Table Land Research Articles

Groundwater arsenic contamination status and its impact on humans’ health in Bangladesh

From our preliminary survey (1995 to 2000), 33,092 hand tube wells water samples, collected from all 64 districts and found arsenic in 60 districts above WHO recommended value in drinking water (10 µg/L) and in 50 districts above maximum permissible limit, 50 µg/L. In these 50 districts the actual arsenic status is, 37% contains arsenic less than 10 µg/L, 63% and 42% contain arsenic above 10 µg/L and 50 µg/L, respectively. Total population of these 50 districts is about 104.9 million. This does not mean all populations in the 50 districts are drinking arsenic contaminated water or suffering, but undoubtedly, they are at risk. From our study, it appears that groundwater of Hill Tract and Table Land are almost free from arsenic contamination but that of Flood Plain and Deltaic areas are highly arsenic contaminated. During our preliminary survey, people suffering from arsenical dermal lesions have been identified in 31 out of 33 districts where we had made a preliminary dermatological investigation with medical team. From a random of 18,840 examination people in arsenic affected villages where people were drinking arsenic contaminated groundwater during last 6 years. We had registered 3,427 adults (both females and males) and 298 children (both girls and boys), having arsenical dermal lesions, such as: melanosis, leucomelanosis, keratosis, hyperkeratosis, dorsal, non-petting oedema, gangrene, cancer, etc. If children are included, then 19.77% (n=3,725) have arsenical dermal lesions and for separately adults and children these are 24.52% and 6.13%, respectively.

Evaluation of Suitable IPM Module for Management of YMV Disease in Mungbean under West Central Table Land Zone of Odisha

Background: YMV disease in mungbean is one of the major disease causing heavy losses annually throughout the country. As the disease is transmitted by insect vector, management of vector is important to check the YMV disease that can minimise the losses. The present investigation was aimed to evaluate different IPM modules for management of YMV disease of mungbean. Methods: Field experiments were carried out during Rabi season of 2016-17 and 2017-18 at the Research Farm of Regional Research and Technology Transfer Station, Chiplima, Sambalpur, Odisha, India. Population of whitefly was recorded on three leaves selected from top, middle and bottom canopy of the plant. Disease severity was recorded by using 0-9 scale. Result: The IPM module i.e. seed treatment with Thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 5 gm kg-1 of seed, installation of yellow sticky trap @ 50 ha-1 and spraying of Acetamiprid 20 SP @ 0.3 gm l-1 of water was found as the most effective among all other modules. Pooled analysis of two years data revealed that 65.5% YMV disease control and 59.3% reduction of white fly population over control were performed by the said IPM module. A maximum increase in yield (84.8%) and highest cost benefit ratio (1.77) were also achieved with the module.

Table Lands: Food in Children’s Literature by Kara K. Keeling and Scott T. Pollard

Reviewed by: Table Lands: Food in Children’s Literature by Kara K. Keeling and Scott T. Pollard Sarah Minslow (bio) Table Lands: Food in Children’s Literature. By Kara K. Keeling and Scott T. Pollard. University of Mississippi Press, 2020. This is a delightful compilation that extends arguments around food in children’s literature with which Kara Keeling and Scott Pollard have become associated since their 2008 anthology Critical Approaches to Food in Children’s Literature (Routledge). This book focuses on “how food signifies in a sociohistorical context” (5) and engages in numerous interdisciplinary discourses about history, identity, and social hierarchies associated with food: its production, preparation, presentation, and consumption. The intention of the book is to show “how comprehending the sociocultural contexts of food reveals fundamental understandings of the [End Page 210] child and children’s agency,” thus the arguments presented enrich our interpretation of texts as “classic” as Beatrix Potter’s The Tale of the Pie and the Patty-Pan to more contemporary works like Inside Out and Back Again by Thanhha Lai. They focus on the classist significance of food in Potter’s works and argue that “food and the complex beliefs, behaviors, and customs that surround it remain fraught and function to illustrate the irresolvable and irreconcilable motives that Potter uses to create her characters and build her plots” (46). Throughout this book, the authors link their interpretations of the food, foodways, and meals in children’s books to arguments of scholars like Paula Connolly, who argues that Pooh is highly motivated by his search for honey. In one of the most interesting chapters, the authors highlight and extend Michelle Pagni Stewart’s analysis of how Louise Erdrich employs the concept of “counting coup” in the Birchbark series. Keeling and Pollard argue that Laura Ingalls Wilder and Erdrich use detailed descriptions of “pioneer and Ojibwe food and food-ways” to “portray these opposing journeys of settlement and displacement” (65). They also explain that Erdrich’s series highlights Native foodways and how they were adapted by pioneers in Wilder’s books even while the pioneers displaced indigenous people from the land on which they lived and depended for survival. The first chapter is dedicated to exploring the history of cookbooks written for American kids and how they reflect “a changing set of adults’ expectations of skills based on shifting ideologies of child capability” (7). They trace the Victorian stereotype of Coventry Patmore’s “the angel in the house” in 1920s cookbooks aimed at young girls’ initiation into domesticity through to later cookbooks that provided a more subversive space where “ordinary women could record their subjectivity and network it with other women” during a time when women’s writings (and voices) were marginalized (17). This chapter also shows how American culinary traditions were passed down through generations and became “repositories of generational memory and knowledge” until they changed significantly after World War II, when “the availability of industrialized foods fed a growing appetite for convenience” (19). They also showcase more contemporary cookbooks by Molly Katzen and Alice Waters that emphasize and value child agency and promote healthy, sustainable foods. The link between food and cultural identity and history is sustained throughout Table Lands. Their analysis of Maurice Sendak’s In the Night Kitchen focuses on how it “uses the city of food to portray ethnic Jewish experiences set within the mainstream American culture” and represents “the tensions between assimilation and integration, forgetting and remembering, inclusion and alienation that shaped Jewish cultural identity for generations” (92). Further in the chapter on Rita Williams-Garcia’s books, Keeling and Pollard highlight how “each place is marked by distinctive foods and foodways that reflect the particular historical moments of African American culture of that time and place: the Black Power movement [End Page 211] in Oakland in 1968, the Great Migration in Brooklyn as it adapts to post-World War II convenience culture, and the Jim Crow American South” (144). In the chapter on Pixar’s film Ratatouille, the authors argue that viewers are invited “to value the subjectivity of characters that could be defined as Other,” in this case, a rat in the kitchen (124). Digging into the sociohistorical contexts...

Table Lands: Food in Children's Literature by Kara K. Keeling and Scott T. Pollard

Table Lands: Food in Children's Literature by Kara K. Keeling and Scott T. Pollard

Relative efficiency of different sources of sulphur on yield and soil nutrient status in kharif rice (Oryza sativa)

A field experiment was carried out in order to study the relative efficacy of different sources of sulphur in kharif rice (Cv. Swarna Sub 1) under mid-central table land zone of Odisha. It was carried out in RBD with 10 treatments and 3 replications. Four different sources of sulphur (Single Super Phosphate, Calcium Sulphate, Elemental S0 and Navaratna as (20-20-0-13) were used with two methods of application as basal & top dressing to rice crop during Kharif season. The treatment details consists as T1 = Control (No Sulphur), T2 = Basal application (B.A) of 30 kg S ha-1 through Calcium Sulphate (CaSO4), T3 = Basal application of 30 kg S ha-1 through Elemental S ( ES ) , T4 = Basal application of 30 kg S ha-1 (through SSP) , T5 = Basal application of 30 kg S ha-1 (through 20-20-0-13) , T6 = Twice application of 15 kg S ha-1 as basal and top dressing through CaSO4, T7= Twice application of 15 kg S ha-1 as Basal application & top dressing through ES , T8 = Twice application of 15 kg S ha-1 through SSP each at Basal application & top dressing, T9 = Twice application of 15 kg S ha-1 as Basal application and top dressing through (20-20-0-13) & T10 = Basal application of 30 kg S ha-1 through CaSO4 and SSP @1:1 ratio . Significantly highest pooled mean grain yield (5.41 t ha-1) and straw yield of (5.62 t ha-1) were recorded with T7, whereas the lowest values were recorded with (control) T1 (4.1 t ha-1 & 4.31 t ha-1 respectively). Among different sources of sulphur, the grain yield of rice varied significantly and it followed the trend as Elemental Sulphur (ES) > CaSO4 > SSP > (20-20-0-13). Spilt application of sulphur fertilizer showed a beneficial effect on S uptake and translocation of micronutrients like Fe, Mn, and Zn. The sulphur economic yield efficiency ratio also inversely varied with S applications.

THE ROYAL LAW OF PATRONAGE AS A MECHANISM OF STATE REGULATION OF THE FINANCIAL AND PROPERTY SITUATION OF THE BASILIAN MONASTERIES OF THE COMMONWEALTH

The purpose of the research is to investigate the evolution of the royal right of patronage on the basis of the privileges of the Lavriv Basilian Monastery. The research methodology is based on analytical and synthetic critique of royal privileges. A comparison of different editions of privileges, which were preserved in the confirmations of later times or were included in the majestic books of the Standing Committee of the Governor’s Office in Lviv, was made. Preference is given to the use of accrued privileges in the city act books. The scientific novelty of the research is seen in the establishment of the legal influence of the royal administration on the activities of the Basilian monasteries. The Conclusions. The Polish administration tried to control the activities of the self-governing bodies of the Basilian Order, demanding that its Constitutions be in accordance with the religious legislation of the Commonwealth. During the 17th – 18th centuries, the royal right of patronage in the Basilian Order underwent a certain evolution: from the appointment of hegumens, archimandrites to the regulation of property security. Such changes were due to the desire of the Order to achieve full self-government. For this purpose, the Basilian monasteries were removed from the jurisdiction of the local bishops and handed over to the protoarchimandrite. Protohegumens received the right not only to represent, but also to appoint hegumens of monasteries. The royal administration retained a limited right to approve candidates for the positions of archimandrites, with the exception of the protoarchimandrite, who was elected by the General Chapter of the Order. At this time there is a transition to the introduction of the election of senior administrative positions (protoarchimandrite, protohegumen, general and provincial consuls), while the middle (archimandrite) and lower (hegumen) rank of officials of the Order retained the ancient right to appoint as king (archimandrite), so on the part of the provincial administration (hegumens). The analyzed system of the administrative system of the Order was based on a mixed form of government: the election and appointment of officials at different levels (local, provincial, general). However, the restriction of the administrative component in the royal law of patronage did not mean its complete elimination, because the next component – property regulation – continued to operate. Royal privileges transferred table land ownership to the use of monasteries located on their lands, and determined their economic rights and freedoms.

Effect of sources and doses of Sulphur and Boron application on Yield, nutrient content and nutrient uptake of Groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.)

The field experiment was carried out at Regional Research and Technology Transfer Station (OUAT), Mahisapat of Dhenkanal district during kharif season of 2014 and 2015 to study the “Effect of different sources and doses of Sulphur and Boron application on Yield, nutrient content and nutrient uptake of Groundnut under Mid Central Table Land zone of Odisha”. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications comprising of seven treatments T1 - Soil Test Based Fertilizer Recommendation (STBFR), T2 - STBFR + Sulphur @ 20kg /ha from Gypsum Source, T3 – STBFR + Sulphur @ 40kg /ha from Gypsum Source, T4 - STBFR + Sulphur @ 20kg /ha from Gypsum Source + spraying of Borax @ 0.3% twice before and after flowering, T5 - STBFR + Sulphur @ 20kg /ha from Bentonite Sulphur Source, T6 - STBFR + Sulphur @ 40kg /ha from Bentonite Sulphur Source, T7 - STBFR + Sulphur @ 20kg /ha from Bentonite Sulphur Source + Spraying of Borax @ 0.3% twice before and after flowering. It was revealed that T7 recorded significantly higher pod yield (17.14 q ha-1), 100 kernel weight (38.93 g) and shelling percent (66.00) followed by T4 with pod yield (15.80 q ha-1), 100 kernel weight (37.60 g) and shelling percent (65.10). T7 was superior over T1 with the yield advantage of 24.2 % and B: C (2.10). The Concentration of nutrient N, P, K, S and B in the harvested pod was also found highest in T7 i.e. 4.34 %, 0.70% , 0.88 %, 0.39% and 17.77 mgkg-1 followed by T4 having concentration of 4.26% ,0.66 % , 0.83 %, 0.35% and 17.23 mgkg-1 respectively. The same treatment T7 also recorded higher uptake of N, P ,K, S and B in pod with 79.47, 9.20 ,19.83,6.23 kg ha-1 and 31.43 g ha-1 respectively.

Short-Term Effect of Resource Conservation Practices on Soil Loss, Productivity and Energy Budgeting of Soybean–Mustard System in Table Lands of Chambal Ravine

Soil loss is the emerging issue and challenge for sustaining crop production, especially in rainfed ecosystem. Resource conservation with locally available amendments would provide protection against erosion and improve soil health. With this background, an experiment with combination of various amendments like gypsum, crop residue (CR), farm yard manure (FYM) with and without fertilizers was carried out in soybean–mustard cropping system in table lands under rainfed conditions of south eastern Rajasthan. Results of the experiment showed that resource conservation treatments (gypsum + CR + FYM) with fertilizers significantly improved grain yield by 53% over no amendment applied plots. Mean reduction in soil loss ~ 29% and runoff ~ 26% with combined application of gypsum, CR, FYM treatments in soybean was observed. Higher net returns (Rs 52,010 ha−1) and B:C (1.11) values were also observed in the treatment. Gypsum application reduced ESP values, enhanced soil S content and CR, FYM improved SOC content thereby conserving soil and water. Treatments with CR as amendment resulted in higher energy output, energy profitability, energy intensiveness, and treatments without CR showed highest energy efficiency (10.2) and energy productivity (8.2 kg MJ−1). Short-term effect of using economic and effective amendments has significant impact on resource conservation, productivity, energy parameters and by resource poor farmers to conserve soil and water and improve crop yield in rainfed ecosystem of India.

Effect of lime coating and molybdenum on the yield and nutrient uptake of green gram (Vigna radiata L.) under mid central table land zone of Odisha

The field experiment was carried out at Regional Research and Technology Transfer Station (OUAT), Mahisapat of Dhenkanal district during kharif season of 2017 and 2018 to study the response of lime coating and molybdenum influencing the yield and nutrient uptake of green gram under Mid Central Tale Land zone of Odisha. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with four replications comprising of six treatments. The detailed of the treatments are as follows. T1-Soil Test Based Fertilizer Recommendation (STBFR), T2- Soil Test Based Fertilizer Recommendation (STBFR) + Rhizobium inoculation@ 20gkg-1 of seed + PSB @4 kgha-1, T3- Soil Test Based Fertilizer Recommendation (STBFR) + Rhizobium inoculation@ 20gkg-1 of seed + PSB @4 kgha-1 + FYM @5 tha-1, T4- Soil Test Based Fertilizer Recommendation (STBFR) + Rhizobium inoculation@ 20g kg-1 of seed + PSB @4 kg ha-1 + FYM @5 t ha-1 +Lime 0.2 LR, T5- Soil Test Based Fertilizer Recommendation (STBFR) + Rhizobium inoculation@ 20g kg-1 of seed + PSB @4 kgha-1 + FYM @5 tha-1 + seed coating with lime, T6- Soil Test Based Fertilizer Recommendation (STBFR) + Rhizobium inoculation@ 20gkg-1 of seed + PSB @4 kgha-1 + FYM @5 tha-1 + Molybdenum (1g Ammonium Molybdate per 2.5 kg of seed as seed treatment) + seed coating with lime. It was revealed that T6 recorded significantly higher seed yield (877.50 kg ha-1), 1000 seed weight (37.93 g) and No. of seeds per pod (12.43) followed by T5 with seed yield (827.50 kg ha-1), 1000 seed weight (37.58 g) and no. of seeds per pod (8.92). T6 was superior over T1 with the yield advantage of 34.5 % and B: C (1.76). The Concentration of nutrient N,P,K in the harvested seed was also found highest in T6 i.e. 5.27 %, 0.51% and 1.53 % followed by T5 having concentration of 5.07%,0.47 % and 1.47 % respectively. The same treatment T6 recorded higher uptake of N, P and K with 35.35, 6.62 and 20.47 kg ha-1 in the harvested seed, respectively.

Weather effects and their long‐term impact on agricultural yields in Odisha, East India: Agricultural policy implications using NARDL approach

Farm production is uneven due to its high dependence on the weather conditions. A slight deviation of weather variables from the normal trend causes heavy losses to crops. Therefore it is imperative to study the spatial and temporal distribution of these weather variables and also important to find out the asymmetric effect of weather variables on agricultural yield which has serious policy implications. This study attempts to estimate the overall effect of weather variables such as rainfall, temperature, irrigation, ground frost frequency, and crop evapotranspiration on yield in Odisha from 1950 to 2017. The objective is to check the asymmetric relationship between rainfall and yield of major crops grown in Odisha along with other explanatory variables such as temperature, irrigation, ground frost frequency, and crop evapotranspiration using both nonparametric and econometric technique of a nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model. Using nonparametric tests such as Sen's estimator and Mann–Kendall test, the study found that the rising trend of temperature during the post‐monsoon period may alter the crop growth in the state. The highest positive and statistically significant values have been observed from the Mann–Kendall test in Central table land zones. Similarly, the maximum positive significant rainfall trend has been noticed in Cuttack and Puri districts. Using the NARDL model, the study concluded that positive components of both long‐run and short‐run elasticities of rainfall are negative indicating a complementarity between both long‐run and short‐run effects on the yield of major crops grown in Odisha. The magnitude of positive deviations of rainfall is higher than the corresponding elasticities of negative deviations. There is a strong asymmetry effect of rainfall over the yield of major crops grown in Odisha agriculture. Other variables like temperature, irrigation, ground frost frequency, and crop evapotranspiration have a minimal role to play in both the short run and long run.

A study on natural radioactivity and potential of 222Rn, 220Rn exhalation from Deccan table land of Kolhapur district, Maharashtra, India

In this study, an investigation has been carried out on the potential of radon, thoron and natural radioactive content by collecting soil samples from the Deccan land of Kolhapur district, India. The mean value of radon mass exhalation rates is 12.66 ± 1.07 mBqkg−1h−1 and mean thoron surface exhalation rate is 2300 ± 261 Bqm−2h−1. The mean value of Radon emanation factor is 5.18%. The mean activity concentrations of 238U, 232Th and 40K in the soil samples are 9.33 ± 0.45 Bqkg−1, 16.60 ± 0.77 Bqkg−1 and 66.15 ± 4.33 Bqkg−1 respectively and well below the value recommended by UNSCEAR 2000.

Assessment of meteorological drought in western central table land agro-climatic zone of Odisha, India

In this paper, assessment of meteorological drought has been carried out by standardized precipitation index (SPI) for Western Central Table Land Agro-climatic Zone covering six districts of Odisha, India. Monthly rainfall data of 115 years (1901-2015) for all the six districts of this agro-climatic zone of Odisha were analyzed using SPI on different time scales of 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12-month. Results indicate that mild drought events have the highest frequencies of occurrence followed by moderate drought events for all timescales under analysis in all the districts. The average total frequency of drought of all intensities are observed to be 54.10% out of which mild, moderate, severe and extreme drought will occur with frequencies of 35.5, 9.5, 6.25 and 2.85%, respectively. 49.25% areas of this agro-climatic zone in the state are affected by drought of various intensities out of which the share of mild, moderate, severe and extreme drought is 28.40, 13.28, 5.05 and 2.52%, respectively.

Response of paper mill sludge and press mud as soil ameliorants on productivity and nutrient uptake in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) under mid central table land zone of Odisha

The field experiment was carried out at Regional Research and Technology Transfer Station (OUAT), Mahisapat of Dhenkanal district during kharif season of 2016 and 2017 to study the response of press mud as soil ameliorant on productivity of groundnut under Mid Central Tale Land zone of Odisha. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with four replications comprising of six treatments T1-Soil Test Dose (STD), T2-STD+FYM @ 5 t ha-1, T3-STD + PMS 0.2 LR, T4-STD + PMS 0.2 LR + FYM @5 t ha-1, T5-STD+ Press mud 0.2 LR, T6- STD +Press mud 0.2 LR +FYM @)5 t ha-1. It was revealed that T4 recorded significantly higher pod yield (19.45 q ha-1), 100 kernel weight (37.08 g) and shelling percent (67.33) followed by T3 with pod yield (17.58 q ha-1), 100 kernel weight (36.88 g) and shelling percent (67.18). T4 was superior over T1 with the yield advantage of 41.4% and B: C (2.26). The same treatment recorded higher uptake of N, P and K with 111.5, 12.22 and 106.25 kg ha-1, respectively.

Susceptibility of shallow groundwater aquifers to water logging, case study Al Marashda area, West Nile Valley, Qena, Egypt

Attempts were carried out to delineate the areas where the aquifer is vulnerable to water logging, head drop and pollution in the new and old reclamation areas as well. All of the hydrological, geophysical and soil factors were incorporated in the DRASTIC model. Parameters included are; depth to water, net recharge, aquifer media, water salinity, thicknesses and resistivity of successive geoelectrical layers soil media, topography and impact of the vadose zone. Saturated soil hydraulic conductivity varies from 4.43 X10-4 to 243 X10-4 m/sec. Groundwater is supplied from the gravel sand saturated sediments belonging to the Quaternary aquifer. The aquifer thickness rangs from 60 to 120 m. Groundwater depths are gradually increased from 2 m in north to about 72 m in the southern area. Groundwater levels are ranging from 58 m a.s.l. to 74 m a.s.l. Transmissivity is ranging from 155 m2/day to 420 m2/day. Applying the DRASTIC model reveals that there are five vulnerable classes characterizing the study area. Very low and Low vulnerable areas characterize the southern area located near the table land area. Medium vulnerable area present at the pediment area just above the old cultivated lands and extends through the old cultivated lands East of Al Marashda area where groundwater depths are ranging from 5 m - 40 m and recharge is essentially from excess irrigation water. A very high and high vulnerable area is located in the old cultivated lands where groundwater is very shallow (< 5 m) and recharge is very high from excess irrigation water and percolation from surface water systems.

Micronutrient imbalance of sapota orchard in table lands of semi arid region of Rajasthan, India

Micronutrient status of sapota crop was assessed by analyzing soil and plant samples from table lands ofsouth eastern Rajasthan. Surface and sub surface soil samples were extracted with diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA), and plant samples (including leaf and petiole) digested with di-acid mixture for the estimationof available iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). The DTPA extractable micronutrients in thesoil samples followed the order as Mn> Fe> Zn> Cu. The mean values of surface extractable DTPA Mn, Fe, Znand Cu varied from 15.2 to 8.4, 8 to 3.4, 0.74 to 0.17 and 0.35 to 0.02 mg kg−1 respectively. Total Fe, Mn, Zn and Cuof leaf samples varied from 89.41 to 231.24, 22.2 to 97.61, 0.62 to 48.12 and 4.35 to 19.78 mg kg−1, respectively.Total Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu in petioles varied from 33.52 to 284.51, 11.31 to 69.26, 0.54 to 36 and 2.0 to 18.48 mgkg−1, respectively. Unlike soil micronutrient status, leaf sample analysis showed high Mn and Cu concentration,which resulted in Zn and Fe deficiency, resulting in shortened internodes or rosette disorders in sapota trees.

Table Lands: Food in Children's Literature by Kara K. Keeling and Scott T. Pollard

Table Lands: Food in Children's Literature by Kara K. Keeling and Scott T. Pollard

Automated Landform Classification of China Based on Hammond’s Method

The automatic classification of Macro landforms was processed with the program developed by Hammond’s Manual procedures, which based on properties of slope, local relief, and profile type, which consists of 5 landform types, 24 landform class and 96 landform subclasses. This program identified landform types by moving a square window with size of 9.8 km × 9.8 km. The data includes 816 sheets of topological map with a scale of 1:250,000. The DEM were buildup with the contours and mark points based on this data with a cell size of 200 m, and merge into one sheet. The automated classification was processed on this DEM data with a AML program of ArcGIS 10.X Workstation. The result indicates it produced a classification that has good resemblance to the landforms in China. The maps were produced respectively with 5 types, 16 classes and, 90 subclasses The 5 Landform types of landforms were Plains (PLA), 20.25% of whole areas; Tablelands (TAB) of 3.56%; Plains with Hills or Mountains (PHM) of 32.84%; Open Hills and Mountains (OHM) of 18.72%; Hills and Mountains (HM) of 24.63%. In the result of 24 landform classes, there are not some classes, such as irregular plains with low relief; open very low hills, open low hills; very low hills, low hills, moderate hills. The result of 96 landform subclass is similar to the 24 class.

Investigating the Performance of Point to Multipoint Microwave Connectivity across Undulating Landscape during Rainfall

One of the most debated issues surrounding wireless connectivity is performance especially under different topographic and climatic scenarios. Performance has a direct relationship with throughput measured in terms of how well a given wireless connectivity provides consistent services over a given period compared to the wired alternative. Research has shown that wireless connectivity is constrained by significant physical components such as topography, weather conditions, propagation frequency, and distance. It is commonplace to see notable vendors of wireless network products make claims as to how their technologies are designed to remedy any signal degradation that may arise from the aforementioned physical elements. This paper is aimed at evaluating the performance of a point to multipoint connectivity using Ubiquiti’s 5.8 GHz Point to Multipoint Base Stations deployed within a landscape marked by series of undulating highlands and lowlands. In this experiment, a base station node is established with connectivity to two other nodes of same specifications with one node as the destination radio whereas the other acts as the control which is located on a table land. The nodes were separated by triangular distances of 3 km and network connectivity was maintained over thirty days during periods of rainfall. Packets sent and received across each node was carefully recorded. The results from the analysis showed that packet losses to and from the control node was significantly lower than that of the other node under same weather conditions.

Population growth trend and distribution in Karnataka state

Growth of population in any region is a function of fertility, mortality and migration processes. It is a total number of persons inhabiting a region. Overpopulation, under-population and optimum population in any region is directly linked with the resource balance of a region that includes the available resource use, development, depletion, waste and degradation etc. Thus the studies on population growth of a region appears to be significant in order to make decisions to maintain a healthy balance between man and resources. Geographically the Karnataka state forms a part of the table land of Deccan plateau of peninsular India. Karnataka state with a population of 6,10,95,297 (2011) retains 9th rank in India’s population of 1,21,05,69,573 (2011), and has been experienced fluctuations in its growth trend. It is in view of these growth fluctuations the researchers have made an attempt to analyse the population growth trend in Karnataka. However, the analysis in this paper is a compilation of available information. Keywords: Population Growth Trend; Man-resource balance

EVALUATION OF DYKES AS WATER HARVESTING SYSTEM IN WADI SHEBITY WEST MERSA MATROUH, NORTHWESTERN COASTAL ZONE – EGYPT.

The main objective of this research is evaluating dykes as rain water harvesting activities to maximize rainwater utilizing in drainage basins in the northwestern coast of Egypt which receive amount of water and have a population growth and agricultural activities. Wadi bed cultivation is the water harvesting system in the chosen wadi. It is usually done through construction of stone dykes to store surface runoff coming from tableland in the south, the main problems associated with this type of water harvesting are unequal water distribution through the wadi, where less runoff water reaches the wadi beds in downstream, with the result that downstream crops become increasingly water-stressed, moreover storing volume of water higher than fig water requirement the results in delaying agricultural development. To maximize rainwater use, 50 stone dykes of 50 cm spillway height were evaluated in term of water distribution efficiency and the percentage of stored water volume to plant water volume requirement/season. And depending on the storage capacity of dykes, fig water requirement and the runoff volume of the average season of rainfall data for 17 years from October to march (one season) estimated by Soil Conservation Service (SCS) method and Geographical information system (GIS) The results of the present study show that wadi Shebity watershed receives average annual rainfall volume of 435217 m3, 121922 m3 from it by percentage of 28 % run on ground while the residue percentage of 72 % distribute among evaporation and infiltration in soil, 118590 m3 of surface run off by percentage of 97 % stored by dykes by water distribution efficiency of 3, 12, 100 % for rainfall of 12, 20 and 53 mm respectively, and 3332 m3 by percentage of 3 % is lost in the sea. The percentage of the stored water volume to the cultivated areas water volume requirements is 118 % with difference of 18168m3. The study reveals that the end of wadi shibty is in safe from flood hazard, where the runoff coming from the table land at the south is stored completely by dykes even with the maximum rainfall of 53 mm. The spillway height of 50 cm is not suitable to distribute surface runoff through the wadi for low and medium rainfall which is more frequency, moreover stores water volume higher than the fig water requirement with 18168 m3. Further the methodology followed in this study can be applied in all other wadis watersheds but designing new or modification of the existing water harvesting system of dykes will depend on its watershed area and its physical Characteristics, rainfall, the cultivated land area and crop/fruit type. The present study reaches out for some recommendations to maximize rainwater utilizing