Dissolution Rate Of Tablets Research Articles

Enhancement of Dissolution Rate of Ramipril Tablets by Solid Dispersion Technique

Enhancement of Dissolution Rate of Ramipril Tablets by Solid Dispersion Technique

RETRACTED: Enhanced stability and solubility of pH-dependent drug, telmisartan achieved by solid dispersion

Abstract The aim of this study was to enhance the dissolution rate and stability of telmisartan (TLM), a poorly water-soluble drug by using solid dispersion (SD) technique. TLM-SD was prepared by a melting and solvent evaporation method. The solubility test was performed in pH 7.5 buffer and distilled water (DW), and dissolution test in buffer solutions of pH 1.2, 6.8, and 7.5. The stability of TLM-SD was evaluated by hygroscopicity, drug content, and dissolution rate. The physical properties were evaluated using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). Hydrogen bonds were formed between TLM and alkalizer surface on a colloidal silicon dioxide (Aerosil 200) as a carrier in the prepared SD. Solubilizer and alkalizer were screened; PVP K30 and meglumine were selected via solubility test. The dissolution rate of the optimized TLM-SD tablet significantly increased by 2.6- and 1.6-fold in comparison with physical mixture and commercial products in pH 7.5 buffer at 15 min, respectively. Moreover, TLM-SD tablet was more stable than commercial products in 40 °C/75% RH. In conclusion, the in vitro dissolution rate and stability of TLM-SD tablets were successfully improved compared to commercial products (Micardis ® ).

Difference in the Dissolution Behaviors of Tablets Containing Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP) Depending on Pharmaceutical Formulation After Storage Under High Temperature and Humid Conditions.

Storage under high temperature and humid conditions has been reported to decrease the dissolution rate for some kinds of tablets containing polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP) as a disintegrant. The aim of this study was to elucidate the properties of pharmaceutical formulations with PVPP that cause a decrease in the dissolution rate after storage under high temperature and humid conditions by using model tablets with a simple composition. Model tablets, which consisted of rosuvastatin calcium or 5 simple structure compounds, salicylic acid, 2-aminodiphenylmethane, 2-aminobiphenyl, 2-(p-tolyl)benzoic acid or 4.4'-biphenol as principal agents, cellulose, lactose hydrate, PVPP and magnesium stearate as additives, were made by direct compression. The model tables were wrapped in paraffin papers and stored for 2 weeks at 40°C/75% relative humidity (RH). Dissolution tests were carried out by the paddle method in the Japanese Pharmacopoeia 16th edition. Model tablets with a simple composition were able to reproduce a decreased dissolution rate after storage at 40°C/75% RH. These tablets showed significantly decreased water absorption activities after storage. In the case of tablets without lactose hydrate by replacing with cellulose, a decreased dissolution rate was not observed. Carboxyl and amino groups in the structure of the principal agent were not directly involved in the decreased dissolution. 2-Benzylaniline tablets showed a remarkably decreased dissolution rate and 2-aminobiphenyl and 2-(p-tolyl)benzoic acid tablets showed slightly decreased dissolution rates, though 4,4'-biphenol tablets did not show a decrease dissolution rate. We demonstrated that additives and structure of the principal agent were involved in the decreased in dissolution rate for tablets with PVPP. The results suggested that one of the reasons for a decreased dissolution rate was the inclusion of lactose hydrate in tablets. The results also indicated that compounds as principal agents with low affinity for PVPP may be easily affected by airborne water under high temperature and humid conditions.This article is open to POST-PUBLICATION REVIEW. Registered readers (see "For Readers") may comment by clicking on ABSTRACT on the issue's contents page.

Improving the dissolution rate of a poorly water-soluble drug via adsorption onto pharmaceutical diluents

The purpose of this study was to improve the dissolution rate of poorly water-soluble celecoxib (CXB) via a new adsorption method. CXB was dissolved in a co-solvent (ethanol:dichloromethane = 40:60 v/v) and then adsorbed on the surface of various diluent carriers by wet grinding. The physicochemical properties, such as the morphology and crystal structure, of the resulting adsorption powders were characterized. The adsorption powders were compressed into tablets after the wet granulation process. The in vitro dissolution rate of the CXB-loaded tablet was assessed in intestinal fluid (pH 6.8) containing 1% sodium lauryl sulfate. The differential scanning calorimetry and powder X-ray diffraction data showed that the crystallinity of CXB was maintained in the adsorption powders. Fourier transform infrared spectra indicated a molecular hydrogen-bonding between CXB and the adsorption carriers. Lactose monohydrate was the most effective at improving the dissolution rate of CXB via strong hydrogen bonding, followed by mannitol, Avicel® PH102, A-tab®, and Di-tab®. The CXB-loaded tablet was also stable during storage conditions (ambient: 25 °C, 60% RH, accelerated: 40 °C, 75% RH). Adsorption of CXB onto a hydrophilic diluent carrier provides an effective pharmaceutical strategy to enhance the dissolution rate of CXB-loaded tablets without changing drug crystallinity.

Physicochemical and flow properties of fruit powder and their effect on the dissolution of fast dissolving fruit powder tablets

This research was conducted aiming to assess the flow and physicochemical properties of fruit powder and their relationship with the dissolution of tablets containing effervescent agents. Commercial pitaya, pineapple, mango and guava fruit powders were used as samples in this research. Fruit powder tablets were prepared by using direct compaction method. Powder properties of individual fruits as well as their tablet formulation (fruit powder +effervescent agent + artificial sweeteners) analysed using standard methods were found significantly different at P<0.001. The flowability and cohesiveness as determined by Carr index and Hausner ratio of individual fruit powders and their formulation were also different but in the range of passable class. The relationship of total dissolution time with moisture, protein, fat content and porosity of fruit powder tablets was polynomial as determined by multiple regression analysis. Dissolution rate of effervescent fruit powder tablets was much higher compared to normal fruit powder tablets in both dissolution medium (water and simulated saliva fluid). Among the fruit powder tablets, pitaya powder tablet went for fast dissolution (6min) in simulated saliva fluid whereas guava powder tablets took the longest time (90min) for complete dissolution in water. Based on this study, a better understanding of the physicochemical properties of fruit powder and their relationship with the dissolution rate and the effect of effervescent agents on the dissolution rate has been obtained, which is essential for processing and handling of fruit powder and tablet preparation as well as for the improvement of the dissolution rate.

Study on Enhanced Dissolution of Azilsartan-Loaded Solid Dispersion, Prepared by Combining Wet Milling and Spray-Drying Technologies.

The purpose of this study was to develop a combination method of wet milling and spray-drying technologies to prepare the solid dispersion and improve the dissolution rate of poorly water-soluble drug candidates. Azilsartan (AZL) was selected as the model drug for its poor water solubility. In the study, AZL-loaded solid dispersion was prepared with polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG6000) and hydroxypropyl cellulose with super low viscosity (HPC-SL) as stabilizers by using combination of wet grinding and spray-drying methods. The high AZL loading solid dispersion was then characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Besides, dissolution test was carried out by the paddle method and stability investigation was also conducted. As a result, the dissolution rate of the solid dispersion tablets was found to be greater than conventional tablets, but in close agreement with market tablets. Furthermore, the formulation was shown to be stable at 40 ± 2°C and 75 ± 5% for at least 6months, owing to its decreased particle size, morphology, and its crystal form. It was concluded that the combination of wet milling and spray-drying approaches to prepare solid dispersion would be a prospective method to improve the dissolution rate of poorly water-soluble drugs.

The combined effect of wet granulation process parameters and dried granule moisture content on tablet quality attributes

A pharmaceutical compound was used to study the effect of batch wet granulation process parameters in combination with the residual moisture content remaining after drying on granule and tablet quality attributes. The effect of three batch wet granulation process parameters was evaluated using a multivariate experimental design, with a novel constrained design space. Batches were characterised for moisture content, granule density, crushing strength, porosity, disintegration time and dissolution.Mechanisms of the effect of the process parameters on the granule and tablet quality attributes are proposed. Water quantity added during granulation showed a significant effect on granule density and tablet dissolution rate. Mixing time showed a significant effect on tablet crushing strength, and mixing speed showed a significant effect on the distribution of tablet crushing strengths obtained. The residual moisture content remaining after granule drying showed a significant effect on tablet crushing strength. The effect of moisture on tablet tensile strength has been reported before, but not in combination with granulation parameters and granule properties, and the impact on tablet dissolution was not assessed. Correlations between the energy input during granulation, the density of granules produced, and the quality attributes of the final tablets were also identified. Understanding the impact of the granulation and drying process parameters on granule and tablet properties provides a basis for process optimisation and scaling.

Dissolution profiling and its comparison of natural fruit powder effervescent tablets

The aims of the study were to observe the dissolution profile of four types of selected fruit powder fast dissolve tablet and apply different dissolution profile comparison methods, in order to select most applicable method. Spray dried powder of pitaya, pineapple, guava and mango were used as raw material. Each type of fruit powder tablet has identical dissolution profile. Dissolution profiles and dissolution rate of fruit powder tablets were different at different dissolution environment. In model-independent and statistical method pairwise comparison was performed and in model dependent method profile comparison was carried out based on best fitting of mathematical model equation. Dissolution Profile comparison methods represented that model independent method use wide range of value for profile comparison and it was direct and easy; model dependent method was indirect and complex and for critically compare the dissolution profile statistical method was the most suitable method.

Enhancement of Solubility and Dissolution Rate of Trandolapril Sustained Release Matrix Tablets by Liquisolid Compact Approach

Trandolapril (TLP), is an antihypertensive agent, administered orally. It is having low oral bioavailability (4–9%) due to poor aqueous solubility, it undergoes CYP3A4 mediated hepatic first-pass metabolism. Liquisolid compact (LSC), the technique has the potential to improve the oral bioavailability by increasing solubility and dissolution rate of poorly water-soluble drugs. In the present work, TLP LSCs were prepared with polyethylene glycol-400 as a vehicle, Avicel, Neusilin as carriers and Aerosil as coating material. LSC and sustained release tablets of LSC containing hydroxypropyl methylcellulose K15M polymer, were prepared by direct compression method and characterized for hardness, friability, drug content and in vitro release studies in pH 6.8 phosphate buffer for LSC and 0N HCl for 2 h followed by pH 6.8 phosphate buffer for subsequent hours for SR LSC, using USP type-1 apparatus. Solid state characterization of TLP and TLP-LSC was examined using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies. Physical parameters of the prepared LSC tablets were found to be within the acceptable limits. In vitro dissolution studies of optimized SR LSC (F3) formulation had shown sustained drug release of 97.3 ± 2.59% in 14 h with Peppas model (r2 = 0.981) followed by non-Fickian diffusion (n = 0.659) mechanism, whereas LSC tablets showed 94.1 ± 3.11% drug release in 120 min. DSC and XRD analysis indicated that TLP was amorphous form in LSC mixture. SEM studies revealed that TLP was adsorbed onto the surface of carrier material compared with the pure drug having needle-shaped crystal lattice. Therefore, LSC technique can improve the solubility and dissolution rate of poorly water-soluble drug such as TLP.

Design and statistical optimisation of praziquantel tablets by using solid dispersion approach

Aim: The present investigation was carried out with an aim to formulate and evaluate praziquantel (PZQ) tablets using solid dispersion approach. Methodology: The solid dispersion was prepared by solvent evaporation method using carriers such as mannitol, urea and PEG 6000 with drug: Carrier ratio of 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3.The solid dispersion was evaluated for physical parameters such as angle of repose, bulk density, Carr’s index, Hausner ratio, drug content and in vitro drug release studies. PZQ tablets (100 mg drug) were prepared further from solid dispersions using direct compression technique. Results: The results of individual assays of solid dispersions with different ratios revealed that the 1:2 ratio of PZQ with PEG 6000 showed higher dissolution rates when compared to others. Tablets compressed were evaluated for their physical parameters such as weight variation, thickness, hardness, friability, dissolution, and disintegration tests and compared with plain drug and marketed formulation (Biltricide 600 mg Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals). In vitro dissolution profile of optimized batch (F8) showed better release. The highest solubility was shown by tablet prepared from solid dispersion with 1:2 ratio of PZQ: PEG 6000, which was found to be more than plain drug. Infrared spectra showed that the functional groups of PZQ and PEG 6000 were preserved. Results of 23 factorial designs affect the dependent variables such as hardness, disintegration time and % friability. Conclusion: It was concluded that by adopting a systematic formulation approach one can reach to an optimum level. Hence, solid dispersion formulation using PEG 6000 carriers was found to be a good alternative approach for increasing the dissolution rate of PZQ tablets in distilled water. Key words: Carriers, dissolution, optimization, praziquantel, solid dispersion

Formulation Development and Evaluation Bilayer Floating Sustained and Immediate Release Tablet of Verapamil Hydrochloride by Direct Compression Method

In the current study a successful attempt was made to formulate Bilayer Floating tablets of Verapamil Hydrochloride by direct compression method containing loading dose, superdisintegrants in immediate release layer and maintenance dose, rate controlling polymers and gas generating agents in floating layer. Floating tablets of Verapamil Hydrochloride was prepared using HPMC K4M, HPMC K15M and Xanthum gum in different ratios for optimizing the floating layer of bilayer floating tablets. The optimized floating tablets which was used further to formulate bilayer floating tablets contains HPMC K4M or HPMC K15M and Xanthum gum in the ratio of 3:2 showed shortest buoyancy lag time with more than 24 h total buoyancy time and in-vitro drug release was more rapid compared to floating tablets containing Xanthum gum, HPMC K4 M, HPMC K15 M alone. Various physicochemical properties of Bilayer floating tablets were within the pharmacopoeial limits thus showing good mechanical strength and content uniformity of tablets. The relative efficiency of superdisintegrants in enhancing the disintegration and dissolution rates of tablets was found to be in the following order: Crosscarmellose sodium > Sodium starch glycolate > Micro crystalline cellulose. Formulation BLF2 containing 5% Crosscarmellose sodium in the immediate release layer, HPMC K4M and Xanthum gum in the ratio of 3:2 in the floating layer showed highest in-vitro drug release and it followed Higuchi as predominant mechanism of drug release. Therefore, it was considered as the best formulation.

Enhanced bioavailability of rebamipide nanocrystal tablets: Formulation and in vitro/in vivo evaluation

The purpose of this study was to formulate rebamipide nanocrystal tablets (REB-NTs) by wet-milling technique to enhance its dissolution rate and oral bioavailability. The formulation and preparation technology were screened by single factor tests with particle size and distribution as indicators. Rebamipide nanocrystals (REB-NSs) was then achieved by freeze-dry from the prepared nanosuspensions which were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and x-ray powder diffraction (XRD), while the vitro dissolution and the plasma drug concentration of the nanocrystal tablets were investigated. The results indicated that the prepared nanosuspensions got an average particle size of 286 nm, PI of 0.173 and the average Zeta potential of −18.2 mv. The average particle size of obtained REB-NSs’ redispersibility was 278 nm, and the crystalline of REB-NSs was the same as the rebamipide bulk drug as shown by DSC and XRD. The drug dissolution rate of self-made nanocrystal tablets in different dissolutions was slightly faster than that from the reference tablets, REB-MTs (Mucosta®), while the Cmax and AUC0–24 of REB-NTs were 1 and 1.57 times higher than that of REB-MTs, which means the nanotechnology could significantly improve the oral bioavailability of rebamipide.

Fast dissolving fillers in dry foam formulation

Dry foam technology was developed as alternative granulation technique to overcome insufficient oral bioavailability of poorly soluble and wettable active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). In recent studies the type of filler showed to have a distinct influence on dry foam morphology as well as dissolution characteristics. Isomalt for instance improved the initial dissolution rate of fenofibrate dry foam formulation tablets. In this study the hypothesis that fast dissolving low molecular weight fillers improve dissolution rate and alter dry foam morphology should be confirmed with two APIs with different aqueous solubility (indomethacin, orlistat), in three different filler combinations, namely maltodextrin 21D, isomalt and 1:1 mixture of mannitol and maltodextrin 21D. In addition the dissolution behaviour of dry foam tablets was compared to fluid bed granulation formulations with the same drug loading and to an orlistat marketed formulation (Alli® 60mg capsules) in FaSSIF using USP 2 paddle apparatus and HPLC analysis after filtration.Dry foams prepared with low molecular weight fillers revealed more compact and less porous structures compared to dry foams containing maltodextrin 21D. Interestingly, their rough surface still resulted in increased surface area compared to the other formulations. The initial dissolution behaviour of indomethacin and orlistat dry foam tablets was improved by using isomalt and the mannitol–maltodextrin mixture as filler. All indomethacin formulations reached complete dissolution of the applied dose, whereas the total amount of dissolved orlistat was increased compared to the fluid bed granule tablets and the marketed formulation Alli® by using low molecular weight fillers in dry foam formulations. The improved dissolution behaviour of Orlistat dry foam tablets using low molecular weight fillers was additionally confirmed in USP monography dissolution medium.

Development and Physical Characterization of Meclizine Hydrochloride Solid Dispersions by using Polyethylene Glycol 8000

Development of the meclizine hydrochloride solid dispersions using polyethylene glycol 8000 is not only to enhance the solubility and dissolution rate but also to produce rapid onset of action. The objectives of present research are to improve the solubility and dissolution rate of meclizine hydrochloride using solid dispersion method. In the present study, the solid dispersions were prepared using solvent evaporation method and evaluated for different physical parameters such as solubility, drug carrier compatibility and powder flow properties. From the results of solubility studies, F4 formulation was selected to prepare the fast dissolving tablets because it showed highest improvement in the solubility among the all formulations and compared with control tablets (conventional tablets using pure drug). The percent drug release in 15 min (Q15) and initial dissolution rate for F4 tablets was 98.52±1.34%, 6.56%/min and these were very much higher compared to control tablets (32.49±1.29 %, 2.17%/min). The relative dissolution rate was found to be 3.03 and dissolution efficiency was found to be 54.45 and it is increased by 3.5 fold with F4 formulation compared to control tablets (16.55). Hence the formulation of polyethylene glycol 8000 solid dispersions is a suitable method to enhance the solubility and dissolution rate of meclizine hydrochloride. Further research warranted to study the efficacy of the developed formulations has to be assessed by pharmacokinetic studies.

New Analysis of Clopidogrel Bisulphate in Plavix Tablet and Human Biological Fluids Utilizing Chemically Modified Carbon Paste Sensor

The fabrication and the performance response characteristics of a novel sensitive, selective, simple, and rapid sensor for the determination of clopidogrel bisulphate (CLO-H2SO4) were described. The sensing modified carbon paste sensor comprised of an iron-pair based on clopidogrel with silicotungastate (CLO-ST) where this study included: composition, usable pH range, response time and temperature. The sensor exhibited a wide linear dynamic concentration ranging from 1.00×10−7-1.00×10−2 and the usable pH ranges from 1.2-4.8 with the response time ranging from (5-8 s) which is much faster compared to liquid ISEs with a detection limit equals 0.34 nM. The selectivity of the sensor (CLO-H2SO4) was applied with respect to a many of organic and inorganic cations, amino acids and sugars. The application of the sensor was utilized in bulk powder, Plavix Tablet, human (serum-urine) and monitoring Plavix tablet dissolution rates. The obtained results were statistically analyzed in both accuracy and precision and were compared using the US pharmacopeia method where there is no significant difference was observed.

Determination of Clopidogrel Bisulphate in Plavix Tablet and Human Biological Fluids Utilizing Chemically Modified Carbon Paste Sensor

The fabrication and the performance response characteristics of a novel sensitive, selective, simple, and rapid sensor for the determination of Clopidogrel bisulphate (CLO-H2SO4) were described. The sensing modified carbon paste sensor comprised of an ion-pair based on Clopidogrel with silico tungastate (CLO-ST) where this study included: composition, usable pH range, response time and temperature. The sensorex hibiteda wide linear dynamic concentration ranging from 1.00x10−7-1.00x10−2 and the usable pH ranges from 1.2-4.8 with the response time ranging from (5-8 sec) which is much faster compared to liquid ISEs with a detection limit equals 0.34 nM. The selectivity of the sensor (CLOH2SO4) was applied with respect to a many of organic and inorganic cations, amino acids and sugars. The application of the sensor (CLO-H2SO4) for its determination was utilized in bulk powder, Plavix Tablet, human (serum-urine) and monitoring Plavix tablet dissolution rates using calibration curve, standard addition, and the potentiometric titration methods. The obtained results were statistically analyzed in both accuracy and precision and were compared using the US pharmacopeia method where there is no significant difference was observed.

Impact of Animal Manure Addition on Agricultural Lime Weathering in Acidic soil: PH Dependence and CO2 Independence of Agricultural Lime Weathering

To ascertain the impact of animal manure addition on aglime weathering in acid soil and to understand the contribution of carbonate weathering to the atmospheric/soil CO2 in acid soil profile, two contrastive profiles (control profile and manurial profile) in the HuaXi district of Guiyang, China were established, and carbonate rock tablets were buried in different depths of soil profiles to determine the weathering rate of aglime. The results showed that soil CO2 increased owing to animal manure addition, but the dissolution of carbonate rock tablets decelerated, which was attributed to the increase of pH in acidic soil after animal manure addition. The relationship between the dissolution rate of carbonate rock tablets and soil pH indicated that the weathering rate of aglime was controlled by pH rather than CO2 in acid soil. Thus, the contribution of protons in acidic soil as a weathering agent to riverine alkalinity may lead to the overestimation of CO2 consumption via chemical weathering at regional/global scale using hydrochemical methods.

Enhancement of dissolution rate and formulation development of irbesartan tablets by employing starch phosphate: A new modified starch

Enhancement of dissolution rate and formulation development of irbesartan tablets by employing starch phosphate: A new modified starch

Enhancement of dissolution rate and formulation development of irbesartan tablets by employing starch phosphate: A new modified starch

The objective of the present study is to prepare, characterize, and evaluate starch phosphate as a carrier in solid dispersions for enhancing the dissolution rate of irbesartan (IRB). The feasibility of formulating solid dispersions of IRB in starch phosphate into compressed tablets with enhanced dissolution rate was also investigated. Starch phosphate prepared by reacting starch with di‑sodium hydrogen orthophosphate anhydrous at elevated temperatures was insoluble in water and has good swelling (400%) property without pasting or gelling when heated in water. Solid dispersions of IRB in starch phosphate prepared by solvent evaporation method employing various weight ratios of drug: Starch phosphate gave rapid and higher dissolution of IRB when compared to pure drug. The 19.92‑ and 39.98‑fold increase in the dissolution rate (K1) of IRB was observed with solid dispersions ISD4 and ISD5, respectively. The dissolution efficiency up to 30 min (DE30) was also increased from 10.58% in the case of IRB pure drug to 81.77% and 88.28% in the case of ISD4 and ISD5, respectively. IRB tablets formulated employing its solid dispersions in starch phosphate also gave rapid and higher dissolution rate and DE30 when compared to plain and commercial tablets. The 33.82‑ and 59.66‑fold increase in the dissolution rate (K1) was observed with formulations IBTF2 and IBTF3 when compared to formulation IBTF1. Starch phosphate could be used as a carrier to enhance the dissolution rate of IRB from its solid dispersions as well as tablet formulations. Key words: Irbesartan, solid dispersions, starch phosphate, tablets and modified starches

Increased dissolution rate and oral bioavailability of hydrophobic drug glyburide tablets produced using supercritical CO2 silica dispersion technology

The aim of this study was to design a silica-supported solid dispersion of a water-insoluble drug, glyburide, to increase its dissolution rate and oral absorption using supercritical fluid (SCF) technology. DSC and PXRD results indicated that the encapsulated drug in the optimal solid dispersion was in an amorphous state and the product was stable for 6months. Glyburide was adsorbed onto the porous silica, as confirmed by the SEM images and BET analysis. Furthermore, FT-IR spectroscopy confirmed that there was no change in the chemical structure of glyburide after the application of SCF. The glyburide silica-based dispersion could also be compressed into tablet form. In vitro drug release analysis of the silica solid dispersion tablets demonstrated faster release of glyburide compared with the commercial micronized tablet. In an in vivo test, the AUC of the tablets composed of the new glyburide silica-based solid dispersion was 2.01 times greater than that of the commercial micronized glyburide tablets. In conclusion, SCF technology presents a promising approach to prepare silica-based solid dispersions of hydrophobic drugs because of its ability to increase their release and oral bioavailability.