of principles has emerged in this field, which clearly distinguishes nuclear law from other areas of law. At the same time, there is a tacit consensus in legal academia that nuclear law represents a special (sub)discipline of energy law. Reflecting the current debate, discussing (a claimed) ‘immaturity’ of energy law, this contribution argues that energy law is obviously composed of several (sub)disciplines which are in various stages of development and different degrees of academic recognition. Thus, this article argues that rather than perceiving energy law as a coherent discipline, we must consider it an amalgam of various (sub)disciplines governing different sources of energy.

Guest Editor’s Introduction: Software Mathematical Models for Human Understanding

The unrelenting trend of larger and larger sizes of Software Systems and data has made software comprehensibility an increasingly difficult problem. However, a tacit consensus that human understanding of software is essential for most software related activities, stimulated software developers to embed comprehensibility in their systems’ design. On the other hand, recent empirical successes of Deep Learning neural networks, in several application areas, seem to challenge the tacit consensus: is software comprehensibility a necessity, or just superfluous? This introductory paper, to the 2020 special issue on Theoretical Software Engineering, offers reasons justifying our standpoint on the referred controversy. This paper also points out to specific techniques enabling Human Understanding of software systems relevant to this issue’s papers.

Moral Pragmatism as a Bridge Between Duty, Utility, and Virtue in Managers’ Ethical Decision-Making

The decline of empirical research on ethical decision-making based on ethical theories might imply a tacit consensus has been reached. However, the exclusion of virtue ethics, one of the three main normative ethical theories, from this stream of literature calls this potential consensus into question. This article investigates the role of all three normative ethical theories—deontology, utilitarianism and virtue ethics—in ethical decision-making of corporate executives. It uses virtue ethics as a dependent variable thus studying the interconnectivity of all three normative ethical theories in specific circumstances. We find that managers use different ethical theories in different circumstances (business vs. private life, formal vs informal ethical leadership, etc.). A predictive model of ethical decision-making, however, cannot be established. We also find that only a limited number of variables influence the choice of ethical theory, which leans business ethics towards postmodern management paradigm. We suggest that moral pragmatism could provide the answer to ethical decision-making.

„Comparative (Bio)Economic Systems” in Terms of Social Responsibility: The Natural Environment – Between Ideal Capitalism, Utopian Socialism and Real-World Interventionism

Comparative judgements related to economic systems (along with pending political ideologies) represent a subject of investigation that, at first glance, appertains to the “ABC” of social sciences, although the “literacy” of policy-makers, business officials, or public opinion reveals surprising understanding flaws. The academic environment – where there is a tacit consensus on the interdisciplinary character of such an approach, on the perpetual relevance within the various (sub)disciplines, and on the somewhat exhaustion of the subordinated debates – remains subtly divided on a series of theoretical delimitations or historical evidence. This article aims to highlight a (sub)domain of the comparative analysis regarding the economic systems in which the literature is not as polarized as it is rarefied: what roots and reverberations does “social responsibility” have within the main economic systems and where and how its “ecological sustainability” component manifests itself? The present research targets to critically and originally review, in a “bioeconomic” key, the way in which social responsibility underlying sustainability is perceived, penetrated and practiced within pure liberal capitalism / market economy, canonical socialism / command economy, and real-world interventionism / mixed economy, offering both a priori insights and empirical illustrations.

Target Body Temperature in Very Low Birth Weight Infants: Clinical Consensus in Place of Scientific Evidence.

Background: Although thermal care is part of the daily routine in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs), scientific evidence on what is the appropriate body temperature for very low birth weight infants (VLBWI) is largely lacking.Aim: To find out to what extent the standards of thermal care vary among high-level NICUs, especially with respect to the target body temperature in VLBWI.Methods: An online survey with 21 questions on thermal care in three categories of VLBWI was sent to 149 NICUs in Germany, Switzerland, and Austria.Results and discussion: Out of 112 (75%) returned questionnaires, 87 (58%) were included into analysis. A significant increase in incubator settings (air temperature/relative humidity) with decreasing gestational age and birth weight was reported, according to common textbook recommendations. However, a uniform target body temperature of 36.99 ± 0.19°C was chosen for all VLBWI categories. Likewise, the cut-off points for hypo- and hyperthermia were defined very similarly and showed low inter-center variability. This is a remarkable finding in view of the fact that the body temperature of mammalian fetuses in utero is 0.5–1.0°C higher than that of the mother.Conclusion: Despite lacking scientific evidence, there is a tacit consensus among high-level NICUs that 37.0°C is the appropriate body temperature in VLBWI, regardless of gestational age and birth weight. As this is below the intrauterine “breeding temperature” of the fetus, further research on this topic is warranted.

Euroscepticism and the European parliament: The mutual legitimization paradox

The European continent is moving away from a long-term tacit consensus on the desirability of deepening of European integration and entering a period of uncertainty and turbulence. The rise of the Euroskeptics on the European political scene creates without a doubt a discomfort among pro-European political forces. This prevents the democratic capacity of this process to be perceived, and in particular, the contribution of Euroscepticism channeled in the European Parliament, since it is the only organized political opposition in the EU institutional order which in terms of procedure leaves little room for that. Political movements and parties that express doubts about the benefits of the EU are certainly gaining legitimization by entering the European Parliament. However, on the other hand, this may have one unintended consequence. They contribute to the democratic legitimization and the reduction of the democratic deficit of the institution which they more or less radically challenge. They do so in the context of limited legitimization conferred to the European Parliament within the institutional structure of the EU. At first glance, the paradox of Euroscepticism being a threat to the EU and at the same time of reducing its democratic deficit is explained in this paper by the use of the German Federal Constitutional Court expressed in the famous judgment on the constitutionality of the Treaty of Lisbon. In addition to normative considerations, the paper also contains a shorter political review on the rise of Euroscepticism and its perspective. The author concludes that a conditional mutual legitimization of Euroscepticism and the European Parliament is emerging as a new political reality.

Using the street in Mexico City Centre: temporary appropriation of public space vs legislation governing street use

Historically there has been a rich discussion concerning the function of streets in cities, and their role in urban life. This paper outlines the relevance of temporary appropriation for understanding social dynamics within a given urban environment, looking in particular at activities occurring in the street. It takes as a case study Mexico City Centre and examines the laws and regulations set out by the government of Mexico City which regulate the use of the street. It contrasts this with the ways in which the inhabitants of the city appropriate public space on a daily basis. There is a contrast between the lack of clarity in the legislation surrounding potential activities occurring on the street, and a seemingly tacit consensus between citizens regarding how they appropriate such public spaces. We explore this contrast and outline ways in which public space is used in traditional and unexpected ways, how creative ways are found to use the street area within the spirit of the law, and where further research on this topic this could lead in future.

Taking the Two-Elements Theory of International Customary Law Seriously – Problems with Double Counting

Among the few other preconditions of customary law F. Savigny mentions the “undertaking of the act in the feeling of a legal necessity (opinio necessitatis)” . As K. Wolfke explained, the two-element theory of customary law (according to which there are two constituent elements, i.e. practice and opinio iuris) was introduced to the modern theory of law by the historical school of law. The purpose of this concept was a departure from well-established understanding of the customary law as a tacit consensus populi. According to the generally agreed approach, international customary law is composed of an objective element, i.e. practice and the subjective element – so-called “opinio iuris”. This last one is usually understood as a feeling of doing one’s duty or simply doing what is right. Practice without opinio iuris is simply a “usage”. Alternatively, it can be a kind of international courtesy or protocol, which are loosely relevant for international law. The ICJ in the judgment in the case of North See Continental Shelf considered the premise of opinio iuris “the most important of all”. It is the differentia specifica of the customary law. Opinio iuris resembles tacit consent at least in one: both are opposite to usage. Keywords: theory of customary law, state practice, opinio iuris

Inside the Asian Cold War Intrigues: Revisiting the Taiwan Strait crises

AbstractThis article revisits the issue of the offshore islands in the Taiwan Strait during the Cold War. Benefitting from archival materials only recently made available, specifically Chiang Kai-shek's personal diaries, CIA declassified materials, Taiwanese Foreign Ministry files, and rare publications from the Contemporary Taiwan Collection at the Library of the Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo, this research examines the cloud of suspicion surrounding the secret contacts between Taipei and Beijing leading up to and during the 1958 offshore islands crisis, elucidating how such a political tête-à-tête, and the resultant tacit consensus over the status of the islands, gradually brought about an end to the conflict between Taiwan and Communist China. In hindsight, the crises over the offshore islands along China's southeast coast momentarily brought the United States closer to war with Communist China, while putting the relationship between Taipei and Washington to a serious test. The end result, however, was that, while these isles were technically embedded in the unfinished civil war between the Chinese Nationalists and Communists, they provided, ironically, an opportunity for secret communications and, ultimately, a kind of détente between the two supposedly deadly enemies across the Taiwan Strait. A close examination of the details of these crises, along with their attendant military, political, and diplomatic complexities, reveals an amazing amount of political intrigue at both the local and international levels that has not been fully realized until now.

A Comparative Analysis of the Pragmatic Functions of “Amen” in Mainstream Protestant and Pentecostal Churches in Cameroon

One of the words that all Christians agree upon is ‘Amen’. Although many do not know its exact meaning, as informal observations have shown, there is tacit consensus over one of its functions, namely Gospel truth marker. Over the years and following the various developments in the Christian faith, the word has acquired new functions according to the obedience. This paper sets out to investigate the pragmatic functions of ‘Amen’ as used in two different religious trends, namely mainstream Protestant Churches and Pentecostal Churches. The data were collected in one prototypical parish of each trend through participant observation, tape-recording, and field note. Basically, one church service from each trend was randomly selected and transcribed. The analysis of the data revealed that each trend seems to assign different functions to ‘Amen’. In fact, while mainstream Protestant Churches have kept its traditional conclusion and Gospel truth marker illocutionary force, New-Born Churches add to these the phatic communion and power marker among others. The stakes are both communicative and political since the quality of the service, in terms of faithful involvement, may influence the future of both religious trends in the country. This communicative influence spills over the political one as these new functions are slowly but steadily making their way into some traditional churches in the country.

A Rationale for the Integration of Critical Thinking Skills in EFL/ESL Instruction

Critical thinking has become a high priority in almost every institution and educational system around the world, particularly since the second half of the 20th century. Developing the learners’ critical thinking skills has become an educational ideal that schools strive to achieve. There is a tacit consensus about the importance of incorporating critical thinking in education and ample literature has been written about it although there are different approaches to how this should be done. Integrating critical thinking skills in language instruction, however is a less explored area, especially when it comes to justifying this process. The main purpose of this paper is to present a rational for the inclusion of critical thinking skills in language teaching with reference to EFL and ESL. Five categories of reasons are suggested to support the implementation of critical thinking skills in the language classroom. The first is philosophical reasons related to the connection between language and thought. The second is cognitive and metacognitive reasons dealing with how critical thinking skills influence and are influenced by processes such as memory, comprehension and metacognition. The third is pedagogical reasons related the fact that many modern language teaching methods and techniques today require the learner to engage in problem solving, evaluation and decision making. The last are socio-economic reasons linked to the requirements of the job market.

Survey on Clinical Practice of Primary Prophylaxis in Portal Hypertension in Children.

Primary prophylaxis in portal hypertension in children is controversial, because there are few studies documenting its efficacy on the risk of bleeding. Twenty-eight centres out of the 38 we contacted returned a completed questionnaire about their clinical practices. More than 75% of the centres use endoscopy to screen patients diagnosed with portal cavernoma, biliary atresia, cystic fibrosis, and other fibrotic chronic liver diseases with suspected portal hypertension. In cases of grade 2 varices with red marks and grade 3 varices >90% of centres perform sclerotherapy or endoscopic variceal ligation. Noncardioselective beta-blockers were used by approximately 20% of centres. In conclusion, despite the absence of scientific recommendations there is a tacit consensus concerning the need to screen children with clinical signs of portal hypertension, and to provide primary prophylaxis in cases of endoscopic patterns of high-risk varices.

Tacit Consensus.

Tacit Consensus.

Treatment and Classification of Nevus of Ota: A Seven-Year Review of a Single Institution's Experience.

BackgroundNevus of Ota (NO) is a relatively common pigmentary disorder in Asians. Tanino's classification is an old but tacit consensus to delineate the disease. Various treatment options have been presented. However, a few studies have been conducted on available laser options and current treatment strategies or the classification of NO.ObjectiveTo investigate current laser options and their effectiveness for the treatment of NO, contributing factors to clinical outcomes, and verification of classification.MethodsA retrospective study of NO was conducted by reviewing medical charts and photographs of sixty-seven patients. Statistical analysis was used to compare excellent and poor outcomes and determine contributing factors.ResultsThe median age of onset was below the age of 1 (interquartile range [IQR], 0~1). Tanino's and PUMCH classification systems failed to classify patients in 24 (35.8%) and 6 (9.0%) of patients, respectively. A 1,064 nm Q-switched Nd:YAG laser without additional lasers was used most frequently in 42 patients (62.7%). The frequency of treatment was 19.0 (IQR, 10.0~23.0) in the cured group defined as subjects showing 95% improvement or above, compared to 10.0 (IQR, 6.25~13.75) in the unattained group defined as subjects showing less than 95% improvement (p=0.001).ConclusionA 1,064 nm Q-switched Nd:YAG laser is a reliable treatment armamentarium, functioning as a single infallible modality as well as a combination treatment modality for NO. Repetitive laser treatments without interruption seems to be the most suitable in clearing NO. The current classification systems of NO are defective. Thus, a new classification should be developed.