Taboo Research Articles

Talking about a Taboo in the Philosophy of Islam: Sexual Education in Ghazali and İbrahim Hakkı

Islam dusuncesinin en onemli temsilcilerinden biri olan Gazali on birinci yuzyilda yasamis ve cagini asmis bir dusunurdur. Onun Islam dunyasindaki etkisi oylesine buyuk olmustur ki, neredeyse butun tartismali konularda onun soyledikleri son soz olarak kabul edilmistir. Ibrahim Hakki ise Gazali’den yaklasik alti yuzyil kadar sonra Anadolu’da yasamis Turk ve Islam dusunurudur. Onun etkisi her ne kadar Gazali kadar buyuk olmadiysa da Anadolu’da ve Turkler arasinda cok sevilen bir dusunur olmayi basarmistir. Gazali ve Ibrahim Hakki farkli yuzyillarda ve farkli toplumlarda yasamis olsalar bile ele aldiklari konular itibariyle zaman zaman kesismislerdir. Bu kesismelerin gerekcesi olarak Ibrahim Hakki’nin Gazali’den etkilenmis olma ihtimali gosterilebilir. Her iki dusunur de Islam’in temel meselelerini kendi perspektiflerinden ele almis ve halki bilgilendirme gayretinde olmuslardir. Bu bakis acisinin ana eksenini olusturan unsurun tasavvuf felsefesi oldugu soylenebilir. Onlar ele aldiklari konulari tasavvufi bir bakis acisiyla ve halkin anlayabilecegi bir sekilde islemislerdir. Temel gayeleri halki bilgilendirmek oldugu icin Islam’in toplumsal yasama iliskin kurallarini da siklikla islemislerdir. Toplumsal yasamin temel kurumlarindan biri olarak evlilik ve aile bunlardan biridir. Her iki dusunur de evlilik, aile ve bu konulara iliskin alt basliklara iliskin cesitli aciklamalar yapmislardir. Bu calismada, evliligin bir alt basligi olarak cinsel iliskinin edepleri, Islami perspektiften cinsel davranis konularina iliskin olarak her iki dusunurun dile getirdigi gorusler, temel eserleri baglaminda elestirel olarak ele alinmistir.

Le système de l'écu privé : comment a-t-il fonctionné ? comment aurait-il pu évoluer ?

Alors que la crise de la zone euro a été l’occasion d’envisager une sortie de la Grèce, voire d’autres pays, de la zone euro, on ne peut s’empêcher de réexaminer les différentes étapes qui nous ont conduits à la monnaie unique. Avant le choix décisif fait à la fin des années 1980, une monnaie avait commencé à être utilisée modestement par les pays participant au système monétaire européen… et par quelques autres. Cet écu privé, comme on l’a appelé, aurait pu devenir une monnaie communautaire qui n’aurait pas remplacé les monnaies nationales, mais qui aurait pu être disponible pour les transactions entre deux pays, comme Keynes l’avait imaginé, au niveau international, au lendemain de la Seconde Guerre.Cet article rappelle ce que cet écu privé a été et comment ce système a fonctionné, et analyse le rôle qu’il a joué dans l’évolution vers la monnaie unique et quel rôle aurait pu être le sien.Classification JEL : E42, F31, F33.

Considerations about Health/Illness Processes in the First Stages of the Life Cycle in Two Mbya-Guaraní Communities from the Province of Misiones, Argentina

This paper presents the preliminary results from my research focused on beliefs and practices related to the life cycle and certain health-illness processes related to their different stages, in two Mbya communities in the province of Misiones, in the Argentinian northeast. We have centered our research on parasite illnesses and the groups' numerous beliefs and experiences around their origin, diagnosis, prevention and therapeutics.We used observations and interviews to characterize the diagnosis, treatment and prevention strategies performed by different individuals as well as recognize and define risk situations related with parasite infestation and transmission in the context of their domestic activities.Our investigation showed that certain forms of child care, in particular those related to respecting food prescriptions and taboos are meant to protect children from possible risk situations.

Was There a Taboo on Killing Wolves in Rome

Was There a Taboo on Killing Wolves in Rome

Avoidance of feudal taboo on emperors' names in perused versions of Yi jin jing (Classic of Changing Tendon) and the time of its transcription and blockprinting

By studying the avoidance of feudal taboo on emperors' names in the perusal of 48 extant versions of Yi jin jing (Classic of Changing Tendon), together with their contents, it is found that these versions are of valuable editions and 15 of them can be viewed as the early representative works of Yi jin jing, including 8 hand copied versions, and 7 blockprinted versions. No version of the Ming Dynasty can be found. The earliest versions are all transcribed ones, while the earliest extant blockprinted version appeared until the Daoguang reign of the Qing Dynasty. The preface of Shen's checked version doesn't avoid the emperor's name, saying that it was written in the "xin chou" year of Shunzhi, hence, it should be copied in the early Kangxi reign, and is the earliest hand copied version. The hand copied version of Yongzheng reign avoids the word "xuan", yet doesn't avoid the word "hong", also with a preface written in Yongzheng reign, indicating that this one is the earliest next to the previous one. Since the Xidi version avoids both the words "xuan" and "hong", it should be copied during or after the Qianlong reign. The earliest extant blockprinted edition is the one checked and printed by Fu Jin-quan in the third year of Daoguang which might also be the earliest blockprinted edition. That collection by Zhu Wenlan and Laizhangshi might be all later editions.

Too Taboo? Examining Sex in LIS Education Texts

This paper examines the LIS teaching literature to understand how sexually-related materials are framed. The definitions utilized in the teaching literature provide a unique perspective on which to examine the treatment of controversial materials written for library education. Our findings indicate that, in many resources, sex is conspicuously absent.Cette communication examine la littérature utilisée dans l’enseignement des BSI afin de comprendre comment le matériel sexuel est présenté. La définition utilisée dans la littérature pédagogique offre une perspective unique pour examiner le traitement de documents controversés rédigés pour la formation bibliothéconomique. Les résultats indiquent que, dans plusieurs ressources, le sexe est manifestement absent.

Treatment as prevention: The breaking of taboos is required in the fight against hepatitis C among people who inject drugs

Treatment as prevention: The breaking of taboos is required in the fight against hepatitis C among people who inject drugs

Perbaikan Sistem Hukum Dalam Pembangunan Hukum Di Indonesia

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Lifting the Taboo on Eggs

To lower blood cholesterol and cardiovascular disease risk, the American Heart Association (AHA) recommends consuming <300 mg of cholesterol daily

Socio-cultural factors influencing gender-based violence on agricultural livelihood activities of rural households in Ogun State, Nigeria

Relationships are socially and culturally constructed. A range of socio-cultural factors such as beliefs, norms, values, taboos, community, expectation, rules, laws and policies, economic and physical resources, technological and ethical factors influence an individual’s attitudes towards behaviour’s in and expectation about relationships. The objective of the study is to analyse socio-cultural factors influencing gender based violence on agricultural livelihood activities of rural household in Ogun State Nigeria. Ogun State Agricultural Development Programme (ADP) has four zones. Multistage sampling techniques were used for this study to select 50% of the zones, blocks, circles and villages respectively. Thereafter, 5 respondents (women) were randomly selected from each village to give a total of two hundred and twenty respondents (220). The statistical tools that were used for analyzing the data include both descriptive statistics and relationship between variables were determined with Pearson Products Moment Correlation Coefficient (PPMC) and chi square(x²). The correlation coefficient obtained from the statistical analysis shows that there was a significant relationship between the effect of domestic violence on women agricultural livelihood activities (r = -0.218**, p<0.01). The result of chi-square analysis shows that there is a significant relationship between the effect of domestic violence on women’s agricultural livelihood activities and religion (x2 = 70.29, p<0.05); and educational level (x2 = 43.80, p<0.05); occupation (x2 = 59.26, p<0.05) and member of social organization (x2 = 151.80, p<0.05). Women having alternatives for income generation or minimally viable livelihoods can make the difference between remaining in subservient relationship and destitution. Key words: Gender-based violence, agricultural livelihood, rural households.

The concept of &lt;i&gt;shalōm&lt;/i&gt; as a constructive bereavement healing framework within a pluralist health seeking context of Africa

Absence of health, that is, sickness in Africa is viewed in personalistic terms. A disease is explained as effected by ‘the active purposeful intervention of an agent, who may be human’, non-human (a ghost, an ancestor, an ‘evil spirit), or supernatural (a deity or other very powerful being)’ (Foster). Illness is thus attributed to breaking of taboos, offending God and/ or ancestral spirits; witchcraft, sorcery, the evil eye, passion by an evil spirit and a curse from parents or from an offended neighbour. In view of these personalistic theories of ill health, treatment is through ritual purification, exorcism or sacrifices. For an appropriate diagnosis and intervention, it is imperative to determine ‘who’ caused the illness and then ‘why’ it was caused, to which answers are offered through divination by a healer. This interpretive framework, is applicable to all types of sickness, facilitates co-existence of African traditional healing and biomedical treatment, that is, plurality of health seeking practices. The approach fails to offer a constructive approach and contradicts the biblical healing framework whereby one may not have explanatory causes to a situation of ill health. This article engaged the biblical concept of shalōm as a relevant constructive framework. The Hebrew concept of shalōm, though distinctly salvific, is inclusive of holistic and personalistic healing aspects. The concept encompasses constructive aspects of completeness, wholeness, health, peace, welfare, safety, soundness, tranquillity, prosperity, perfectness, fullness, rest, harmony and the absence of agitation or discord, which provides a useful holistic healing theological framework. It therefore provides a health and well-being framework that is relational, sensitive and applicable to healing patterns in Africa. Using the case study of the Abaluyia people of East Africa, this article discussed bereavement as a state that requires healing and how the biblical framework of shalōm could be applied in fostering bereavement healing.

Eating disorders: The last medical taboo?

Eating disorders: The last medical taboo?

Facing Strategic Taboos: How 'Off-Limits' Strategic Options Make the Strategic Agenda

A broad and comprehensive strategic agenda matters for fundamental strategic change. Thus, our study seeks to explore and theorize the influence of normative judgment bias in the caucus of strategic actors in strategic agenda setting. As to conceptualize a normative judgment bias, we suggest strategic taboos as a concept referring to stigmatized strategic options deemed inconsistent with an organization's normative frame of reference by the caucus of strategic actors. Investigating how strategic actors cope when faced with strategic taboos, we develop a conceptual model of strategic taboo coping – based on a revelatory inductive case study in the Lutheran Church in Germany. Strategic taboo coping generically comprises three core components, an initial taboo breaking gesture; evaluating the taboo through contextualizing, instrumentalizing, and normalizing; followed by a decision whether to include the initially stigmatized options in the organization's strategic agenda. The paper discusses implications of strategic taboo coping for theory and research on strategic agenda setting, strategic change, a practice- based perspective on strategy as well as on organizational identity.

Freedom of Information, Privacy and State Taboo

Im Rahmen einer „Kultur“ der Geheimhaltung und Intoleranz entsteht unsicheres Halbwissen, wachsen gegenseitiges Misstrauen sowie globale uberwachungs- und Zensurmasnahmen, die im digitalen Zeitalter haufig nicht erkennbar sind. Aus diesem Grund kann die menschenrechtlich geschutzte Informations- und Pressefreiheit nicht hoch genug eingeschatzt werden. Bereits 1966 hat das deutsche Bundesverfassungsgericht in seinem beruhmten Spiegel-Urteil festgestellt, dass die Presse in der offentlichen Diskussion als „orientierende Kraft“ in der Demokratie eine bedeutende Rolle spielt. Der Beitrag befasst sich mit der Aufgabe des investigativen Journalismus (Qualitatsjournalismus) im Verhaltnis zum Enthullungs- und Daten-gesteuerten Journalismus. An zwei beruhmten Fallen (Pentagon Papers und Watergate Skandal) wird die schwierige investigative Arbeit von Journalisten konkret angesprochen. Im Ganzen stehen Fragen der angemessenen Gewichtung von Datenschutz und Informationsfreiheit sowie des Quellenschutzes und legitimer staatlicher Geheimhaltungsinteressen auf dem Prufstand. Der Beitrag ist ein Pladoyer fur den Qualitatsjournalismus in einer funktionierenden Demokratie, die nicht vom Bild „Big Brother“ geleitet wird.

Treatment for dystocia in ancient China

Treatment for dystocia in ancient China includes delivery taboo, delivery promotion decoction and midwifery methods. Before the Sui and Tang dynasties, delivery was more like a rite. In the Sui and Tang dynasties, doctors began to understand dystocia from the physical condition, delivery environment and psychological factors, and the delivery taboo was rejected. After that period, the delivery taboo became a folk custom and was separated from the field of medicine. The herbs for delivery promotion decoctions usually used the principle of regulating the blood and removing stasis and were of slippery character during and before the Tang dynasty. In the Song dynasty promotion decoction was enlarged. In later ages some doctors put forward that emphasis should be on conformity to nature and nursing, not dependence on promotion drugs. Before and during the Tang dynasty, acupuncture and salt smearing had been key methods for abnormal fetal position and there were also case recordings. In the Northern Song dynasty, these two methods were no longer used and the midwife's skill was emphasized. With more and more focus on the midwife's skill, some male doctors depended on midwives and some criticism of midwives also increased. The book Dashengbian reflected maximum distrust of midwives.

How to tackle the taboo

How to tackle the taboo

Dealing with Disaster: Critical Contextualization of Misfortune in an Animistic Setting: Dealing with Disaster

Tribal peoples make sense of their world by formulating supernatural explanations for misfortunes that befall them. At times, their explanations are at odds with biblical theology. The author held “sickness workshops” in order to engage the host culture in critical contextualization of misfortune. This article reports on some of the salient findings from those workshops, including (1) the sociological function of tribal discussions about misfortune, (2) an emic1 conceptualization of misfortune causation, and (3) ideas for engaging the national church on issues surrounding misfortune, such as local cosmology, dreams, retribution, and the breaking of taboos.

Study on words about taboos in ancient literature on materia medica

Words about drug taboos are often used in ancient literature on materia medica. It has been found by analysis of their application that taboo words have their own scope of application. For example, 'fan' and 'wu' are used most in drug incompatibility; 'jin', 'ji' and 'jie' are used in taboos on drugs and food for patients; words such as 'should not be eaten with…', 'wu, wuyu (wufan)…' and 'buyu…and buyi' are primarily used in taboos for food. Adverse incidents could be found in situations described by those words, especially in sections about drug and food taboos.

Study on pictures in Waike Xinfa Yaojue

Collecting 265 pictures, Waike Xinfa Yaojue (written in Qing Dynasty) is the extant ancient surgical book with most pictures. Pictures could be divided into four kinds, i.e. disease and symptoms, meridians, pulse taking and taboos. Pictures on disease and symptoms account for the largest number and appeared most often and those pictures are also with special subject characteristics and of great importance to the diagnosis of surgical diseases. Pictures in ancient medical books played an important role in academic heritage.

Function of ICU to supervise patients after comprehensive correction of facial skeletal contouring

Objective To investigate the function and necessity of ICU to supervise and cure the patients after comprehensive correction of facial skeletal contouring. Methods 178 patients were examined carefully and perfectly before operation to obviate taboo. After comprehensive correction of facial skeletal contouring operation, all the patients were transferred into ICU in order to be supervised and cured comprehensively. Results 26 (14. 61 %) patients had hypoxemia ( SPO2 ≤90 %),11(6. 18 %)kaliopenia (K+≤3. 5 mmol/L) and 18 (10. 11 %) hypertension. 21 patients appeared arhythmia. Among these 21 arhythmia patients, 15 (8.43 %) patients had pyknocardia (HR≥100/min), 3 (1. 69 %) atrial premature beat, 1 (0.56 %) fibrillation atrial, 2 (1. 12 %) premature ventricular contraction, 1 (0. 56 %) Ⅱ degree atrioventricular block. 8 patients had respiratory tract obstruction. 2 (1. 12 %) had hemorrhea of mandible and 1 transfused 600 ml blood. 17 (9. 55 %) patients had restlessness. 65 patients had nausea and vomitting. All patients in ICU having postoperative complications had been deal with corresponding management. There were no respiratory failure,hemorrhagic shock, cardiac arrest after operation in 178 patients. Conclusions ICU can offer timely, continuous, and systemic supervision and cure to patients after comprehensive correction of facial skeletal contouring,and reduce the postoperative emergency rate. Key words: Correction of facial skeletal contouring; Intensive care unit (ICU); Complication