Tablet Samples Research Articles

Application of response surface methodology to optimise vortex-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction combined with HPLC for determination of naproxen in Chabahar Bay

ABSTRACT A simple, fast and efficient technique for the enrichment and determination of naproxen (NAP) in seawater and tablet samples was developed utilising vortex-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (VADLLME) followed with high-performance liquid chromatography combined with fluorescent detection. The microextraction protocol is based on the fast injection of extracting and dispersing solvent into the aqueous solution, followed by stirring with a magnetic stirrer, to form a cloudy ternary component (water sample:extracting solvent:dispersive solvent) system. The different factors affecting extraction were investigated with one-variable-at-a-time and response surface methodology. Four independent variables, such as pH, volume of disperser, volume of the extraction solvent and amount of KCl were coded as A, B, C and D at three different levels. Linearity was achieved in the range of 1–200 µg/L with limits of detection of 0.17 µg/L for the analyte under the optimum conditions. Finally, the VADLLME procedure was successfully utilised for preconcentration of NAP in seawater of Chabahar Bay and tablet samples.

Surfactant-Assisted Voltammetric Determination of Olanzapine at Amine Functionalized TiO2/Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Nanocomposite

This paper describes the development and utilization of a new nanocomposite consisting of amine-functionalized TiO2/multi-walled carbon nanotubes and sodium dodecylsulfate for glassy carbon electrode modification. The nanocomposite was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The modified electrode was used for electrochemical characterization of olanzapine (OLZ). The efficiency of modified electrode for electrocatalytic oxidation of OLZ was studied by cyclic voltammetry and square wave voltammetry in phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.0). Using square wave voltammetry, the prepared sensor showed good sensitivity and selectivity with low overpotential for the determination of OLZ in the ranges from 0.05 to 0.1 and 0.1 to 10 μM, with a detection limit of 8 nM. The proposed method was employed for the determination of OLZ in tablet and blood serum samples without any pretreatment steps.

Ultrasound treated cerium oxide/tin oxide (CeO2/SnO2) nanocatalyst: A feasible approach and enhanced electrode material for sensing of anti-inflammatory drug 5-aminosalicylic acid in biological samples

In this work, we developed cerium oxide/tin oxide (CeO2/SnO2) nanocatalyst with the assistance of urea by a simple sonochemical method and utilized as an efficient electrode material for electrochemical sensing of anti-inflammatory drug 5-aminosalicylic acid (Mesalamine, MES). The CeO2/SnO2 nanoparticles (NPs) were systematically characterized in terms of their crystal structure, morphologies, and physicochemical properties using XRD, Raman, FESEM, HR-TEM, EDX, mapping, and XPS analysis. The characterization results clearly confirmed that the prepared NPs was formed in the phase of CeO2/SnO2 without any other impurities. The electrochemical properties of CeO2/SnO2 NPs were investigated by EIS, CV, and DPV techniques. The CeO2/SnO2 NPs (9.6 μA) modified GCE demonstrated an excellent and improved electrocatalytic activity in terms of higher anodic peak current and lower peak potential when compared to bare GCE (6.7 μA) and CeO2 NPs/GCE (8.2 μA) for the sensing of MES. The CeO2/SnO2 NPs/GCE shows broader linear response range and lower detection limit of 0.02–1572 μM and 0.006 μM, respectively. Moreover, other potentially interfering compounds such as a similar functional group containing biological substances and inorganic species have no interference effect towards MES sensing. In addition, the practicability of the CeO2/SnO2 NPs/GCE was tested by real sample analysis in commercial MES tablet, human urine, and serum samples with the appreciable recovery results.

Bismuth triggered selective colorimetric naked-eye detection for oxalate ions based on bromopyrogallol red that works as a molecular keypad lock

ABSTRACT A novel colorimetric probe based on the bromopyrogallol red (BPR) for the sequential detection of Bi3+ and C2O4 2− was designed. The presence of Bi3+ led to a distinct naked-eye colour change in DMSO/H2O (1:3, v/v) media. The detection limit of BPR for Bi3+ was down to nanomolar concentration (1.17 nmol L−1). Also, the sensing ability of BPR for Bi3+ was successfully carried out in bismuth tablet and urine sample. Moreover, the resulting BPR-Bi3+ complex acted as an efficient colorimetric chemosensor for C2O4 2− via a colour change. Therefore, chemosensor BPR-Bi3+ can illustrate the ability to determine C2O4 2- up to 0.15 µmol L−1, selectively. Notably, the absorbance changes of BPR upon the addition of Bi3+ and C2O4 2− were utilised as AND and NAND logic gates operating at the molecular level with Bi3+and C2O4 2− as chemical inputs and the absorbance signal as the output. The chemical inputs of Bi3+ and C2O4 2- in a sequential system produce an output which mimics the operation of a security keypad lock. This study provides a practical application for the sensing of C2O4 2− ions in vegetable and urine samples by the construction of the supramolecular system.

Development and Analytical Validation of the Methodology for Vitamins in Tablets by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography.

In the present study, we developed a reliable and robust chromatographic method for the quantification of multivitamins in tablet samples by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) with photodiode array detection. The vitamins nicotinamide, pyridoxine, riboflavin, and thiamin were analyzed and quantified in a total analysis time of 2.5minutes, using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography stationary phase. Tocopherol acetate and cyanocobalamin were analyzed and quantified in a total analysis time of 2.5minutes, using reversed-phase (RP)-UPLC. The analysis time reported here is lower than that of similar methods reported in the literature for single vitamin determination. The method linearity exhibits a good correlation coefficient (R2=0.998) with the relative residual standard deviation in the acceptable limit of 2.0%. The developed methods were validated, and the results demonstrated that the proposed analytical method showed to be selective, sensitive, accurate, and robust for the quantification of evaluated vitamins in multivitamin tablets. The work was fully developed in the quality control laboratory of a pharmaceutical industry in the Agroindustrial District of Anápolis (DAIA, Goiás, Brazil), where the product is manufactured.

Quantification of Prochlorperazine and Paracetamol Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography: Application to Tablets and Stability Studies

This study reports a new stability indicating HPLC method using Spursil C18 column as stationary phase, and mixture of 0.1 M Na2HPO4 and methanol (50:50 v/v) as mobile phase for the chromatographic determination of paracetamol and prochlorperazine in tablets and in bulk form. The linearity range is 250-750 μg/mL for paracetamol and 2.5-7.5 μg/mL for prochlorperazine. The limit of detection values are 2.650 μg/mL for paracetamol and 0.175 μg/mL for prochlorperazine. The minor values of the relative standard deviation (≤ 2.0 %) as well as good percent assay values (nearer to 100 %) confirm the high precision and accuracy of the present method. From the degradation study chromatograms found that there was no interference from degradants when paracetamol and prochlorperazine are quantified in tablets through the proposed method. A good agreement between results obtained and labeled claim for the determination of paracetamol and prochlorperazine in tablet samples demonstrates that the proposed method is appropriate to quantify paracetamol and prochlorperazine in tablet formulations.

Novel nanoclay-based electrochemical sensor for highly efficient electrochemical sensing nimesulide

Quantification of bioactive molecules through voltammetry techniques is significant over the past decades, due to its adaptability and precision of assessment at the trace level. The present study involves a sensitive voltammetric process for the detection of nimesulide (NIM) was developed at nanoclay (NC) blended carbon paste electrode (CPE) applying voltammetric techniques such as cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV) in a media of pH 7.0 phosphate buffer (PB) solution. The proposed nanosensor increased peak current by a less negative shift in the potential due to electro-catalytic properties of nanoclay particles. The persuade of physicochemical constraint on the voltammetric behavior of NIM were studied. Based on the obtained results, number of protons and electrons participated in the electrooxidation reaction, heterogeneous rate constant value, detection and quantification limits were also calculated. The proposed electrode showed lower detection limit value of 1.01 nM and hence, can be used to determine NIM in tablet and urine samples with good recovery values.

A new electrochemical sensing platform for quantitative determination of diclofenac based on gold nanoparticles decorated multiwalled carbon nanotubes/graphene oxide nanocomposite film

ABSTRACT This paper describes a simple method for determination of diclofenac using a gold electrode modified with functionalised multiwalled carbon nanotubes (f-MWCNTs)/graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposite film and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Electrochemical deposition method was employed for immobilisation of AuNPs at the surface of f-MWCNTs-GO nanocomposite film. The microscopic structure and morphology of the prepared films at the surface of the electrode were characterised by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) were used to study the electrochemical behaviour of diclofenac molecules. The effect of several parameters such as pH, electrodeposition time and the amount of nanocomposite controlling the performance of the sensor was examined and they were optimised. The proposed sensor showed an excellent catalytic activity towards the oxidation of diclofenac molecules. The oxidation peak current of diclofenac was linear in the concentration ranges of 0.4–80 µM and 100–1000 µM with a detection limit of 0.09 μM. The modified electrode was used for the quantitative determination of diclofenac in water, tablet and human urine samples where it gave recoveries ranging between 98.8% and 105%

Determination of Schisandrin A and Schisandrin B in Traditional Chinese Medicine Preparation Huganpian Tablet by RP-HPLC.

A reverse phase (RP)-HPLC method for separation and determination of Schisandrin A and Schisandrin B was presented, using a C18 Bondclone column, with methanol-water (v/v = 68 : 32) as mobile phase at a flow-rate of 1.00 mL·min-1, and UV detection at 220 nm. The tested parameters included mobile phase composition and UV detection wavelength. Good linearities were observed within concentration ranges of Schisandrin A 0.008-4.8 mg·L-1 (r = 0.9996), and Schisandrin B 0.005-3.1 mg·L-1 (r = 0.9994), respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) (S/N = 3) were 0.005 mg·L-1 Schisandrin A and 0.002 mg·L-1 Schisandrin B, respectively. The method was applied to determine the 2 compounds in a traditional Chinese medicine preparation for treatment of hepatic diseases, Huganpian tablet. To eliminate matrix effect, Oasis hydrophilic lipophilic balance (HLB) solid-phase extraction (SPE) was used to purify the ultra-sonicately extracted solution of the drug sample. Combined with the HLB SPE purification procedure, the HPLC method gave satisfactory results for quantitation of Schisandrin A and Schisandrin B in 3 types of Huganpian tablet samples, with spiking recoveries ca. 98% (relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) ≤ 3.5%) (n = 5).

Novel potential and current type chiral amino acids biosensor based on L/D-handed double helix carbon nanotubes@polypyrrole@Au nanoparticles@L/D-cysteine

Novel chiral amino acids biosensor based on both potential difference and current ratio simultaneously was first established by employing left/right-handed double helix carbon nanotubes (L/D-DHCNT) with chiral structure as substrate material, and by self-assembly anchoring L/D-cysteine (L/D-Cys) on the surface of the left/right-handed double helix carbon nanotubes@Polypyrrole@Au nanoparticles nanocomposites (L/D-DHCNT@PPy@AuNPs). In this work, L/D-DHCNT@PPy@AuNPs@L/D-Cys was successfully constructed via a facile and environment-friendly process. Interestingly, in order to obtain highly dispersed AuNPs deposited on L/D-DHCNT, polypyrrole polymerized from pyrrole acts as a locating agent. Owing to the combination of unique performance of the L/D-Cys and L/D-DHCNT with chiral structure, and PPy and AuNPs with outstanding conductivity, an extremely efficient electrochemical chiral biosensing system was constructed that exhibited enhanced conductivity, sensitivity and chiral recognition capacity for tyrosine (Tyr), tryptophan (Trp) and glutamic acids (Glu) enantiomers. Utilizing both the potential difference and current ratio signal to commendably realize the electrochemical recognition and quantitative determination of amino acid enantiomers in their racemic solution. In addition, achieving the detection of Tyr in tablet samples by fabricated ultra-efficient electrochemical chiral biosensing system. Therefore, L/D-DHCNT@PPy@AuNPs@L/D-Cys as novel and ultrasensitive chiral biosensing system possesses the capability of chiral recognition of amino acid enantiomers, and it opens up the potential application of L/D-DHCNT@PPy@AuNPs@L/D-Cys in the field of chiral biosensors.

Voltammetric Evaluation of Diclofenac Tablets Samples through Carbon Black-Based Electrodes.

Diclofenac (DIC) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug of wide use around the world. Electroanalytical methods display a high analytical potential for application in pharmaceutical samples but the drawbacks concerning electrode fouling and reproducibility are of major concern. Henceforth, the aim of this work was to propose the use of alternative low-cost carbon black (CB) and ionic liquid (IL) matrix to modify the surface of pencil graphite electrodes (PGE) in order to quantify DIC in raw materials, intermediates, and final products, as well as in stability assays of tablets. The proposed method using CB+IL/PGE displayed good recovery (99.4%) as well as limits of detection (LOD) of 0.08 µmol L-1 and limits of quantification (LOQ) of 0.28 µmol L−1. CB+IL/PGE response was five times greater than the unmodified PGE. CB+IL-PGE stands as an interesting alternative for DIC assessment in different pharmaceutical samples.

Electrochemical investigation of a novel surfactant for sensitive detection of folic acid in pharmaceutical and biological samples by multivariate optimization

The present study is a report about of an electrochemical sensor for folic acid (FA) detection based on the adsorption of a cationic surfactant, n-dodecylpyridinium chloride (DPC), at the surface of a carbon paste electrode (CPE). The DPC performance compares with the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) to improve the electrochemical reaction and response of FA. It is notable for the first time, DPC is successfully utilized in electrochemical analysis. Determination of FA is performed by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronocoulometry (CC) techniques. Response surface methodology (RSM) and central composite rotatable design (CCRD) is chosen for optimization of effective variables in the voltammetric peak current of FA. Another innovation in this study is the utilization of cubic terms in the experimental design. Under the optimized conditions, the FA oxidation peak current was linear to the FA concentration in the range of 0.01 µM–10.69 μM with the detection limit of 2.9 nM (3σ). After studying the influence of probable interferences, it was found that the offered method has excellent selectivity for FA. Finally, the offered procedure was successfully applied to the FA detection in tablet and urine samples with satisfactory results.

Poly(Taurine‐Glutathione)/Carbon Nanotube Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode as a New Levofloxacin Sensor

AbstractA new highly sensitive and selective electrochemical levofloxacin sensor based on co‐polymer‐carbon nanotube composite electrode was developed. Taurine and Glutathione were electrochemically co‐polymerized on multiwalled carbon nanotubes modified glassy carbon electrode (Poly(TAU‐GSH)/CNT/GCE) and used as a levofloxacin sensor in pH 6 phosphate buffer solution. The new composite electrode surfaces were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Under the optimized conditions, two linear segments were obtained for increasing LEV concentrations between 20 nmol L−1‐1 μmol L−1 and 1.5 μmol L−1‐55 μmol L−1 LEV with a detection limit of 9 nmol L−1 using amperometry. Poly(TAU‐GSH)/CNT/GCE exhibited high sensitivity, selectivity with good stability. The new sensor was employed for real samples of LEV tablets and urine. Promising results were obtained with good accuracy which were also in accordance with LC‐MS/MS analysis.

Ultra violet spectrophotometric analysis of Paracetamol, Diclofenac and Tramadol drugs in mixture

The aim of this research was develop and validate an analytical method by Uv spectrophotometric technique for quantitative determination of paracetamol (PAR), diclofenac or voltarine (DIC) and tramadol or tramal (TRA) in tablet dosage form, paracetamol analysis is based on the absorbance maxima were found to be at 243 nm when dissolved in 0.1N H2SO4 as a sample and in 0.1N NaOH solution as a blank,. Quantitative of PAR in sample is achieved by standard addition methods and three ways calculations were used to estimate the amount in the tablet, the expected content per tablet were equal to (365.60, 361.984, 358.415 mg) and the results were acceptable when compared with original quantity in tablet(350 mg). The method was compared with standard curved method, showed that it is obeyed Beer – lambert law in the concentration range of 0.1–1 µg/ml for standard addition and standard curve methods, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9980 and o.9944. The limit of detection (LOD) for PAR was 0.036 µg/ml while limit of quantitation (LOQ) 0.119 µg/ml, the recovery of three procedure A, B, C of standard addition and standard curve were (104.40, 103.42, 102.40 and 92.995 %) for PAR ,it was found that the results obtained from the standard addition method were better than the result obtained from the standard curve method.
 The amount of (DIC) and (TRA) drug in tablet sample calculated depending on the absorbance (A) at 273 nm to give the value 47.44 mg and 47.6 mg per tablet are acceptable when compared with the value of the original quantity in tablet (50mg) and the recovery of the method was found to be (95.2 and 96.0 % ) respectively, the principle of the method based on the (A) of mixture at this λ is a total A of the two drugs, which owns different intensity at this λ at different percentages and that apply to the sample and standard for this drugs. Finally this can applied successfully for routine analysis.

Ultra violet spectrophotometric analysis of Paracetamol, Diclofenac and Tramadol drugs in mixture

The aim of this research was develop and validate an analytical method by Uv spectrophotometric technique for quantitative determination of paracetamol (PAR), diclofenac or voltarine (DIC) and tramadol or tramal (TRA) in tablet dosage form, paracetamol analysis is based on the absorbance maxima were found to be at 243 nm when dissolved in 0.1N H2SO4 as a sample and in 0.1N NaOH solution as a blank,. Quantitative of PAR in sample is achieved by standard addition methods and three ways calculations were used to estimate the amount in the tablet, the expected content per tablet were equal to (365.60, 361.984, 358.415 mg) and the results were acceptable when compared with original quantity in tablet(350 mg). The method was compared with standard curved method, showed that it is obeyed Beer – lambert law in the concentration range of 0.1–1 µg/ml for standard addition and standard curve methods, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9980 and o.9944. The limit of detection (LOD) for PAR was 0.036 µg/ml while limit of quantitation (LOQ) 0.119 µg/ml, the recovery of three procedure A, B, C of standard addition and standard curve were (104.40, 103.42, 102.40 and 92.995 %) for PAR ,it was found that the results obtained from the standard addition method were better than the result obtained from the standard curve method.
 The amount of (DIC) and (TRA) drug in tablet sample calculated depending on the absorbance (A) at 273 nm to give the value 47.44 mg and 47.6 mg per tablet are acceptable when compared with the value of the original quantity in tablet (50mg) and the recovery of the method was found to be (95.2 and 96.0 % ) respectively, the principle of the method based on the (A) of mixture at this λ is a total A of the two drugs, which owns different intensity at this λ at different percentages and that apply to the sample and standard for this drugs. Finally this can applied successfully for routine analysis. 
 
 http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjps.24.2019.047

Sensitive and facile colorimetric sensing strategy for ascorbic acid determination based on CoOOH nanoflakes-ABTs oxidative system

Ascorbic acid (AA) is one of the most important vitamins and serves many physiological activities in the body. In this work, we propose a simple colorimetric sensor for the rapid detection of AA through the redox reaction between CoOOH nanoflakes and ascorbic acid with the 2, 2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS) as a colorimetric signal indicator. CoOOH nanoflakes could catalytically oxidize colorless ABTS to produce green oxidized ABTS (ox ABTS) with an absorption band at 412 nm in UV–vis spectra. The presence of AA could induce the oxidation of ABTS, resulting in a significant color fading and decrease of the absorbance at 412 nm. Thus quantitative detection of AA is realized. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the linear range is obtained from 0.5 to 15 μM with a lower detection limit of 0.16 μM (S/N = 3). Particularly, this colorimetric assay is capable of detecting AA in different vitamins C tablet and fresh kiwi fruit samples. Hence, the fast response, high sensitivity and easy operation of the proposed colorimetric sensor make it suitable for further application in bioassay.

Voltammetric determination of paracetamol in tablet formulation using Fe (III) doped zeolite-graphite composite modified GCE

Although paracetamol is known to have excellent safety profile at recommended therapeutic doses, health effects are also reported at acute overdoses. A sensitive and selective voltammetric method using Fe(III) encapsulated zeolite/graphite composite modified glassy carbon electrode is presented in this work for the determination of paracetamol in tablet formulations. In contrast to the unmodified electrode, a fourfold increase of cyclic voltammetric oxidative peak current paralleled by reduced potential difference (ΔEp) at the modified electrode confirmed electrocatalytic property of the modifier towards oxidation of paracetamol. The oxidative peak current showed linear dependence on concentration range 0.5–200 μM with R2 and LOD of 0.9989 and 0.01 μM, respectively. The paracetamol content of four brands of tablet samples was found in the range 95.95 ± 0.23–103 ± 0.52% of the theoretical values. Recovery results between 94.54 ± 0.82 and 102 ± 0.34% for spiked paracetamol in tablet samples validated the selectivity of the method for determination of paracetamol in real samples.

Effect of pressure of laser-induced plasma spectroscopy for zinc element identification in multivitamin

Identification of zinc elements in 99.9% pure zinc metal and zinc multivitamin tablet samples has been done using Laser Induced Plasma Spectroscopy (LIBS) method. Plasma is generating by laser firing Nd: YAG (1064 nm, 50 mJ, 7 ns). Optimization of laser plasma was performed by varying environmental air pressure and on the spectrum of zinc. The character of samples is displayed in the spectrum line. Spectrum line of 99.9% pure zinc metal shows neutral zinc (Zn I) emission at wavelengths of 280.08, 330.25, 334.50, 472.21, 481.05 and 636.23 nm, and ionic zinc (Zn II) emission of 99.9% pure zinc metal at wavelengths of 250.19 and 255.79 nm. Zinc multivitamin tablet spectrum line shows Zn I emission at the wavelengths as same as 99.9% pure zinc metal of 334.50 and 481.05 nm, which is the intensities of Zn I at a wavelength of 334.50 and 481.05 nm in zinc multivitamin tablet is much higher than in the 99.9% pure zinc metal. The higher the given environmental air pressure, the higher the intensity of the zinc emission spectrum accompanied by high background emission intensity.

A fluorometric assay for oxytetracycline based on the use of its europium(III) complex and aptamer-modified silver nanoparticles

An ultrasensitive assay is described for the determination of oxytetracycline (OTC) at nanomolar levels. The method is using silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) that were first modified with OTC-binding aptamer and then exposed to the OTC-Eu(III) complex. The pink fluorescence of the OTC-Eu(III) complex on the AgNPs is almost completely quenched. On addition of OTC, it will compete with the OTC-Eu(III) complex for binding to the aptamer on the AgNPs. The OTC-Eu(III) complex is released and becomes strongly fluorescent, with excitation/emission peaks at 385/620nm. The resulting assay was validated in terms of linearity and linear range, sensitivity, selectivity, detection limit and accuracy. Under optimum conditions, response is linear in the 10 to 500nM OTC concentration range, and the limit of detection is 1.9nM. The method was applied to the determination of OTC in spiked milk and tablets samples, and it gave satisfactory results. Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of the assay. In the presence of oxytetracycline (OTC), it will compete with the OTC-europium(III) complex for binding to the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)-aptamer conjugate. The OTC-Eu(III) complex is released and strong pinkfluorescence is observed.

Polystyrene:β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex-Supported Y2O3-Based Electrochemical Sensor: Effective and Simultaneous Determination of 4-Aminoantipyrine and Acyclovir Drugs

In this study, a novel polystyrene:β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex-supported yttrium oxide (Y2O3)-modified glassy carbon electrode (PS:β-CD IC/Y2O3/GCE) was developed for the simultaneous determination of selected drugs, 4-aminoantipyrine (4-AAP) and acyclovir (ACV) for the first time. The results showed that PS:β-CD IC/Y2O3/GCE exhibits well-defined oxidation peak currents with a lower positive shift in peak potential in the simultaneous determination of 4-AAP and ACV compared to the bare GCE, demonstrating the superior catalytic activity. The fabricated sensor showed the linear ranges of 0.01–655 and 0.01–918 μM with low detection limits of 0.01 and 0.02 μM for the determination of 4-AAP and ACV, respectively. Further, the as-prepared PS:β-CD IC/Y2O3/GCE has been applied to the simultaneous and individual determination of 4-AAP and ACV in human urine and commercial ACV tablet samples with satisfactory recovery (98–99.3 and 88–96.6%), thereby showing a notable potential for extensive applications in the...