Colony System Research Articles

Negotiating senses of belonging and identity across education spaces

A multitude of educational programs attempt to facilitate young people’s engagement with ideas and practices of active citizenship. For young Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander or Indigenous people in Australia, such interventions are often subject to complex experiences of senses of belonging and non-belonging. This paper responds to calls from researchers to develop better understandings of young Indigenous people’s own senses and practices of belonging and to better understand the ways in which these perspectives and practices are spatially influenced at the level of local communities, ‘country’ and cultural groupings, and within larger state, national or transnational settings. Their testimonies illustrate the tensions that young Indigenous people must navigate in a settler colony that has never truly recognised Indigenous sovereignty but show that sovereignty remains intact. Focus groups were conducted with 58 young Indigenous people in Melbourne and regional Victoria who were participating in an Indigenous youth leadership program designed to foster formal and informal active citizenship practices, and to nurture a strong, affirming sense of Indigenous identity. The testimonies of these participants provide valuable insights into educational sites as spaces in which young people experience a spectrum of weak to strong senses of belonging. They also provide insights into the possibilities of engaging the challenges faced by many young Indigenous people in educational settings, challenges that include race discordance and exclusion, deficit discourses and gaps and distances in educational practice. They highlight the need to recognise the aspirations of young Indigenous people and the capacities of colonial education systems to meet them, and the imperative to celebrate young Indigenous identities in meaningful, non-tokenistic ways.

Financial Inclusion and Income Inequality in Sub-Saharan Africa: Taking Socio-Cultural Particularities into Account

AbstractAccording to the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, financial inclusion has a crucial role to play in achieving sustainable development goals in this case, reducing inequalities and reducing poverty. Certain cultures can be at the root of financial system imperfections and therefore influence financial inclusion and its effect on income inequality. This work analyzes the effect of financial inclusion on income inequalities in sub-Saharan African countries, taking into account cultural particularities. The data cover the period from 2002 to 2015 and are analyzed by the dynamic panel method generalized method of moments (GMM). Our overall sample is made up of 27 countries of sub-Saharan Africa grouped into 4 sub-groups: countries with predominantly Christian obedience, countries with obedience dominated by Islam, countries with French as the official language, and countries with English as official language. The first two are distinguished by the fact that Islam forbids interest-bearing savings and loans. The latter two have known different colonial systems which have forged their attitude to public life differently. Our results show that financial inclusion contributes to reducing income inequality in all the SSA countries considered, and also in the Christian-dominated and French-speaking countries. We found no effect of financial inclusion in Islamic-dominated and English-speaking countries. Similarly, we found evidence of an inverted U-shaped relationship in all the Sub-Saharan African countries considered and in Christian-dominated countries only. These results suggest on the one hand that the socio-cultural aspect has an influence on the relationship between financial inclusion and income inequality and the other hand that financial inclusion may be essential to reduce income inequality in SSA countries, but that it is important to tailor it taking into account the cultural, religious, political, institutional, and structural specificities of each country’s economy to have even more significant effects. Given this interference of socio-cultural and political factors on financial inclusion and its effect on income inequality, in addition to ensuring an effective regulatory system and a sound institutional framework, financial and public authorities should capitalize on the cultural and religious fiber to raise awareness on the use of financial products and services in order to improve financial access and its effect on wealth redistribution.

Engaging complex temporalities in environmental rhetoric

In this essay, we identify a temporal turn in environmental rhetoric. As field researchers, we have experienced different senses of time bumping against one another in intercultural, ecological situations. Although these micro-experiences of time provide a constant grounding for our lives, we are also aware of the macro-expressions of time and the ways that they order our world and understanding of environmental degradation. We detail three interrelated temporal themes in environmental rhetoric. First, we delve into the practical considerations of time, articulating it in relation to how humans address environmental crises. Second, we respond back to ourselves by discussing epistemological concerns of time that emphasize knowing as critical to appropriate action and recognizing the need for impatience in the face of colonial, sexist, and racist systems that have existed for far too long. Lastly, we unpack multiple conceptualizations of time—the ontological commitments of different entities, systems, and cultures—and ask how scholars should conduct their own work given the temporal challenges presented by environmental problems, the demands of the field, the need for radical change, and the necessity of intelligent and meaningful choices. We do not seek to resolve tensions between these three themes but deepen the field's engagement with multiple temporalities. The conclusion offers some pathways to stimulate further scholarship about environmental temporalities.

Within‐colony segregation of foraging areas: from patterns to processes

Spatial segregation of foraging areas among conspecifics breeding in neighbouring colonies has been observed in several colonial vertebrates and is assumed to originate from competition and information use. Segregation between foraging individuals breeding in different parts of a same colony has comparatively received limited attention, even though it may have strong impacts on colony structure and individual fitness, and thus on population dynamics of colonial species. To shed light on the processes (namely competition and memory) driving small‐scale spatial segregation of foraging areas in colonial species, we used empirical data and developed an individual based model (IBM). By GPS tracking lesser kestrels Falco naumanni breeding in an urban area and foraging in the surrounding farmland, we found that foraging areas of individuals nesting in two close‐by (ca 600 m) roof terraces (i.e. nest clusters) were significantly spatially segregated. Individuals from different nest clusters showed different departure bearings and encountered different habitats but showed similar fitness traits. Individuals from the same cluster did not seem to follow conspecifics when leaving for a foraging trip. The IBM, based on data from seven roof terraces, showed that such collective spatial segregation does not necessitate social information use: personal information and memory may be sufficient to mechanistically explain intra‐colony segregation of foraging areas. Besides, there was a clear distance‐dependent segregation: individuals from distant clusters segregated more, matching what is observed at large spatial scales (i.e. among neighbouring colonies). Our results do not question the fact that colonial species may use social information during foraging or that colonies can act as information centres. Instead, they suggest that within‐colony foraging range spatial segregation, arising from simple mechanisms not necessarily involving information sharing, might be widespread in colonial systems. These results thus further challenge the long‐standing view that colonies should be regarded as single cohesive entities.

“New Zealand Nurses: Caring for Our People 1880-1950”: An Interview With Author Pamela Wood

New Zealand nurses: Caring for our people 1880-1950, published in 2022 by Otago University Press, is authored by Pamela Wood, a nurse and historian. This article provides insight into the structure and content of the book, acknowledging its value in recording the history, proactive leadership, and practice of modern nursing as instigated by the British nursing diaspora. The book is carefully researched and engagingly written. It is explicitly limited to ‘modern’ nursing, drawing on written evidence published and archived within the colonial systems. The article draws on a conversation between Wood and Adams, both tauiwi (non-Māori) academics, exploring challenges, innovations, and paradigms of care at a time when colonising processes had already deeply harmed Māori communities. Rural, district, and Plunket nursing evolved with an intent to improve health outcomes, particularly for impoverished and underserved people; nurses practiced autonomously in isolated areas, engaging collaboratively with communities; and nurse leaders were politically active and determined implementers of change. While some stories from Māori nurses have been recorded, the voice and histories of Māori, te ao Māori (Māori worldview), and mātauranga Māori (Māori knowledge) is absent. It is time we redressed this omission, to give effect to Te Tiriti o Waitangi, and rewrote the future of nursing in Aotearoa New Zealand. Te reo Māori translation “New Zealand nurses: Caring for our people 1880-1950”: He uiuinga i te kaituhi i a Pamela Wood Ngā Ariā Matua Ko New Zealand nurses: Caring for our people 1880-1950, tētahi pukapuka i whakaputaina i te tau 2022 e Otago University Press, ā, ko te kaituhi ko Pamela Wood, he tapuhi, he kaituhi tātai kōrero. Tā tēnei tuhinga he hora māramatanga ki te takoto me ngā kai o roto i te pukapuka, e whakamihi nei ki āna hua mō te takutaku i ngā tātai kōrero, i ngā mahi hautū kakama a ōna kaiarataki, me ngā mahi tapuhi o te ao hou, i takea mai i ngā toronga o te ao tapuhi o Peretania ki ao whānui. He mea āta rangahau tēnei pukapuka, he tino pai hoki te āhua o te tuhi. Ahakoa ērā āhuatanga, kua whakawhāititia ki ngā mahi tapuhi ‘o te ao hou’ anake, me te koutu i ngā rangahau, i whakawhatatia hoki i roto i ngā pūnaha o ngā kāwanatanga tāmi whenua o tāwāhi. I takea mai te tuhinga i tētahi kōrerorero i waenga i a Wood rāua ko Adams, nō tauiwi ēnei mātanga rangahau, e tūhura ana i ngā pīkauranga, i ngā auahatanga, me ngā ritenga taurima tangata i te wā kua tino nui ngā wharanga o ngā mahi tāmi iwi ki ngā hapori Māori. I tupu mai ngā mahi tapuhi ā-tuawhenua, ā-takiwā, Plunket hoki i runga i te hiahia kia whakapikia ngā putanga hauora, otirā mō te hunga rawakore, te hunga kua wareware te tino aronga; i mahi ngā tapuhi i ngā rohe pāmamao, i mahi tahi me ngā hapori i runga i te wairua pāhekoheko; ā, i te kaha tonu ngā mahi tōrangapū o ngā tapuhi, he kaha ki te panoni tikanga. Ahakoa kua tuhia ētahi o ngā pūrākau a ngā tapuhi Māori, kei te ngaro te reo me ngā tātai kōrero o te tangata Māori, o te ao Māori me te mātauranga Māori i konei. Kua tae tātou ki te wā hei whakatika i tēnei korenga, kia whakatinanatia Te Tiriti o Waitangi, kia tuhia houtia hoki ngā mahi tapuhi i Aotearoa. Ngā kupu matua: arotake pukapuka, tāmi iwi, tātai kōrero tapuhi, hauora tuawhenua, tiaki toiora ā-whenua

Gifts from Amin: Ugandan Asian refugees in Canada, By ShezanMuhammedi, Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press. 2022. pp. 288. $27.95 (paperback). ISBN: 978‐0887552830

Gifts from Amin: Ugandan Asian refugees in Canada is a poignant exploration of the pluralities of identity in a global world. Shezan Muhammedi traces the history of Asians living in Uganda, their place in Ugandan history, and their subsequent expulsion under the order of President Idi Amin. From his interviews with Ugandan Asian refugees who resettled in Canada, Muhammedi blends together intimate personal narratives with their broader historical contexts. Gifts from Amin provides a model of an alternative historical record, one which demonstrates that people are not powerless recipients of history, but active participants in the construction of their worlds. South Asians had a steady presence in East African society for centuries, primarily through participation in Indian Ocean trade networks. However, under British colonial rule during the 19th century, Asian populations in East Africa increased significantly—as merchants, indentured labourers, or government officials. The British colonial system stratified Ugandan society, favouring Asians over Africans, placing Asians in the center of the “colonial sandwich” (p. 22). This strategy used social divisions as protection against unified resistance between Africans and Asians to colonial rule. After Ugandan independence, Asians were forced to decide between retaining British or Ugandan citizenship, but could not have both. Logistical barriers to acquiring Ugandan citizenship were part of a project by the Ugandan government to portray Asians as outsiders, oppressors, and colonial collaborators. The culmination of this project was the expulsion order issued by Idi Amin in August of 1972, ordering all Asians to leave Uganda within 90 days. The Canadian government agreed to assist Britain in the resettlement of Ugandan Asian expellees. Muhammedi argues that the government's motivation for resettlement was a mix of humanitarianism and national benefit. The idea was that “these people are not destitute refugees, they are the most desirable type of immigrants” (p. 78) for a multicultural Canadian society. By the end of the 90-day expulsion period, 4,624 Ugandan Asians resettled in Canada. Muhammedi also illustrates the ways that identity formation is fluid through the narratives of Ugandan Asian “refugees” (a term Muhammedi chose because all 49 oral history participants self-identified as refugees). While in Uganda, Asians retained their cultural, ethnic, or religious identities. However, many Asians also identified as Ugandan, especially those who had been born and raised in East Africa. After the expulsion order, Ugandan Asians had to learn how to enmesh within the Canadian social fabric. The complexities of social identity are particularly evident among second-generation Ugandan Asians who had been born and raised in Canada. It is a project of forming your own personal identity while existing within a system of contradictory classifications. As one oral history participant aptly says, “I am a Canadian, a Ugandan, an African, an Indian and a Goan. You don't have to choose … I embrace all of them. They are all a part of [my] psyche” (p. 204). Gifts from Amin also shows us the ways in which colonial racial stratification was both reified and challenged by Asians in Uganda. Some used their proximity to the colonizer to gain access to wealth and resources, exploiting Ugandan Africans in the process. However, Muhammedi shows how many others were simply trying to exist under conditions of limited mobility. The process of immigration into Canada also required another kind of stratification, not just for Ugandan Asians expellees, but for all who enter through contemporary immigration policies. The Canadian state uses metrics, ones less explicit than race—points, refugee status, country of origin, etc. While not an identical comparison, the discursive similarities are still important to recognize. Systems to organize people also serve to divide them. Gifts from Amin narrates the impacts of manufacturing otherness across Uganda and Canada, and their long-standing and far-reaching implications. Gifts from Amin sheds light on how history is something that is experienced both personally and politically. The use of oral history is the most moving part of the book. It is a history of a community, a history of a country, and a history of our modern world. With migration as one of the pressing issues of the day, Gifts from Amin asks us both who is the migrant and what is a nation. But most importantly, it asks us to hold the complexities of how these two ideas fit together. Just maybe, they can be more than we ever imagined.

To Maintain or Adjust?: On the Whiteness of Swedish Men in the Congo Free State (1884–1914)

ABSTRACT During the High Imperialism era, it was not unusual that Nordic Europeans took up colonial positions in African colonies. Given the high number of Swedish citizens in the Congo Free State, this paper analyses the written and visual ego-documents of those who worked there as missionaries, soldiers, steamboat captains or traders. The presented sources include diary entries, letters and a photograph. The goal is to establish to which extent Swedish men in particular tried to maintain or adjust their status as white men and how they engaged with being part of an inherently racist colonial system that encouraged notions of white supremacy. Some questions to be addressed are to which extent ego-documents and a micro-historical approach help analyse how Swedish colonisers understood their roles and identities as representatives of white culture and how they communicated those to themselves and other audiences. To which lengths did these men go to practice whiteness when in the Congo Free State and when did so-called contact zones lead to acculturation and acceptance of local habits? How important was the sense of a white identity to them? To this purpose, a set of tools is presented that includes the analysis of private documents in combination with micro-history, whiteness and masculinity studies. Ultimately, a selection of transimperial agents and their sources shows how whiteness was more important than citizenship and how features of masculinity engaged with the former.

Beyond the Asylum: Mental Illness in French Colonial Vietnam by Claire E. Edington (review)

Reviewed by: Beyond the Asylum: Mental Illness in French Colonial Vietnam by Claire E. Edington C. Michele Thompson Edington, Claire E.–Beyond the Asylum: Mental Illness in French Colonial Vietnam. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2019. 291 p. Claire E. Edington’s Beyond the Asylum: Mental Illness in French Colonial Vietnam truly does go “beyond the asylum” in its examination of the complex interplay between culture, both French and Vietnamese, medicine, and patterns of colonization and resistance to it in French Indochina, primarily Vietnam. This solidly researched and gracefully written volume is thought-provoking in many ways, and pertinent to the study of many topics in Vietnamese history from the late nineteenth century to about 1950, that it really should be read by anyone who studies or teaches about Vietnam during that period. Beyond the Asylum is based on Edington’s extensive archival research in Vietnam, France, and Cambodia and on a solid selection of secondary sources in English, French, and Vietnamese. She uses her numerous archivally sourced illustrations, which range from blueprints to reproductions of artwork from popular literature of the period, to maps and photographs, to draw attention to important points in the text in a way that a mere written description never could. For example, the very first figure, a 1934 photograph of the entrance to the Biên Hòa Asylum, [End Page 213] shows a road through a gate that is clearly decorative, rather than truly confining, and grounds with large trees and grassy lawns. The photograph illuminates and supports Edington’s statement that this asylum was based on a “more humanitarian conception of care than earlier methods of confinement—one that proved useful in improving the poor public image of the asylum” and that “the appearance of freedom itself was seen as curative” (p. 56). This, in turn, sets the scene for much of the discussion which follows on the everyday lives of patients and staff in Chapter 2 and even the author’s arguments regarding therapeutic labour in an increasingly exploitative colonial agricultural system in Chapter 3. Edington’s discussion of these subjects builds her case that while the French tried “to fashion the asylum as a world unto itself,” the paradigms in the outer world constantly impinged on French colonial asylums (p. 85). The author’s depiction of the history of the French colonial adoption of the labour-as-therapy pattern of treatment primarily from Dutch colonial mental health practices in the Dutch East Indies (today’s Indonesia) is especially interesting. It is rare for works on the history of colonial era medicine in Southeast Asia to go beyond the boundaries of any one colonial power or to discuss in any detail collaborative efforts between and among medical professionals from them. Clearly, there is more work to be done on the subject and Edington is leading the way. No work of scholarship is perfect and, despite its many strengths, this one is not either. It appears that most, if not all, of the small problems that I feel compelled to note appeared during the process of cutting this volume down in terms of length and, probably, in terms of notes. For example, on page 23 Edington discusses the Vietnamese concept of mental health and mental illness. She mentions both fourteenth-century documents and the physician Lȇ Hữu Trác in a sentence structure that suggests he himself lived in the fourteenth century when he lived in the eighteenth. There are also places (for example, page 25) where the source cited does not match the source from which the quote derives. On page 25, Edington is citing one of my own publications, but the wrong one. There are other small problems of this sort that are not worth going over in detail. Almost all of them concern the pre-modern period and Vietnamese Traditional Medicine and they do not materially affect Edington’s argument or the many great strengths of this book. One of those strengths is Edington’s commitment to discussing the effects of French colonization on ordinary everyday Vietnamese people and the resulting deterioration in what the French, and sometimes the Vietnamese, defined as mental health. This can be...

Efficient hybrid enhanced genetic algorithm and ant colony system model for rerouting multimedia message in multiple node–link failures within wireless network

SummaryFailure‐resilient wireless networks have attracted the interest of the research community and have been an open area of concern in the studies of wireless network in recent years. Accordingly, different research on restoration techniques have been carried out to proffer solution to the network component failures. In the same vein, this article proposes a hybridized enhanced genetic algorithm and ant colony system (EGAACS) survivability model, which can instantly resolve node–link failure problems, thus improving the quality of service of the wireless network. The EGAACS is a hybrid model that combines the principles of the enhanced genetic algorithm (EGA) and ant colony system (ACS) models to form a capacity efficiency solution that outperforms the ACS and EGA models in terms of path cost and transmission delay. The resilience of this proposed EGAACS model is verified for different wireless network sizes (20, 30, 40, and 50 node networks). Simulation results show that the proposed EGAACS model generates the best close to optimal paths in terms of the path cost and transmission delay in comparison to the EGA and ACS models. In fact, the performance of the proposed EGAACS model is more conspicuous as the size of the network increases. More importantly, the proposed EGAACS model is suitable for real‐time wireless network as it exhibits moderate computational time complexity.

Kiprah Kerajaan Islam Dalam Penyebaran Islam di Indonesia

The role of Islamic kingdoms before the colonial era significantly influenced the spread of Islam in Indonesia. They succeeded in forming and developing an Islamic education system different from the Dutch colonial education system. This research conducted a qualitative analysis of various historical and literary sources to explore the contribution of Islamic kingdoms to the spread of Islam in Indonesia. The results showed that Islamic kingdoms played a crucial role in Dakwah activities and in forming Islamic educational institutions such as pesantren. They also contributed to the development of Islamic culture through arts, literature, architecture, and so on. Therefore, understanding the history of Islamic kingdoms in Indonesia is crucial in comprehending the country's development of religion, culture, and education.

Cross-border Community-based Learning as a Strategy in Diversity and Multicultural Teacher Preparation

As students in K-12 classrooms reflect the increasing racial, ethnic, and linguistic diversity of the United States as a whole, understanding diverse worldviews and inclusion of diverse students are important skills for classroom teachers. However, the pedagogical practices for training teacher education students with the knowledge and skills to effectively teach their racially, ethnically, and linguistically diverse students range greatly. This study explores the potential of one teacher training strategy, cross-border community-based learning, and the impact of this strategy on teacher education students’ understanding of diversity and commitment to future actions in their own classrooms. The research employs a comparative case study of two sections of a diversity and multicultural education course for undergraduate education students: one section participated in community-based learning at an Indigenous school in Guatemala and one section participated in traditional-classroom learning. The mixed-methods analysis of pre/post survey data, student journals, and student presentations suggests that community-based learning which centers Indigenous Knowledges and assets holds potential to motivate teacher education students to include diverse students in their future classrooms and challenge colonial systems of education in their future teaching. This research contributes five main recommendations to inform teacher education and community-based learning curriculum, including important differences between learning for teacher education Students of Color and White students on one particular survey scale.

Colonial Governance System in Pakistan: A Case Study of South Waziristan, Newly Merged District

This paper discusses the former colonial governance system based on special set of laws known as Frontier Crimes Regulation (FCR) in the erstwhile FATA (Federally Administered Tribal Areas, present-day Newly Merged Tribal Districts). The main purpose of the research is to provide an argument that the colonial governance structure was not the only cause for the widespread militancy in South Waziristan, part of the Newly Merged District. From in-depth interviews with different stakeholders and literature review, it is found out that the FCR with all its inherent faults was deemed successful in the administration of the North West Frontier and it was not responsible for the militancy in the tribal district of South Waziristan. Thus, the paper analyzes the old governance system prior to the spillover of militants and it reaches to the conclusion that the FCR proved to be an effective tool for the political administration of the border area of South Waziristan in both the colonial and post-colonial periods. The study emphases that mismanagement, corruption and incompetency of bureaucracy has led to the weakening of FCR, traditional institutions of dispute resolution and the indigenous leadership model thereby creating leadership vacuum which was in turn filled by the militants. The study has employed ethnographic based data collection techniques to reach the findings that old administrative structure is not responsible for the chaos and militancy in South Waziristan.

Producing Territories for Extractivism: Encomiendas, Estancias and Forts in the Long-Term Political Ecology of Colonial Southern Chile

The aim of this article is to show that what seems natural today has a long social and environmental history, associated with the way in which territory has been socially produced. Socioenvironmental change is not natural, but instead is a political ecological project, and in this case, a colonial project deeply connected with the form that capitalism took in Southern Chile from the 16th century. This paper aims to connect three things: the colonial encomienda system as a primitive accumulation based on the capture of people and land to produce profit, the metabolic rift produced by colonial territorial relationships, and the emergence of a new nature which, dialectically, destroyed and created the conditions for the Indigenous uprisings, and the Mapuche resistance that continues today. The case of the fort in Mariquina Valley is used to illustrate the interlinkages between historical geography and landscape archaeology, to make the colonial production of nature visible, to understand how the Spanish fortress supported the production of the new colonial nature and the dispossession and transformation of the Indigenous territories.

Traveling Images: On Carl Rasmussen’s “Greenland Paintings”

In 1870–71, the Danish painter Jens Erik Carl Rasmussen traveled to Kalaallit Nunaat (Greenland). Not much is known about the visit, yet his travels to Nuuk and Maniitsoq provided the artist with visual material for his paintings for more than twenty years afterwards. One outcome of Rasmussen’s travel was the work Midnight Atmosphere by the Coast of Greenland. The Danish Royal Gallery acquired this painting, an idealized imagination of a colonial setting, in 1872, where the work came to represent the first collection of a “Greenlandic” motif. Subsequently, this artwork continued to travel in and out of other political settings, such as the 1931 colonial exhibition in Paris. This article follows the trajectory of Rasmussen’s Midnight Atmosphere through the archives and through its institutional settings in order to consider how images travel and how travels create images. It is argued that while the itinerary of the artist remained entangled within the colonial system, the trajectory in and through various institutions was similarly central to the colonial control of Kalaallit Nunaat as both place and image.

Materials Necessary for the Formation of a Correct Knowledge of the History of Colonialism in South Africa? Reassessing the Historical Productions of Donald Moodie and Their Implications

ABSTRACT The contribution of the Rev. Dr John Philip and Donald Moodie to South African historiography has received some attention from historians, but the extent and duration of Moodie’s attempts to challenge Philip’s version of South African history have not been quite so fully explored. Nor have Moodie’s subsequent publications. This article examines Moodie’s dispute with Philip and their conflicting conceptions of history, and what Moodie’s less well-known publications reveal about his notions of the history of South Africa. In the process, it rediscovers Moodie’s mysteriously lost only full-length historical narrative and examines what the contestations around the colonial archive in the first half of the nineteenth century reveal about the challenges of the colonial archive and South African historiography today. It suggests that Moodie’s works can be located against a backdrop of conservative British intellectual thought in South Africa and that understanding the influence of Moodie’s publications is important in historicising the development of colonial knowledge systems in South Africa.

Decolonizing Intervention for Asian Racial Justice: Advancing Antiracist Art Inquiry Through Contemporary Asian Immigrant Art Practice

Drawing on scholarship about decolonization and anti-Asian racism, this article offers a decolonizing mode of thinking that intervenes in and advances antiracist art inquiries and praxis. Refusing a nationalist and fictitious Americanization that focuses on the successful stories of Asian immigrants, this new mode of antiracist art inquiries and praxis challenges the existing paradigm of antiracism for and of Asian immigrants that heavily centers on the communities’ empowerment and inclusion within a multicultural discourse. By viewing racism as a function of settler colonialism, a decolonizing intervention helps to uncover the limitations of forms of Asian American racial justice work that collide with the work of Indigenous survivance while submitting to the development and maintenance of the settler colonial system. Based on a contemporary Asian immigrant artist’s site-specific video performance, this article discusses new orientations of antiracist art inquiries that critique settlers’ colonial representational strategies that manage the racial formation and relations of Asian immigrants/Natives/White settlers to secure White settlers’ supremacy and sovereignty. A critical understanding of Asian American positionalities that explains its roles in the settler colonial framework requires a contextual understanding of the transcultural context where both imperial and settler colonial powers are consolidated to shape Asian immigrants’ settlement and an ethics of relationality for Asian–Indigenous solidarity that sustains Asian American communities’ racial equity and liberation in line with Indigenous survivance.

Daughters of Aataentsic: Life Stories from Seven Generations

Daughters of Aataentsic: Life Stories from Seven Generations

UAV Dispatch Planning for a Wireless Rechargeable Sensor Network for Bridge Monitoring

Due to the breakthrough of wireless power transfer technology, wireless rechargeable sensor networks (WRSNs) have the potential to provide sustainable work. Most existing researches on WRSNs usually focus on the cases that mobile charging vehicle moves freely through the sensors. However, for some applications, such as bridge monitoring, WRSNs are implemented in a three-dimensional space with obstacles, so the charging path may be blocked by the obstacles. To cope with this problem, charging scheduling to replenish a wireless rechargeable sensor network for bridge monitoring by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is studied. The problem is formulated as an optimization problem through optimizing UAV navigation path and sensor energy allocation collaboratively. This optimization problem is hard to be solved as both path navigation and energy allocation are required to be optimized simultaneously. To circumvent this challenge, an improved ant colony system algorithm (IM-ACS) is proposed to plan the trajectory of the UAV between sensors. By integrating enhancement factors and dynamic pheromone intensity coefficients, the convergence of the algorithm is accelerated. Then, a two-stage algorithm is proposed to schedule charging sequence and assign energy with limited energy carried by the UAV in each charging period. Experiments and simulations show that the proposed approach achieves shorter feasible trajectory paths and longer network lifetime than those obtained by the compared methods.

Intersectional identities of Nyai and their resistance to oppressiveness in Indonesian short stories

The dominant values of colonialism influenced indigenous society in defining the status of women and worsening their treatment. This influence can be seen in the concubinage system experienced by the nyai. The figure of nyai not only received systemic oppression, but was also portrayed badly through colonial-era literature. In contrast to colonial-era literature, Indonesian literature in the postcolonial era tries to represent the figure of nyai with her intersectional identity, as well as reveal their resistance to the patterns of systemic oppression experienced in the concubinage system. This research uses a descriptive-qualitative research design. This research design aims to describe the intersectional identity of nyai and their resistance to forms of oppressiveness in Indonesian short stories. The data and information found from the selected short stories will be interpreted qualitatively using Kimberle Crenshaw's intersectionality perspective. The data sources are selected porpusively, namely Indonesian short stories that represent nyai and concubinage in the Dutch East Indies, including (1) Stambul dua Pedang (2013), (2) Racun untuk Tuan (2011), and (3) Keringat dan Susu (2010), all three by Iksaka Banu, and (4) Kutukan Dapur (2003) by Eka Kurniawan. The data are in the form of story facts that include story sequences, characters, settings, themes, and other literary means from data sources that contain information related to the research problem. The data was obtained using reading and note-taking techniques. Furthermore, it was analyzed qualitatively by using Crenshaw's intersectionality perspective. The results of this study show that the intersectionality identity of the nyai in the four short stories above is a woman with charming physique and skills, colonized indigenous race, poverty and low social class, patriarchal system, and colonial system. The oppressions found are intimidation, expulsion, denial of rights as a woman, and murder. The resistance found is utilizing one's own skills, help from other parties, enjoying the role and surrendering to the situation.Keywords: Intersectional identity, resistance, oppression, subaltern, Crenshaw

COURSE “COLONIALISM IN THE TRADITIONAL EAST (XVII–XX CENTURIES)” IN THE TRAINING SYSTEM FOR STUDENTS OF SPECIALTY 014 SECONDARY EDUCATION (HISTORY) OS “MASTER”

The article highlights the structure and content of the educational discipline “Colonialism in the traditional East (XVII–XX centuries)”, which is an important component of the training of historians in the specialty 014 Secondary Education (History), educational level “master” and is taught at the Educational and Scientific Institute of International of relations, history and philosophy of the Cherkasy National University named after B. Khmelnytskyi. The purpose of the article is to highlight and analyze the structure and content of the academic discipline “Colonialism in the traditional East (XVII–XX centuries)”, to characterize the special scientific, theoretical and practical significance of this course in the process of preparing a masterʼs degree in history in the system of higher education. The article states that the academic discipline “Colonialism in the traditional East (XVII–XX centuries)”, the subject of which is the history of colonialism in the countries of the traditional East, their struggle for their independence, the influence of the methods of colonial administration of metropolitan countries on changes in social economic and political spheres of development of traditional Eastern societies, is of great scientific, theoretical and practical importance in the process of preparing a masterʼs degree in history. The article states that in the process of studying the course, students acquire the ability to characterize the general trends of the historical development of the countries of Asia and Africa in the new and modern times and to determine the nationally special features characteristic of an individual country or group of countries; determine the place and role of each country in the world colonial system.
 Keywords: colonialism; traditional East; educational discipline; masterʼs degree; higher education; information volume of the discipline; content modules; methodical recommendations.