Syzygium Polyanthum Research Articles

Bioactivity-Guided Fractionation and Identification of Antidiabetic Compound of Syzygium polyanthum (Wight.)'s Leaf Extract in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rat Model.

(1) Background: An earlier study on the hypoglycemic activity of S. polyanthum (Wight.) leaf methanol extract identified squalene as the major chemical compound. The present study was conducted to assess the hypoglycemic effect of fractions and subfractions of the methanol extract of S. polyanthum compared to the squalene using a bioassay-guided in vivo study. (2) Methods: The methanol extract was fractionated using the liquid–liquid fractionation method. Streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic rat was used to study the hypoglycemic effect. (3) Results: The findings showed that chloroform fraction significantly (p < 0.05) lowered blood glucose levels of diabetic rats as compared to the control. Further fractionation of chloroform fraction yielded subfraction-1 and -2, whereby subfraction-1 exhibited a higher blood-glucose-lowering effect. The lipid profile test showed that the total cholesterol level of subfraction-1 and squalene-treated groups decreased significantly (p < 0.05). An immunohistochemistry study revealed that none of the treatments regenerated pancreatic β-cells. Gas chromatography–mass spectrophotometer analysis identified the presence of squalene in the active methanol extract, chloroform fraction, and subfraction-1. In silico analysis revealed a higher affinity of squalene against protein receptors that control lipid metabolism than metformin. (4) Conclusions: Data obtained from the present work suggested the crude methanol extract exerted the highest hypoglycemic effect compared to fraction, subfraction, and squalene, confirming synergistic effect may be responsible for the hypoglycemic activity of S. polyanthum.

Ethnobotany of Food Plants Used by Local Communities at Joben Resort Mount Rinjani National Park, East Lombok

The use of food plant species by local communities is very important to study using the concept of ethnobotany. The purpose of this study was to determine the diversity of plant species, the use of food plants and how to process them at the Joben Resort, Mount Rinjani National Park. This research method is a field survey method which consists of interviews, observations, identification of plant species and data analysis. Determination of the sample using purposive sampling technique. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews and then collected plant specimens accompanied by key informants. Data analysis was carried out descriptively qualitatively after being processed in Microsoft Excel using simple statistical techniques. Based on the results of the study showed that there were 10 types of food plants obtained from the forest of Joben are: Goa (Ficus variegata), Cinnamon (Cinnamomum Burmannii), Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), Candlenut (Aleurites moluccana), Salam (Syzygium polyanthum), Kentawong/Sintrong (Crassocephalum crepidioides), Jelijo/Tempuh Wiyang (Emilia sonchifolia), Fern (Diplazium esculentum), Bujak (Hedychium coronarium), and Jee/Putat (Planchonia valida). Utilization of food plants, among others, dried, made into spices, made into vegetables, direct consumption and sold. The most dominant use was fern 26%, followed by Jackfruit 21% and Salam 14%. Then the use of jackfruit plants was relatively large (20%) which could be used as vegetables, eaten directly and sold. Meanwhile, the most widely used plant parts were the leaves of food plants (66%) and fruit of food plants (21%).

The effect of syzygium polyanthum (wight) extract in histological changes of kidney in diabetic mice model

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus, or hyperglycemia, is one of the risk factors for atherosclerosis, causing disruption of blood flow through arterial plaque formation and atherosclerosis. Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the most common cause of chronic and end-stage renal disease (CKD and ESRD) worldwide and is a stronger predictor of mortality in people with diabetes. Although the concept that the kidney plays a key role in glucose balance is not new, it is only recently that this organ has been viewed as a potential therapeutic target. This study aimed to assess the potential effect of Syzygium polyanthum extract in DKD mice model. Methods: We administrated Syzygium polyanthum extract for 2-weeks to alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Results: Treatment with Syzygium polyanthum extract reduced blood glucose levels in dose dependency (2,62mg/20g/day, 5,24mg/20g/day, and 7,86mg/20g/day). Histological analysis showed that Syzygium polyanthum extract significantly (p&lt;0,05) improved the kidney lesions in low dose, but did not show a significant effect on inflammatory cell at glomerulus. Conclusion: Syzygium polyanthum extract has potential to improve the kidney lesion in low dose and showed therapeutic potential in DKD treatment.

Sustainable Use and Management of Wild Edible Fruit Plants: A Case Study in the Ulu Masen Protected Forest, West Aceh, Indonesia

ABSTRACT Wild edible fruit plant species (WEFs) are species that are not cultivated or domesticated but are available in their natural habitat, providing a readily available source of food, medicine, and economic value to the local people. In recent times, WEFs have been threatened by over-exploitation, land-use changes, and biodiversity loss. This study aims to (1) identify and document wild edible fruit plant species, (2) investigate the patterns of knowledge, use, and management of WEFs in the Ulu Masen protected area; and (3) assess threats to wild edible fruit plant species and recommend possible management scenarios for their conservation. The study was conducted in six villages of Pantai Ceuremen subdistrict, Southeast Aceh, Indonesia, namely Sikundo, Jambak, Canggai, Lawet, Pulo Tungoh, and Keutambang. The plant materials were randomly collected from the study area, while local knowledge was gathered through a semi-structured survey and in-depth interviews involving 209 respondents that were selected using random sampling. A total of 53 wild edible fruit plants from 30 genera and 21 families were found to be commonly used. Syzygium pycnanthum, Syzygium littorale, Syzygium polyanthum, Garcinia xanthochymus, Baccaurea polyneura, Flacourtia rukam, Sandoricum koetjape, and Baccaurea racemosa were the most important species for local communities in the study area. The WEFs in the study area is influenced by a variety of factors, primarily agricultural expansion, which means that conservation practices need to be improved through the implementation of management strategies, prioritizing species currently used by local communities. Management strategies based on traditional knowledge, such as community-based forest management systems (CBFMS) are being considered for future conservation, and they are also being implemented in other developing countries with similar circumstances.

Invitro Activity and Docking Approach In Silico Leaf Extract Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp. as a Salmonella typhi Inhibitor

Indonesian people had long used plants as traditional medicine. In addition to maintaining health, traditional medicine was in great demand and prevents disease. We often encounter syzygium polyanthum leaves as a complement in tamarind and pepes, which were believed to act as a preservative. This study aimed to determine qualitatively bay leaf extract as an antimicrobial, Salmonella typhi. Methanol extraction of syzygium polyantum leaves would be partitioned with hexane and ethyl acetate solvents. The anti-microbial potential was shown in the Maximum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) test, the identification of the compound using GC-MS and its potential as antibacterial was shown by docking the molecule using docking in silico technique against 5L3J protein. The MIC results were shown that the hexane partition at 100 ppm had 22.09 mm inhibition and the ethyl acetate partition at 80 ppm, had 18.15 mm inhibition. The GC-MS’ testing resulted of syzygium polianthum leaf extract showed the presence of alpha-pinene, alpha-cubenene, 1H-Cyclopropa [a] naphthalene, nerolidol, humulene epoxide II, phytol, 9,12,15-Octadecatrien-1-ol, Squalene, Alpha-tocopherol, Beta-sitosterol, azulene, valence, Azulene and beta-Panasinen. However, the lowest binding affinity value was obtained from the cytosterol compound of −9.45 kcal/mol in ethyl acetate and Valencene solutions of −6.93 kcal/mol in n-hexane solvent. While the positive control-Chloramphenicol was −36.93 kcal/mol. This means that the syzygium polyanthum leaf extract could be used as an alternative medicine for typhoid.&#x0D; GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Tree Diversity in Home Gardens in the Bogor Regency, West Java

We used the point-centered quarter method for trees and quadrats for saplings in home gardens of 42 hamlets within 40 districts in the Bogor Regency, West Java, to investigate the floristic composition and structure of home garden tree communities. We found a diverse range of fruit trees. A total of 64 fruit tree species were identified accounting for 93.2% of all tree species. Artocarpus heterophyllus and Nephelium lappaceum were the two species with the highest importance value, frequency, and degree of association. The Artocarpus heterophyllus–Nephelium lappaceum association or in the local names Nangka– Rambutan association is justified based on these species’ characteristics. The distributional patterns of tree species support categorizing them into six groups: very common, common, rather common, rather rare, rare, and very rare. Annona squamosa, Phyllanthus acidus, Syzygium polyanthum, Glochidion borneense, Mangifera foetida, and Diospyros philippensis were the fruit tree species that made up the extremely rare group. Nephelium lappaceum, Artocarpus heterophyllus, and Lansium domesticum, had the highest importance value (40%) at the tree level, whereas Punica granatum, Annona muricata, and Averrhoa bilimbi at the sapling stage. Species diversity indices for trees and saplings in the sampled home gardens fell into the H' = 1 to 3 categories, while similarity indices among the home gardens species composition were quite low (IS 64%). The fruit tree species had a low ability to regenerate.

Comparative anatomical study of leaves for twelve Indonesian woody plant species

Abstract. Damaiyani J, Fiqa AP, Rindyastuti R, Lestari DA, Rahadiantoro A, Yulistyarini T. 2022. Comparative anatomical study of leaves for twelve Indonesian woody plant species. Biodiversitas 23: 3744-3754. Foliar epidermal and stomatal features are widely used as plant microscopic traits either from taxonomic or ecological standpoints. The studies on woody plants in the Malesian region which serve as the essential component of tropical ecosystems are still limited. Here we conduct a comparative study on stomatal and epidermal features of twelve important woody plant species from Indonesia using a descriptive method based on the Light Microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope micrographs. The shape, size and stomatal type were revealed in all species studied. Moreover, quantitative features were measured including epidermal cell length and width, solidity (S), aspect ratio (AR), and stomatal index (SI). The study results showed a variation in foliar epidermal and stomatal traits across the species studied. Due to the presence of trichomes and waxes on the abaxial side, not all species can be measured for their stomatal index and epidermal cells. Syzygium polyanthum has the highest stomatal index and cells with complex interlocking shapes, which provide an effective strategy for reducing mechanical stress on epidermal cell walls, making this native species predicted to adapt well when it was planted in habitats with similar environmental conditions.

Nootropic effect of Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp leaf extract in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion rat model via cholinergic restoration: a potential therapeutic agent for dementia

Nootropic effect of Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp leaf extract in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion rat model via cholinergic restoration: a potential therapeutic agent for dementia

Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp. bioactive compounds in polycystic ovary syndrome: An in silico study

Context: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is significantly associated with inflammation and oxidative stress. Syzygium polyanthum is a plant rich in pharmacological properties. Aims: To evaluate the anti-inflammation and antioxidant potential of S. polyanthum bioactive compounds using in silico approach. Methods: The S. polyanthum was extracted using the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method, and the bioactive compounds were screened using Liquid Chromatography–High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS) analysis. This study predicted the biological activity of S. polyanthum compounds using PASS Online server. Before docking, we analyzed the protein-protein interactions (PPIs) network of TNFα, NF-kB, SOD, and KEAP1. The molecular docking was done using Autodock Vina in PyRx software and visualized using Discovery Studio. Probability to be active (Pa) was determined. Results: The bioactive compounds found in S. polyanthum and used in this study were deoxyphomalone, NCGC00169066-01, and phloretin with retention times [min] of 0.886, 0.907, and 8.323, respectively. The predicted biological activity of compounds and controls were anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressant, TNF expression inhibitor, immunomodulatory and HIF1α expression inhibitor (Pa&gt;0.5 for all S. polyanthum compounds and Pa&lt;0.5 for SPD304, MG-132, and MDF). Based on PPIs network analysis, TNFα, NF-kB, SOD, and KEAP1 are associated. The molecular docking analysis showed that deoxyphomalone, NCGC00169066-01, and phloretin had inhibition potential against TNFα and NF-kB, and activation potential against SOD, due to several residues involved in the interaction of compounds-protein was the same as the interaction of inhibitor (SPD-304 and MG-132) and activator (gallic acid) control against the protein. The residues may have the same inhibition or activation mechanism as the control. However, S. polyanthum bioactive compounds may still have inhibition potential against KEAP1 through Ala548 residue that is also involved in the interaction of DMF-KEAP1. Conclusions: The bioactive compounds of S. polyanthum showed anti-inflammation and antioxidant potential, which may have a good effect in the treatment of PCOS, yet still need to be confirmed in vitro or in vivo research.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY STUDY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS UTILIZED FOR HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA TREATMENT ON BORNEO ISLAND OF INDONESIA

The use of medicinal plants for various health purposes has been widely reported. This study aimed to inventory knowledge related to the use of medicinal plants, in particular, to treat hypercholesterolemia in the community by traditional healers on Borneo Island, Indonesia. The data collection was based on purposive random sampling using a semi-structured questionnaire among selected traditional healers. The study results exhibited that Syzygium polyanthum was recognized as the most cited plant (UV=0.22) by traditional healers in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, mostly for internal administration route (93.33%) either in a single compound (66.67%) or in combination (33.33%) with other medicinal plants. Leaves were determined as the most explored and utilized plant part (66.67%) compared to other parts. Most of the medicinal plants were collected from the home yard (60.00%), however, only 37.5 percent were cultivated. In conclusion, this study revealed the important roles of medicinal plants as well as traditional healers in maintaining community health, especially for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia on Borneo Island.

TRAINING ON MAKING HAND SANITIZER BASED ON BAY LEAF EXTRACT (Syzygium polyanthum)

Hand sanitizer is an alcohol-based hand washing product that can be available in liquid or gel form. Hand sanitizer can kill bacteria and germs on the surface of the hands without having to rinse with water. Bay leaf extract (Syzygium polyanthum) has been known to have antibacterial properties, so it is necessary to make hand sanitizer products based on bay leaf extract. The process of presenting PkM material is carried out using the lecture method assisted by infocus equipment. Meanwhile, the process of making liquid hand sanitizer products is carried out through a demonstration method. The results obtained in this PkM activity are a liquid hand sanitizer product that has a pH of 5, a distinctive bay leaf aroma and hand sanitizer products that are yellowish green or which are usually different from the color of hand sanitizer products in general. Hand sanitizer products are safe to use on the surface of the skin because the pH adjusts to the skin's pH of 4.5 - 6.5. The results of this PkM were also measured based on the post-test conducted on the training participants which showed that as many as 95% of the training participants or as many as 19 people out of 20 participants received an average score of 85 which indicated that the training participants had understood and were able to demonstrate this PkM activity with good. Meanwhile, there was 1 participant or 5% of the participants who got a score of 60, which means they did not understand this PkM activity well.

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY TEST OF BAY LEAF EXTRACTS (SYZYGIUM POLYANTHUM (WIGHT) WALP.) AGAINST STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS AND ESCHERICHIA COLI: SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW

Antibiotic resistance is a global health problem that has severe implications for morbidity, mortality, and health costs. Based on the Antimicrobial Resistant in Indonesia (AMRIN-Study), it was reported that there were bacteria that were resistant to antibiotics, including Escherichia coli, which is resistant to ampicillin trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin; and Staphylococcus aureus which is resistant to oxacillin, vancomycin, clindamycin, and levofloxacin. In Indonesia, Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp. Bay leaf is one of the plants that is often used as spices. Its bay leaf contains secondary metabolites that have an antibacterial function. This study analyzed the antibacterial activities of bay leaf extract against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. This research used a systematic literature review with a literature search strategy using Google Scholar and PubMed. The literature discusses bay leaf extract, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and antibacterial activity. From this study, 14 research articles described the antibacterial activity of bay leaf extract by inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in the medium, strong, and very strong categories. Bay leaf extract can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli because it contains phytochemical compounds with antibacterial properties, including alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids/ triterpenoids, saponins, tannins, phenols, essential oils, and carbohydrate.

Short Communication: Attractiveness of subterranean termite Coptotermes formosanus to plant leaf extracts

Abstract. Indrayani Y, Muin M, Adilla C, Yoshimura T. 2018. Short Communication: Attractiveness of subterranean termite Coptotermes formosanus to plant leaf extracts. Biodiversitas 19: 1176-1180. Plant-derived compounds have many potential uses. One such use is in agriculture for managing pests with less risk than with synthetic compounds that are toxicologically and environmentally undesirable. The current study focuses on the potential use of leaf extracts from five tropical plant species in attractant bait systems for controlling subterranean termites. Leaves from clove [Syzygium aromaticum (L.)], cajuput (Melaleuca leucadendra L.), cinnamon [Cinnamomum burmannii (Nees &amp; T. Nees) Blume], basil (Ocimum sanctum L.) and bay (Syzygium polyanthum Wight) were extracted with 70% ethanol solution. Each extract was evaluated for its attractant properties for Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki using olfactory and Y-line trail following tests, respectively. Extract solutions were diluted to 1% concentration based on their eugenol content. For each test, which was replicated 15 times, a single worker was introduced into the test unit. The results showed that M. leucadendra crude extract was the most attractive among the five plant crude extracts, and the S. aromaticum crude extract was attractive especially in the trail-following test. The attraction rates were 40.00%, 80.00%, 53.33%, 60.00% and 46.67% for the S. aromaticum, M. leucadendra, C. burmannii, O. sanctum and S. polyanthum extracts, respectively. The trail-following rates were 86.67% for the S. aromaticum extract, 66.67% for the M. leucadendra extract, 53.33% for the C. burmannii extract, 20% for the O. sanctum extract as well as 26.67% for the S. polyanthum extract.

AKTIVITAS ANTIHIPERGLIKEMIA FRAKSI ETIL ASETAT DAUN SALAM (Syzygium polyanthum) TERHADAP TIKUS PUTIH YANG DIINDUKSI ALOKSAN MONOHIDRAT

Bay leaf (Syzygium polyanthum) is traditionally used for diabetes treatment in Indonesia. It’s contains antioxidant that prevent the free radicals due to hyperglycemic condition. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the ability of the ethyl acetate fraction of bay leaf in male white rats had hyperglycemia due to alloxan administration. This study used laboratory tests in which up to 24 white rats were randomly separated into six groups. Intraperitoneal administration of alloxan at a dose of 170 mg/Kgbw is used to induce hyperglycemia. A group of healthy rats (K-) were administered 0,5% CMC Na suspension 1mL/day. A group of hyperglycemic rats (K+) received metformin at a dose of 45 mg/Kgbw/1mL/day, while a group of hyperglycemic rats (P0) received 0.5% CMC Na suspension at a dose of 1mL/day. Three hyperglycemia treatment groups received different amounts of ethyl acetate fraction of bay leaf for 14 days. The P1 group received 125 mg/Kgbw/1mL/day of bay leaf ethyl acetate fraction extract, the P2 group received 250 mg/Kgbw/1mL/day, and the P3 group received 500 mg/Kgbw/1mL/day. Blood glucose levels were measured before and after alloxan administration, and then again on day 14. After 14 days of treatment, all rats were euthanized, and blood from the heart was collected to examine the insulin levels. To determine the differences between treatments, statistical analysis utilizing ANOVA was used, followed by Duncan's test. The findings revealed administered an ethyl acetate fraction of bay leaf can lower blood glucose and increased insulin levels in rats had hyperglycemia.

The effects of nano encapsulated Syzygium Polyanthum leaves extract inclusion in drinking water

A study with six treatments in a Completely Randomized Design was conducted to evaluate the effects of nano encapsulated Syzygium polyanthum leaves extract (SpLE) inclusion in drinking water on small intestinal digesta pH and macromorphology in broiler chickens. The treatments were: drinking water without any addition (negative control), drinking water with 50 ppm antibiotic Tetracycline addition (positive control), or drinking water with1% SpLE, 3% SpLE, 1% nano-capsulated SpLE (N-SpLE), and 3% N-SpLE additions. Each experimental treatment was repeated four times with eight birds per replicate pen. The basal diet and drinking water were provided from days 8 to days 35. One-way ANOVA was used to calculate the effect of the treatments. The difference data in present study were separated with Duncan’s new Multiple Range Test. Result showed no treatment effect was detected on macromorphology of all segments on the small intestine. However, drinking water inclusion with 3% SpLE reduced digesta pH (P<0.05) in the duodenum and jejunum. Inclusion of 3% N-SpLE reduced digesta pH only in the ileum (P<0.05). Reductions of digesta pH in some segments of the small intestinal might shows beneficial effect of drinking water inclusion with Syzygium polyanthum leaves extract on the intestinal health improvement in broiler chickens.

The Effectiveness of Gargling with Salam Leaf Boiled Water Reducing Plaque Score

Background: Health is the most important part in human life. Plaque is a soft deposit, which is firmly attached to the surface of the teeth. Bay leaves (Syzygium polyanthum) which contain active compounds such as tannins, flavonoids and essential oils that can inhibit bacterial growth. Title: The Effectiveness of Gargling with Bay Leaf Decoction on Decreasing Plaque Score in Adults in Sukabangun 1 RT 19 Sukarami District. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of gargling boiled water with bay leaves on reducing plaque scores. Methods: this study uses a quasi- experimental research method (quasi-experimental). Respondents: adults in Sukabangun 1 RT 19, Sukarami District. Results: The results of the One Way Annova statistical test on plaque index examination before gargling with boiled water, 1 hour after, and 2 hours after with good, moderate, and bad criteria, obtained a P-value of 0.010 which means significant, meaning for gargling water Salam leaf decoction with PHP can reduce plaque scores. Conclusions: 1. The average plaque index before gargling with bay leaf boiled water was 3.09 (Medium) 2. The average decrease in plaque index after gargling was 2.45 (Medium) 3. The effectiveness of bay leaf decoction is able to reduce plaque scores in the treatment before rinsing and after rinsing, this is evidenced by the decrease in plaque scores and the One Way Annova statistical test.

Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Activity of Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp.

Syzygium polyanthum has been used as folk medicine to treat ailments related to oxidative stress and inflammation. In this study, the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of stem bark and root bark of the plant were investigated. The experiments that have been carried out were estimation of total phenolic and total flavonoid in the methanol extracts and fractions of both parts, isolation and structure elucidation of chemical compounds, anti-inflammatory activity evaluation based on inhibition of prostaglandin E2 production in the LPS-induced human whole blood using radioimmunoassay technique as well as antioxidant activity based on assays by using free radical scavenging DPPH and FRAP. Results showed high amounts of phenolics and flavonoids in both parts of S. polyanthum. Seven compounds were succesfully isolated from the stem bark and identified as stigmasterol (1), 8-hydroxy-6-methoxy-3-pentylisocoumarin (2), 3,3’-di-O-methylellagic acid (3), methylgallate (4), asiatic acid (5), arjunolic acid (6), and daucosterol (7). The ethyl acetate fraction of the root bark showed potent inhibitory activity on the production of PGE2 (IC50 3.03 ± 0.83 μg/mL). The methanol extract of the stem bark displaying promising DPPH scavenging activity (SC50= 2.82 ± 0.1 μg/mL) and FRAP activity (7.02 ± 0.1 μg/μg of equivalent trolox amount). Compounds 1, 5, 6 and 7 showed pronounced inhibitory activity on the PGE2 production with IC50ranging from 0.052 to 1.25 μM. Meanwhile, compound 4 exhibited antioxidant activity toward DPPH (SC5010.60 μM) and FRAP (20.5 ± 1.0 μg/μg). The study concluded that S. polyanthum as a potential source for therapeutic agents with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities.

MIKROGRANUL MUKOADHESIF EKSTRAK DAUN SALAM (Syzygium polyanthum (Wight.)) DENGAN PERBEDAAN POLIMER HPMC DAN KITOSAN

Bay leaf (Syzygium polyanthum (Wight.) contains polyphenolic compounds that are beneficial in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia by reducing Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) levels. The dosage form of mucoadhesive microgranules is able to prolong the active substance contact time with the mucosa give better therapeutic effect. This study aims to make mucoadhesive microgranules of bay leaf extract with different polymers of Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC) and chitosan. There were 4 formulas, namely formula I (25% HPMC), formula II (30% HPMC), formula III (25% chitosan) and formula IV (30% chitosan). Microgranules were prepared by wet granulation method. Microgranule test parameters include moisture content, flow rate, angle of repose, particle size, total polyphenol content, wash off test and morphology test. The results of this study of mucoadhesive microgranules of bay leaf extract showed that all formulas had water content &lt;5%, flow rate and angle of repose including easy flow. The size of the microgranules was in the range of 48.7 – 637 μm with a total polyphenol content of 4.15 – 4.27%. The results of the wash off test showed that the total polyphenol content of microgranules in the stomach was 1.33 - 3.23% (31.97 - 75.63%) and in the intestine 1.26 - 3.76% (27.95 - 88.03%). The best mucoadhesive microgranules of bay leaf extract used 30% HPMC polymer.

Penentuan Kandungan Antioksidan dan Fenolik Total dari Infusa Daun Tanaman Famili Myrtaceae Secara Spektrofotometri

Myrtaceae family plants are widely distributed in the tropics. The leaves of this plant have been widely used by the community as a traditional medicine. This study aims to determine the total antioxidant and total phenolic content of the infusion of five types of leaves of the Myrtaceae family, namely bay leaves (Syzygium polyanthum), jambak leaves (Syzygium malaccense), guava leaves (Psidium guajava), water guava leaves (Syzygium aqueum). and duwet leaves (Syzygium cumini). Total antioxidant content was determined using the MPM method and total phenolic content using the Folin Ciocalteau method. The highest total antioxidant content was found in jambak leaf infusion of 122.73 ± 3.10 mg AA/g DW, while the highest total phenolic content was found in guava leaf infusion of 58.84 ± 1.86 mg GAE/g DW.

Isolasi dan Karakterisasi Senyawa Metabolit Sekunder dari Ekstrak Etil Asetat Daun Salam (Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp)

Salam plant (Syzygium polyanthum) is a plant from the Myrtaceae family and the Syzygium genus, which is widely used as a traditional medicine to treat hypertension, ulcers, diarrhea, skin diseases, lower cholesterol, control uric acid levels, and diabetes. This study aims to isolate and characterize secondary metabolites from the ethyl acetate extract of bay leaves. Isolation of secondary metabolites was carried out by column chromatography and characterization with Ultravolet-Visible (UV-Vis) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometers. The isolated compound is a white solid of 0.0082 g with a melting point of 190-192°C. The results of the identification of the phytochemical profile on the TLC plate with the Liebermen-Burchard (LB) reagent showed that the compound was a triterpenoid group. The results of the UV-Vis spectrum analysis showed maximum absorption at a wavelength of 221 nm indicating the presence of π-π* electron transitions from the unconjugated C=C bond and the results of the FTIR spectrum analysis showed the presence of OH, C-O (alcohol), C=C groups. (alkenes), C-H is aliphatic and geminal dimethyl.