Tabulation Method Research Articles

Pengaturan Fungsi Badan Kependudukan dan Keluarga Berencana Nasional Dalam Mengendalikan Laju Pertumbuhan Penduduk

Population growth in Kupang Regency from year to year is increasing, based on the population census data of Kupang Regency the number of residents by gender (soul), the population of Kupang Regency amounted to 372, 777 people with details of 190, 480 people for men and 182, 297 people for women. The density problem that occurred was 63 people per km2. High population growth can be a serious problem if it is not solved immediately, the high and uncontrolled population growth rate will affect the declining level of welfare of the community and family. . The family planning program began in 1968 by preparing LKBN (national family planning institution) which later became the National Population and Family Planning Agency or BKKBN, the national family planning movement aims to control the rate of population growth and also improve the quality of human resources. This research is a normative judicial research supported by an approach that uses primary data and secondary data obtained using interview methods, documentation studies and observations and the data obtained is processed using editing, coding, induction, trigulation and tabulation methods and analyzed in a qualitative descriptive manner. The results of this study show that (1) Regulation regarding the function of the district government in population control by BKKBN in Kupang Regency. In the hierarchy of legislative arrangements from the highest to the lowest level, it gives very full authority or trust to the National Population and Family Planning Agency in controlling the rate of population growth in Kupang Regency (2) In carrying out the functions of the population and family planning agency in organizing population control in Kupang Regency. The Population and Family Planning Agency has provided services and education to the public about the importance of family planning. However, the function of BKKBN has not been running well, this can happen because of the lack of public awareness, socio-cultural constraints, limited access to counter-septic tools, patriarchal gender roles, religious keyness and economic factors that make the function of BKKBN not well in controlling the population in Kupang Regency.

Determinants of Access to Higher Education: Evidence from Jharkhand, India

This paper examines the access to higher education across socio-religious groups in the state of Jharkhand in India. It also examines the factors affecting access to higher education and the role of students’ social background in explaining the inequality in participation in higher education. The analysis is based on cross tabulation, logistic regression and Fairlie decomposition method. The analysis shows that tribals, Muslims and Scheduled Castes are the worst performing groups in the state. The most prominent factor behind the vulnerable condition of tribals is their high concentration in rural areas as there is a remarkable gap in their performance between rural and urban areas. A large part of the gap between the privileged and the underprivileged groups could not be explained by endowment factors, namely, household size, education of the head of household and income background. The results suggest that incentives created due to family background leads to different outcomes among different socio-religious groups.

Vegetation Recovery Patterns at Jeongseon Alpine Stadium, Mount Gariwang, in the Republic of Korea, After the PyeongChang 2018 Winter Olympics

This study assessed vegetation recovery at Jeongseon Alpine Stadium, Mt. Gariwang, 5 years after the 2018 PyeongChang Winter Olympics to aid in restoration planning. A total of 50 quadrats were surveyed across undisturbed areas, forest edges, and damaged areas at different altitudes. Species occurrences were recorded using a tabulation method to identify characteristic and differential species based on disturbance type. Importance value analysis showed that tree layers were present only in undisturbed areas at all altitudes, while shade-intolerant species, such as Amur choke cherry (P. glandulifolia), had high importance in the subtree layer in low-altitude damaged areas and mid-altitude forest edges. Species diversity was higher in forest edges at medium and high altitudes, whereas control areas exhibited higher diversity at low altitudes. DCA ordination revealed distinct community groupings based on altitude and disturbance type, indicating community heterogeneity. The study found rapid vegetation recovery in damaged areas and forest edges, driven by shade-intolerant species. Restoration efforts should prioritize these species to support successful recovery.

Empowering lifelong learning

Postgraduate students have lot of workload, which makes them to search for information in electronic resource databases. However, they require digital literacy skills to ensure they can access educational resources online effectively, supporting lifelong learning and research. Existing literature indicates that many users in Kenyan university libraries do not fully utilize electronic resources due to an inadequacy of digital literacy skills. Although electronic resources in libraries are globally acknowledged for aiding research, challenges persist due to technological advancements, necessitating digital literacy skills for effective searching, retrieval and utilization. The objective of the study was to investigate the level and application of digital literacy skills of postgraduate students in facilitating adequate usage of electronic resources. A mixed-method approach was adopted taking on survey design and utilizing concurrent parallel design when interpreting and deriving conclusions. Quantitative data was collected from postgraduate students and qualitative data from library staff. The sample consisted of 118 postgraduate students randomly sampled from 150 postgraduate students and 5 librarians out of 7 were purposively sampled. Qualitative data was analysed using content analysis while quantitative data was analysed using frequency distribution and cross tabulation methods. Tables, charts, graphs and thematic discussions were used to present the data. The key findings of the study revealed that postgraduate students possess different levels of digital literacy skills, majority of postgraduates and librarian’s digital literacy skills were inadequate; majority of the respondents stated that ICT facilities were inadequate. The study concludes that the digital literacy skills of postgraduate students and librarians are inadequate and this limits the utilization of electronic resources. The study recommends librarians to offer regular digital literacy and electronic resources training to improve the level of digital literacy skills of postgraduate students, increase and improve on ICT facilities at Moi University Library.

Carrier-phase direct numerical simulation and flamelet modeling of NOx formation in a pulverized coal/ammonia co-firing flame

A carrier-phase direct numerical simulation (CP-DNS) of a coal/ammonia co-firing flame in a turbulent mixing layer is performed with a detailed chemical reaction mechanism including NOx formation. The combustion characteristics and NOx formation mechanism of the coal/ammonia co-firing flame are investigated in detail through a conditional reaction pathway analysis. A new four-fuel-stream flamelet model is proposed to adapt to the piloted pulverized coal/ammonia co-combustion system, in which the complex mixing among the volatiles, char off-gases, ammonia, and the pilot stream is characterized with four mixture fractions. The flamelet solutions in the fourfold mixture fraction space are transformed into a uniform space to facilitate the access to the flamelet table. The performance of the flamelet model is evaluated through an a priori analysis, a combustion mode analysis, and a chemical timescale analysis. For the turbulent coal/ammonia co-firing flame studied, two distinct flame fronts within the shear layer are observed with the upper part being dominated by ammonia combustion and the lower part being governed by coal combustion. The conditional analyses show that NO species is mainly generated by the lower layer governed by pulverized coal combustion where the nitrogen-containing species from volatile combustion are highly involved in the NO formation. The NO concentration first increases with decreasing the fraction of ammonia in the local computational cell, and then decreases towards pure pulverized coal combustion, which is characterized with a newly introduced manifold coordinate. While the temperature and the major and intermediate species mass fractions in the coal/ammonia co-firing flame can be reasonably predicted by the proposed flamelet model, the NOx species mass fractions are not well predicted in the region where pulverized coal combustion dominates. It is clarified that the inaccurate prediction of the NOx species is not caused by interpolation errors, multiple combustion modes or the kinetics of NOx formation, but mainly attributed to the definition of the progress variable.Novelty and significance statementThe novelty of this research is the first DNS of a coal/ammonia co-firing flame in a turbulent mixing layer, and the proposal of a new flamelet tabulation method for predicting NOx formation in the coal/ammonia co-firing flame. It is significant because• Coal/ammonia co-firing promises to provide continuous, secure power supply at a much reduced carbon footprint compared to pure coal combustion;• The underlying physics governing the coal/ammonia co-firing are analyzed using carrier-phase DNS;• The performance of the newly proposed flamelet model in predicting the NOx species is evaluated based on the DNS dataset.

Soot modeling of oxygen-depleted and highly sooty turbulent buoyant flames using the In Situ Adaptive Tabulation (ISAT) method

In this paper, a newly developed LSP-based soot (LSPTwoEq) modeling is systematically assessed in the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) of various turbulent buoyant flames against a previously developed LSP-based soot (LSPOneEq) model. Two turbulence-soot interaction (TSI) closure schemes are formulated based on the Eddy Dissipation Concept (EDC). Accordingly, two soot modeling frameworks consisting of the mentioned soot and their corresponding TSI models are applied in the simulations. An in situ Adaptive Tabulation (ISAT) implementation is also proposed to speed up the simulation of the TSI model formulated for the LSPTwoEq model. The results indicate that the proposed soot modeling framework is significantly more accurate for ethylene flames in reduced oxygen concentrations and a highly sooty toluene flame. The accuracy of both frameworks is comparable for the ethylene flame with an air co-flow. The speed-up gained by using the ISAT scheme is found to be a factor of four for the ethylene flame with an air co-flow and the toluene flame. It is larger than nine for the ethylene flames with reduced oxygen co-flow.

Artificial neural network aided vapor–liquid equilibrium model for multi-component high-pressure transcritical flows with phase change

In this work, an artificial neural network (ANN) aided vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) model is developed and coupled with a fully compressible computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solver to simulate the transcritical processes occurring in high-pressure liquid-fueled propulsion systems. The ANN is trained in Python using TensorFlow, optimized for inference using Open Neural Network Exchange Runtime, and coupled with a C++ based CFD solver. This plug-and-play model/methodology can be used to convert any multi-component CFD solver to simulate transcritical processes using only open-source packages, without the need of in-house VLE model development. The solver is then used to study high-pressure transcritical shock-droplet interaction in both two- and four-component systems and a turbulent temporal mixing layer (TML), where both qualitative and quantitative agreement (maximum relative error less than 5%) is shown with respect to results based on both direct evaluation and the state-of-the-art in situ adaptive tabulation (ISAT) method. The ANN method showed a 6 times speed-up over the direct evaluation and a 2.2-time speed-up over the ISAT method for the two-component shock-droplet interaction case. The ANN method is faster than the ISAT method by 12 times for the four-component shock-droplet interaction. A 7 times speed-up is observed for the TML case for the ANN method compared to the ISAT method while achieving a data compression factor of 2881. The ANN method also shows intrinsic load balancing, unlike traditional VLE solvers. A strong parallel scalability of this ANN method with the number of processors was observed for all the three test cases. Code repository for 0D VLE solvers, and C++ ANN interface—https://github.com/UMN-CRFEL/ANN_VLE.git.

Generating mock galaxy catalogues for flux-limited samples like the DESI Bright Galaxy Survey

ABSTRACT Accurate mock galaxy catalogues are crucial to validate analysis pipelines used to constrain dark energy models. We present a fast HOD-fitting method which we apply to the AbacusSummit simulations to create a set of mock catalogues for the DESI Bright Galaxy Survey, which contain r-band magnitudes and $(g-r)$ colours. The halo tabulation method fits HODs for different absolute magnitude threshold samples simultaneously, preventing unphysical HOD crossing between samples. We validate the HOD fitting procedure by fitting to real-space clustering measurements and galaxy number densities from the MXXL BGS mock, which was tuned to the SDSS and GAMA surveys. The best-fitting clustering measurements and number densities are mostly within the assumed errors, but the clustering for the faint samples is low on large scales. The best-fitting HOD parameters are robust when fitting to simulations with different realizations of the initial conditions. When varying the cosmology, trends are seen as a function of each cosmological parameter. We use the best-fitting HOD parameters to create cubic box and cut sky mocks from the AbacusSummit simulations, in a range of cosmologies. As an illustration, we compare the ${}^{0.1}M_r\lt -20$ sample of galaxies in the mock with BGS measurements from the DESI one-percent survey. We find good agreement in the number densities, and the projected correlation function is reasonable, with differences that can be improved in the future by fitting directly to BGS clustering measurements. The cubic box and cut-sky mocks in different cosmologies are made publicly available.

Relevance of Inclusive Finance with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Perspective of Maqashid Sharia

This research aims to find out the right financing scheme so that the implementation of SDGs is more optimal and beneficial for small communities. inclusive financial contributions (zakat, infak and alms) in realizing SDGs and their relevance in realizing SDGs from a sharia maqashid perspective. This study uses a combination of qualitative-quantitative methods and approaches. Quantitative data analysis used is a method of tabulation, composing coding and score of variables. While qualitative data analysis includes the stage of data reduction, presentation and withdrawal of conclusions The results of this study show that the implementation of SDGs is carried out by a joint financing scheme through government and non-government budgets, one of which is through the distribution of zakat. The contribution of zakat in the implementation of SDGs has been carried out by the National Zakat Agency (Baznas) in the form of independence programs, religious education, health and social care. The relevance of zakat in realizing SDGs with Sharia Maqashid is shown in aid programs organized by Baznas such as the Program (1) eliminating poverty, (2) ending hunger, (3) good health and well-being, (4) quality education, and (5) clean water and sanitation relevant to the SDGs Program.

Community Perceptions of Countries in The World Towards Corruption and Its Handling in Indonesia in The Last Five Years (2017-2022)

The Corruption phenomena in the World is important to analyze because corruption has decreased on quality of public services and economic productivity. This research aims to determine and analyze the level of corruption in the form of bribery and gratification in Indonesia from a world perspective involving 169 countries (76,350 respondents) during five years from 2017 until 2022. Analysis in this study using statistical tabulation methods has shown that the results of Corruption Perceptions explain that 87.8% of corruption (both high and medium level corruption) and 12.62% low level and no corruption) with domination actors of corruption are businessmen 94,76%, second of sequel is central governments at 94,51% respondents and the third of sequel is local government at 93,74% The risk of corruption in the form of law action that has a deterrent effect on corruption in Indonesia is still very weak, this is stated by 24.07% of respondents. Therefore, to reduce corruption, it is necessary to eliminate the culture of tribute to government officials, then in terms of the government must increase the integrity of public services, accompanied by firmness and independence of law enforcement officials.

In situ adaptive tabulation of vapor-liquid equilibrium solutions for multi-component high-pressure transcritical flows with phase change

Vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) is a family of first-principled thermodynamic models for transcritical multiphase flows, which can accurately capture the phase transitions at high-pressure conditions that are difficult to deal with using other models. However, VLE-based computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation is computationally very expensive for multi-component systems, which severely limits its applications to real-world systems. In this work, we developed a new ISAT-VLE method based on the in situ adaptive tabulation (ISAT) method to improve the computational efficiency of VLE-based CFD simulation with reduced memory usage. We developed several ISAT-VLE solvers for both fully conservative (FC) and double flux (DF) schemes. New methods are proposed to delete redundant records in the ISAT-VLE table and the ISAT-VLE method performance is further improved. To improve the convergence of the VLE solvers, a modified initial guess for equilibrium constant is also introduced. Simulations of high-pressure transcritical two-phase temporal mixing layers and shock-droplet interaction were conducted using the ISAT-VLE CFD solvers. The simulation results show that the new method obtains a speed-up factor approximately from 10 to 60 and the ISAT errors can be controlled within 1%. The shock-droplet interaction results show that the DF scheme can achieve a higher speed-up factor than the FC scheme. The two sets of simulations exhibit the phase separation at high-pressure conditions. It was found that even at supercritical pressures with respect to each component, the droplet surface could still be in a subcritical two-phase state, because the mixture critical pressure is often significantly higher than each component and hence triggers phase separation. In addition, a shock wave could partially or completely convert the droplet surface from a subcritical two-phase state to a single-phase state by raising temperature and pressure.

Analysis of land use and land cover transpose using remote sensing and GIS approach: a case of Hamirpur, India

The process of urbanization is inevitable and its higher rates have been observed in the less developed nations. It has impacted the socio-economic as well as environmental condition of the urban system. The present study intends to demonstrate a methodological framework to utilize the computer applications, like GIS and remote sensing, for analyzing the pattern of urbanization and its impact on the environmental and climatic condition of the study region. The geospatial data has been collected from the satellite imagery and the data pertaining to social and environmental conditions has been collected from the reports obtained from the government agencies. The overlay analysis using GIS has been performed to understand the interactive pattern of the land use and land cover change. Further, the interdependence among variables has been established using regression analysis method. The results of the analysis have been presented using tabulation and graphical methods.

Numerical analysis and flamelet modeling of NO[formula omitted] formation in a thermodiffusively unstable premixed hydrogen flame at elevated-pressure conditions

Fuel-lean premixed hydrogen flames are thermodiffusively unstable and cellular structures over a wide range of length-scales are formed due to strong differential diffusion of hydrogen. Pressure promotes the thermodiffusive instabilities due to the increase in Zeldovich number and the relevant reaction pathways. As the local stoichiometry and temperature correlate with the thermodiffusive instabilities, the NOx formation mechanism is expected to be complicated in fuel-lean hydrogen flames at elevated-pressure conditions. In this work, the characteristics and the NOx formation mechanism of thermodiffusively unstable premixed hydrogen flames at elevated-pressure conditions are investigated through direct numerical simulation (DNS). The designed operating conditions were motivated by findings in experiments investigating NOx emissions in pure hydrogen combustion at elevated-pressure conditions. The flame characteristics are assessed by means of the global burning velocity, flame surface area, stretch factor, and PDFs of curvature and length-scale of cellular structures. The conditioned thermo-chemical quantities are analyzed with respect to the progress variable and curvature to illustrate the key correlations. The contributions of elementary reactions to the NOx formation are quantified and the important reaction pathways are identified in a reaction pathway analysis. The global burning velocity is significantly increased with increasing pressure, which mainly results from the increased reactivity. The positive curvature is more prominent in the elevated-pressure case, which results in a higher probability of smaller cells. Different from the atmospheric case, where the NNH reaction pathway is dominant, the N2O reaction pathway is the most important under elevated-pressure conditions, which suggests the strong correlations of NOx formation with curvature values. To incorporate the wide range of curvatures in a flamelet model, an extended flamelet tabulation method based on the composition space model is proposed. The performance of the composition space model in predicting the important radicals and NOx species is evaluated through an a priori analysis. The composition space model gives better predictions of the radicals and the production and consumption rates of the NOx species compared to conventional flamelet models that do not consider the effects of local flame curvature.

Improved Q-Learning Algorithm Based on Flower Pollination Algorithm and Tabulation Method for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Path Planning

Improved Q-Learning Algorithm Based on Flower Pollination Algorithm and Tabulation Method for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Path Planning

Machine Learning Tabulation Scheme for Fast Chemical Kinetics Computation

<div>This study proposes a machine learning tabulation (MLT) method that employs deep neural networks (DNNs) to predict ignition delay and knock propensity in spark ignition (SI) engines. The commonly used Arrhenius model and Livengood–Wu integral for fast knock prediction are not accurate enough to account for residual gas species and may require adjustments or modifications to account for specific engine characteristics. Detailed kinetics modeling is computationally expensive, so the MLT approach is introduced to solve these issues. The MLT method uses precalculated thermochemical states of the mixture that are clustered based on a combustion progress variable. Hundreds of DNNs are trained with the stochastic Levenberg–Marquardt (SLM) optimization algorithm, reducing training time and memory requirements for large-scale problems. MLT has high interpolation accuracy, eliminates the need for table storage, and reduces memory requirements by three orders of magnitude. The proposed MLT approach can operate across a wider range of conditions and handle a variety of fuels, including those with complex reaction mechanisms. MLT computational time is independent of the reaction mechanism’s size. It demonstrates a remarkable capability to reduce computation time by a factor of approximately 300 when dealing with complex reaction mechanisms comprising 621 species. MLT has the potential to significantly advance our understanding of complex combustion processes and aid in the design of more efficient and environmentally friendly combustion engines. In summary, the MLT approach has acceptable accuracy with less computation cost than detailed kinetics, making it ideal for fast model-based knock detection. This article presents a detailed description of the MLT method, including its workflow, challenges involved in data generation, pre-processing, data classification and regression, and integration into the engine cycle simulation. The results of the study are summarized, which includes validation against kinetics for ignition delay and engine simulation for knock angle prediction. The conclusions are presented along with future work.</div>

Evaluation of coal ammonia flames using a non-adiabatic three mixture fraction flamelet progress variable approach

A highly resolved large eddy simulation (LES) modeling of the co-firing of ammonia with pulverized coal in a single-burner test furnace of the Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI) has been performed using a non-adiabatic three mixture fraction flamelet/progress variable (3Z-FPV) approach. To parametrize the thermochemical space, a six-dimensional tabulation method based on non-premixed flamelets is introduced, which uses three mixture fractions, for ammonia, coal volatiles, and char-off gases, respectively, as well as variance of mixture fraction, reaction progress variable, and total enthalpy. The accuracy of non-adiabatic model has been tested by comparing it with experimental data and previously computed adiabatic FPV results for two different ammonia injection cases. The results show that the non-adiabatic FPV model accurately predicted the peak temperature and its location, while the peak NO, overpredicted by approximately 150 % in the adiabatic FPV model, is slightly underpredicted in the non-adiabatic FPV model. Ammonia injection in the primary reaction zone lowered NO concentrations in both cases, primarily due to dominant NO reduction reactions with ammonia under the reducing environment. Reactive conditions and higher temperature caused NH3 dissociation, increasing H2 and H2O concentrations near burner exit in burner ammonia injection case.

ArthroNavi framework: stereo endoscope-guided instrument localization for arthroscopic minimally invasive surgeries.

As an example of a minimally invasive arthroscopic surgical procedure, arthroscopic osteochondral autograft transplantation (OAT) is a common option for repairing focal cartilage defects in the knee joints. Arthroscopic OAT offers considerable benefits to patients, such as less post-operative pain and shorter hospital stays. However, performing OAT arthroscopically is an extremely demanding task because the osteochondral graft harvester must remain perpendicular to the cartilage surface to avoid differences in angulation. We present a practical ArthroNavi framework for instrument pose localization by combining a self-developed stereo endoscopy with electromagnetic computation, which equips surgeons with surgical navigation assistance that eases the operational constraints of arthroscopic OAT surgery. A prototype of a stereo endoscope specifically fit for a texture-less scene is introduced extensively. Then, the proposed framework employs the semi-global matching algorithm integrating the matching cubes method for real-time processing of the 3D point cloud. To address issues regarding initialization and occlusion, a displaying method based on patient tracking coordinates is proposed for intra-operative robust navigation. A geometrical constraint method that utilizes the 3D point cloud is used to compute a pose for the instrument. Finally, a hemisphere tabulation method is presented for pose accuracy evaluation. Experimental results show that our endoscope achieves 3D shape measurement with an accuracy of . The mean error of pose localization is 15.4deg (range of 10.3deg to 21.3deg; standard deviation of 3.08deg) in our ArthroNavi method, which is within the same order of magnitude as that achieved by experienced surgeons using a freehand technique. The effectiveness of the proposed ArthroNavi has been validated on a phantom femur. The potential contribution of this framework may provide a new computer-aided option for arthroscopic OAT surgery.

Simulation of turbulent premixed flames with machine learning - tabulated thermochemistry

The numerical integration of the differential equations describing chemical kinetics consumes the majority of computational time in combustion simulations that involve direct coupling of chemistry and flow, such as transported probability density function (PDF) methods, direct numerical simulation (DNS), conditional moment closure (CMC), unsteady flamelet, multiple mapping closure (MMC), thickened flame model, linear eddy model (LEM), partially stirred reactor (PaSR) as in OpenFOAM and laminar flame computation. This step can be accelerated by tabulation, and artificial neural networks (ANNs) have recently emerged as a powerful technique in this domain. To be applicable to a wide family of problems, an ANN tabulation approach must be based on data generated by an abstract process, rather than from the turbulent flame to be simulated. In the present work, the hybrid flamelet/random data and multiple multilayer perceptrons (HFRD-MMLP) method (Ding et al., Combust. Flame 231, 111493, 2021) for non-premixed flames is taken as a basis to develop a thermochemistry tabulation method for premixed flames. In the spirit of maintaining an essentially random data set that still originates in meaningful composition states, a set of one-dimensional premixed flame simulations is employed to generate data that are used as starting points for a random data generation process and subsequently discarded. The approach is applied to large eddy simulations (LES) of the Cambridge/Sandia swirl burner in configurations five and six, with the transported PDF method employed to provide closure for the filtered reaction source terms and the stochastic fields method used for numerical solution. Very good agreement in both major and minor species is observed between the LES-PDF simulations using direct integration of the reaction source term and the ones with the ANNs. Furthermore, the average time taken for reaction source term computations is reduced by fourteen times, while memory requirements constitute only 1.4 MB.

AN EXAMINATION OF THE COSTS AND OUTCOMES OF EDUCATION IN BOTH PRIVATE AND PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS, WITH EMPHASIS ON YARIPORA ZONE IN THE KULGAM DISTRICT

ABASTRACTThe present study was intended to explore the analysis of the expenditures of educational institution in both government and private schools.Data on these components were compared between the public private schools in the zone. For each of these elements, indicators were discovered and attributes were created monthly and yearly fee spending, transportation costs, infra-structure and other study-related expenses were studied. The sample for the study was 50 students from different government and private schools of zone yaripora of kulgam district of union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, however, in order to minimise the extraneous effect the researcher has done multi stage random sampling. . A proportionate distribution of students was made, the researcher has used the cross tabulation and percentage methods .Results revealed the outcome from Private institutions is better than Government institutions. Besides the cost of education is very high.The students of Private institutions have better hold on holisticdevelopment. Publicschools having better infrastructure facilities, but public institutions are not providing suitable outcome

Distribusi Pupuk Non Subsidi Pada PT Sang Hyang Seri (PERSERO) Bengkulu Marketing Branch Office

Agriculture as a vital role in the Indonesian economy in meeting all the basic needs of the community requires supporting factors in the production process. Fertilizers have an important role in increasing agricultural productivity, so it is necessary to distribute fertilizers evenly throughout the region. PT Sang Hyang Seri (Persero) Bengkulu marketing branch office is a subsidiary of a state-owned company that is a distributor of non-subsidized fertilizers in the Bengkulu region. This research was conducted using data tabulation and table matrix methods with data obtained from observations and interviews. This research shows that PT Sang Hyang Seri (Persero) Bengkulu marketing branch office distributes three types of non-subsidized fertilizers in the form of SP-18 Bintang Kuda Laut, KCl Ex Belarus, and NPK Jatiwangi with two marketing alternatives, which are directly to farmers and through kiosk intermediaries. In addition, in its distribution there are five obstacles experienced, namely, 1) price competition; 2) uncertain availability of non-subsidized fertilizer stocks; 3) farmers' purchasing decisions; 4) still lack of maximum promotion; and 5) still lack of human resources.